Kalanchoe Daigremontiana Research Articles

Physiological alterations and genotoxic damage under combined aluminum and cadmium treatments in Bryophyllum daigremontianum clones.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most important stress factors in plants, with its high mobility in soils, ease of uptake by plants and toxicity at low concentrations. Aluminum (Al) is another phytotoxic metal, the accumulation of which is a crucial agricultural complication for plants, especially in acidic soils. In this study, Bryophyllum daigremontianum clone plantlets were obtained from bulbiferous spurs of a mother plant and separated into four different groups and watered with Hoagland solution and mixtures containing 0, 50, 100, and 200 µM of AlCl3 and CdCl2 each for 75 days. Control groups were maintained under the same conditions without Al and Cd treatment. To simulate acidic soil conditions typical of environments where Al toxicity is prevalent, the soil pH was adjusted to 4.5 by spraying the sulphuric acid (0.2%) with 2-day intervals after each irrigation day. After harvesting, growth parameters such as shoot length and thickness, root, shoot and leaf fresh and dry weights were measured, along with physiological parameters like mineral nutrient status, total protein, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations (chlorophyll a, b, a/b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid) in both control and experimental groups of B. daigremontianum clones. In response to Al and Cd applications, the plant height, shoot thickness and carotenoid levels were declined, whereas the increments were found in leaf/shoot/root fresh weight, root dry weight, and total protein content. Moreover, differences in genomic alterations were investigated using 21 ISSR and 19 RAPD markers, which both have been used extensively as genetic markers to specify phylogenetic relationships among different cultivars as well as stress-dependent genetic alterations. RAPD primers were used due to their arbitrary sequences and the unknown genome sequence of the plant material used. In contrast, ISSR primers were preferred for a genome-wide genotoxic effect scan via non-arbitrary and more common genetic markers. Distinct types of band polymorphisms detected via RAPD and ISSR markers include band loss, and new band formation under a combination of Al and Cd stress. 17 ISSR and 14 RAPD primers generated clear electrophoretic bands. The study revealed that combined application of Al and Cd affect B. daigremontianum clones in terms of growth, physiology and genotoxicity related to the increasing concentrations.

Influence of izatison on growth and development of Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Raim.-Hamet & Perrier) A. Berger

Aim. The investigation was performed to studying of the influence of Izatison on the adaptiv morphogenesis in plants. Kalanchoe Daigremontiana was chosen as the model. Methods. The plants, obtained from the plantlets of same age and origin, were grown as a soil culture in separate pots. The mature leaves from the middle layer of the plants were used for the investigation. The first versions of Izatison dilutions were used. Results. The statistically reliable increase of the initiated plantlets on the leaf (P<0.05) was detected in the version with the greatest dilution for 5 days of exposition of the Kalanchoe leaves in the water suspensions of Izatison. The statistically reliable of the accelerated emergence of second pair of the leaves (P<0.05; P<0.01) was shown in tenth day in the versions with the middle ant the greatest dilutions. It was detected earlier emergence of the third pair of the leaves for 11–17 days (P<0,05; P<0,001) in the versions with the greatest dilutions. Conclusions. It was shown the possibility of Izatison to stimulate the initiation of plantlets and accelerate their differentiation and the growth depending from its concentration.

In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Kalanchoe daigremontiana Extract against Human Herpesvirus Type 1.

Plant polyphenols possess diverse bioactivities, including antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of viruses. Here, we investigated the virucidal properties of an Kalanchoe daigremontiana extract using an in vitro model of human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1) infection. Chromatographic analysis indicated that the extract of Kalanchoe daigremontiana is rich in various compounds, among which are polyphenols with virucidal activity confirmed in the literature. We found that Kalanchoe daigremontiana extract shows an ability to prevent HHV-1 infection by direct inhibition of the virus attachment, penetration, and blocking of infection when used in pretreatment or post-entry treatment. Our results indicate that Kalanchoe daigremontiana extract may be a good candidate drug against HHV-1, both as a substance to prevent infection and to treat an already ongoing infection. Our findings illustrate that Kalanchoe daigremontiana could be a potential new candidate for clinical consideration in the treatment of HHV-1 infection alone or in combination with other therapeutics.

Regenerative potential and its variability in different topophysical zones of Kalanchoe daigremontiana leaves in in vitro culture conditions

Plants of the genus Kalanchoe are the most frequently purchased potted plants because of their decorative qualities and easy cultivation. Modern commercial plants have unique shapes that are usually not genetically determined; hence, in vitro cultures are used to propagate such specimens. The efficiency of regeneration is significantly affected by the type of explant used when that explant was previously located on one of several parts of a complex plant organ. The study aimed to investigate the influence of the topophysical location of collected explants on the regeneration efficiency of adventitious shoots. Various regeneration pathways were observed in the in vitro micropropagation of Kalanchoe daigremontiana leaf fragments, i.e., direct and indirect organogenesis from the callus stage. The results show a dependent relationship between the location of the collected explant and its regenerative potential. The most remarkable regenerative capacity of K. daigremontiana was found in leaf blade fragments taken from the middle and proximal zones. In addition, the explants collected from the marginal zone of the leaf blade were notably more valuable than those from the part located near the midrib. The research results indicate that the growth and development of new seedlings propagated vegetatively with the in vitro method depends on their location on the mother plant.

DEVELOPMENT OF A REFERENCE SAMPLE FOR RAPID ANALYSIS OF AN ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS

Objective: Development and validation of a technique for preparation of a reference sample for elemental microanalysis using the XRF technique in terms of repeatability, reproducibility, and optimization of the technique for rapid determination of the elemental composition of medicinal plants based on X-ray fluorescence analysis. Methods: Samples: fresh shoots of Kalanchoe daigremontiana, ready reference sample "Birch Leaf" LB-1 (A. P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia), and IAEA reference sample SRM 2976 (IAEA, MEL, Monaco). The dispersed fraction was analyzed using a Master Sizer 2000 instrument (Malvern Panalytical, Worcestershire, UK). Elemental analysis using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer EDX-7000 Shimadzu (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan), GZ-AAS using an Agilent instrument, model 240Z AA instrument (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, USA) with electrothermal atomization and Zeeman background correction, and ICP-MS using an Agilent 7500 CE instrument (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, USA). Results: By the LALLS method, they were separated by the maximum distribution, which was 63 microns, and a minor fraction of 39 microns. This indicates sufficient homogeneity in the sample. Further, homogeneity was proved by the XRF method by measuring six independent samples obtained by the quartering method. Also, the elemental composition of the reference samples was determined: completely dried, homogenized before sifting, and homogenized after sifting. Further, the obtained reference sample of K. daigremontiana was compared with reference samples: IAEA SRM 2976 and "birch leaf methods: ICP-MS, GZ-AAS, XRF. Conclusion: The reference sample will allow for rapid analysis of medicinal plant raw materials. Standardization of medicinal plants by the content of microelements will allow observing species differences as well as adjusting the concentrations of microelements for therapeutic purposes using medicinal plants.

Differentiating Two Species of ‘Mother-of-Thousands’: Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Kalanchoe x houghtonii

Differentiating Two Species of ‘Mother-of-Thousands’: Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Kalanchoe x houghtonii

An In Situ Evaluation of Different CAM Plants as Plant Microbial Fuel Cells for Energy Recovery in the Atacama Desert

Excess energy derived from photosynthesis can be used in plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC) systems as a sustainable alternative for the generation of electricity. In this study, the in situ performance of CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) plants in Calama, in the Atacama Desert, was evaluated for energy recovery using PMFCs with stainless steel AISI 316L and Cu as electrodes. The plant species evaluated included Aloe perfoliata, Cereus jamacaru, Austrocylindropuntia subulata, Agave potatorum, Aloe arborescens, Malephora crocea, and Kalanchoe daigremontiana. Among the plant species, Kalanchoe daigremontiana demonstrated significant potential as an in situ PMFC, showing a maximum cell potential of 0.248 V and a minimum of 0.139 V. In addition, the cumulative energy for recovery was about 9.4 mWh m−2 of the electrode. The use of CAM plants in PMFCs presents a novel approach for green energy generation, as these plants possess an inherent ability to adapt to arid environments and water-scarce areas such as the Atacama Desert climate.

UHPLC-MS metabolomic profile and in silico pharmacokinetic approach of Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier aqueous extracts

Throughout humanity’s development, the medicinal use of plants has evolved as an observational and empirical matter; Yorubá culture uses Kalanchoe sp. as universal antidotes. They are believed to be “ewé òdúndún” or plants of goodness and are traditionally and religiously used in preparations to treat diseases and physiological disorders. Our main goals were to determine the comparative phytochemical composition panel of two Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier aqueous extracts through UHPLC-MS metabolomic approaches and highlight the drug-likeness properties of the most abundant compounds in the complex mixture prepared according to its traditional uses. K. daigremontiana leaf aqueous extracts were prepared by cold water maceration (Kd1) or decoction (Kd2). The metabolomics analysis of the extracts was performed through UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS acquisition in positive and negative modes. An in-house database was built with molecules found in plants from the Crassulaceae family and was applied to the annotation step. Our analysis identified 132 compounds, showcasing variations between negative (ESI(−)) and positive (ESI(+)) ionization modes. Notably, flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, known for their potent antioxidant properties, were abundant in both extracts. Additionally, bufadienolides, associated with diverse biological activities, were present. Both extracts presented similar phytochemical compositions in terms of the number of compounds. Differential analysis revealed significantly higher intensities for specific molecules in both Kd1 and Kd2 extracts. Considering the relative abundance, Kd1 showed a significant amount of Fatty Acids and Steroids concerning Kd2. Additionally, the 15 most abundant compounds were analyzed using in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicity algorithms (SwissADME, pkCSM, and LAZAR) to predict their drug-likeness profile. The fifteen most abundant molecules (Corchorifatty acid F; 9,12,13-TriHOME; Acetylsagittatin A; Apiin; Kaempferol; L-Malic acid; 19-Oxodesacetylcinobufagin; Lucyoside Q; (12 S,13 S)-Epoxylinolenic acid; Isocitric acid; 4''-O-Acetylafzelin; Hellebrigenin; Senedigitalene; Blumenol C and Sativoside R2) had their ADMET in silico profiles predicted using computational tools. Importantly, our in silico assessments pinpointed six promising compounds with favorable absorption, pharmacokinetics, and drug-likeness properties, suggesting their potential as bioactive agents. This finding underscores the significance of these traditional aqueous extracts in folk medicine. In conclusion, our study not only supports the traditional use of Kalanchoe spp. but also sheds light on the safety and pharmacological potential of these extracts. By exploring different extraction methods and employing metabolomics, we have gained valuable insights into the bioactivity and safety of plant extracts, which can guide future research in this field.

Enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy with Kalanchoe daigremontiana: A nanotechnological approach

Radiotherapy is widely utilized in the treatment of cancer, but this method is associated with dose-dependent limitation. Herbal compounds contain various secondary metabolites that increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy. However, a significant challenge associated with the use of herbal preparations is their poor biocompatibility. To address this limitation, the active ingredients of the leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana were extracted subsequently, phytoniosomes were prepared from the extract. The phytoniosomes were characterized through various analyses, Content analysis was performed with Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QTOF-MS) and encapsulation efficiency was evaluated with High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then, the cytotoxic effects of the phytoniosomes were evaluated on the Human Breast Epithelial Adenocarcinoma Cell Line (MCF-7), and Human Cervix epithelial Adenocarcinoma Cell Line (HeLa), using the MTT assay over multi-periods. Then radiotherapy studies have been carried out to increase this effect via Linear Accelerator (LINAC). Finally, to further understand the interactions between the phytoniosomes and cells, the niosomes were labelled with Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and fluorescence images were obtained. The results confirmed that the size of plain niosomes and phytoniosomes were 95.9 ± 0.52 and 126.0 ± 5.14 nm, respectively and localized around cytoplasm. Phytoniosomes combined with radiotherapy on cell lines are more effective than radiotherapy or phytoniosomes alone. The cell viability decreased significantly to 7.102 ± 3.51 for the MCF-7 cell line and to 8.183 ± 4.117 for the HeLa cell line). In conclusion, the combined use of these niosomal preparations with radiotherapy has the potential to be used as a tool for overcoming dose-dependent limitation in radiotherapy.

Extracts from “Mother of thousands” (Kalanchoe daigremontiana) are potent compounds to improve vegetable oil stability during storage

Extracts from “Mother of thousands” (Kalanchoe daigremontiana) are potent compounds to improve vegetable oil stability during storage

The Role of Plant Stress Hormones (Melatonin and GABA) in Plant Development and Inflorescence

Melatonin and GABA are two stress plant hormones whose mission is to protect plants against saline, thermic or hydric stress. However, there are not studies that analyze the role of these hormones in plant development and inflorescence. Using Zea mays (corn) seeds, Phalaris canariensis (canaryseed) seeds and Kalanchoe daigremontiana seedlings we have demonstrated that melatonin diminishes stem growth and increases root growth. Moreover. We have also exposed that melatonin diminished Mirabilis jalapa inflorescences. As a conclusion, melatonin has an important and previously undocumented role in plant growing and inflorescence.

Species-Specific Plant-Derived Nanoparticle Characteristics.

Medicinal and agricultural plants contain numerous phytochemical compounds with pronounced biological effects on human health. They are known to encapsulate most of their characteristic bioactive compounds within membranous elements of intercellular communication known as exosomes. These nanovesicles serve as capsules protecting their biological activity and improving their penetration into the tissue. Therefore, the application of plant exosome preparations holds considerable potential for cosmetics and pharmacy, but the quality and consistency of plant material for exosome isolation is of critical importance. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate yield, size distribution patterns, and antioxidant properties between nanovesicle preparations of the following portfolio of medicinal plants: Kalanchoe daigremontiana, Artemisia absinthium, Hypericum perforatum, Silybum marianum, Chelidonium majus, and Scutellaria baicalensis. Results showed that nanoparticle yield, size distribution, and antioxidant activities were specific to plant species. Compared to other plants, nanoparticle preparations from Artemisia absinthium were distinguished by remarkably higher yield and concentration, while the highest antioxidant activity of plant-derived nanoparticle preparations per weight and per particle was determined to occur in Chelidonium majus and Hypericum perforatum samples. Results showed no significant correlation in DPPH (2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) between plant material and nanoparticle preparations. More detailed biochemical analysis of exosome preparations is necessary to validate their biological activity and its relation to source plant cells.

Effect of Ozone Treatment on the Contents of Selected Bioactive Phytochemicals in Leaves of Alligator Plant Kalanchoe daigremontiana

The study investigated the effect of ozone treatment applied to Kalanchoe daigremontiana plants on the contents of selected phytochemicals and on markers of oxidative stress in the leaves. For this purpose, alligator plants were exposed to the gaseous ozone applied at a rate of 5 and 10 ppm for 1, 5, and 10 min. Subsequently, tests were performed to assess the ozone-treated plants for the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), and for the activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), i.e., enzymes responsible for the decomposition of ROS. Measurements were also carried out to determine antioxidant potential, total contents of polyphenols, and vitamin C in plants as well as their mechanical properties. The findings show that the use of controlled conditions of ozone treatment (10 ppm; 1 min) resulted in increased contents of selected bioactive compounds (enhancement of total polyphenols 79%, enhancement of antioxidant potential ABTS 55.6% and DPPH 65.8%) in the ozone-treated raw material, with no phytotoxic effects of the process observed. It was shown that a short duration of ozone treatment is related to the increased activity of SOD (max 44%) and CAT (max 18.8%), which contributes to the lower production of ROS in cells of Kalanchoe daigremontiana.

Biological properties of different extracts of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana (‘Mother of thousands’): a review

AbstractObjectivesKalanchoe daigremontiana (KD) is a succulent plant with widespread popular use as an anticancer and for the treatment of a variety of other diseases. The presence of bufadienolides (BFD), a cardiotoxic compound and other substances may justify some of its biological properties, however, clinical studies and toxicity and safety data are still scarce. The objective of this systematic review was to describe KD’s biological properties and mechanisms, as well as its toxicity. Searches were performed in four databases with the descriptors: ‘kalanchoe daigremontiana’ AND ‘cytotoxicity’, ‘antioxidant’ OR ‘anti-inflammatory’ OR ‘toxicity’. In total, 11 studies were included according to the PRISMA 2020 protocol.Key findingsThe aqueous and ethanolic extracts of KD showed important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, associated with the presence of flavonoids and phenols in the extracts. The extracts from fractions that were rich in BFD or dichloromethane showed anticancer (related to inhibition of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and reduction of glutathione level) and anticoagulant actions (due to reduced fibrin clot formation and increased degradation).SummaryMore studies are still needed to demonstrate the concentration limits for beneficial effects and the toxic limitations of this species, until then, cautious use and consumption of KD is recommended.

Antagonistic effect of Leuconostoc mesenteroides on grapevine crown gall and fire blight

ABSTRACT Grapevine crown gall, caused by Allorhizobium vitis (A. vitis) and fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora (E. amylovora) of rosaceous plants, have been recognized as serious bacterial diseases and responsible for major crop losses in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), pear (Pyrus communis L.) and apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) worldwide. To develop an effective biocontrol method against the two bacterial pathogens, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from agricultural irrigation canals were tested as biocontrol agents. Thirty-two bacterial isolates were screened for their in vitro antagonistic activity. Four isolates (MS-1, MS-2, MS-3, and MS-4), identified by partial sequencing of 16S rRNA as Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. Jonggajibkimchii, were found to significantly inhibit the growth of A. vitis and E. amylovora in vitro. The biocontrol efficiency of these strains was tested against E. amylovora on immature pear fruits under laboratory conditions, and against A. vitis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and kalanchoe (Kalanchoe daigremontiana) plants, under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that all selected antagonists were able to suppress fire blight disease on immature pear fruits. On tomato plants, the MS-1 and MS-2 strains were able to reduce the A. vitis infection by 82% and 99%, respectively. Similarly, the MS-2 strain reduced gall formation on kalanchoe plants by 99%. We concluded that Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. Jonggajibkimchii strains could serve as a potential biocontrol agent against fire blight and grapevine crown gall diseases.

Lifespan extending properties of Kalanchoe daigremontiana plant extracts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Kalanchoe daigremontiana, commonly known as mother of thousands and the alligator plant, is a traditional remedy that has been used in various countries to treat inflammation and related disorders. The long-standing use of this plant makes it a promising candidate for the discovery of new anti-inflammatory and anti-aging compounds. Varying concentrations of K. daigremontiana extract (water (H2O), hexane (Hex), methanol (MeOH), chloroform (CHCl3) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc)) were tested on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the yeast were tolerant of all extract concentrations examined. The extracts were then tested for lifespan altering effects in yeast utilizing the growth-based lifespan measuring DeaD (Death of Daughters) assay. It was found that each extract under multiple concentrations increased replicative lifespan. Furthermore, extracts from the EtOAc extract were able to overcome the powerful lifespan shortening effects of the sirtuin inhibitor nicotinamide. The increase in yeast lifespan with the addition of these extracts, indicates the value of K. daigremontiana in the study of lifespan and the potential for the development of drugs to combat age-related disease, inflammation and to extend healthspan/ lifespan.

Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Study of Potential Neuroprotective Compounds Recovered From Plants and Agri-Food by-Products.

Plants and agri-food by-products represent a wide and renewable source of bioactive compounds with neuroprotective properties. In this research, various green extraction techniques were employed to recover bioactive molecules from Kalanchoe daigremontiana (kalanchoe), epicarp of Cyphomandra betacea (tamarillo), and cooperage woods from Robinia pseudoacacia (acacia) and Nothofagus pumilio (lenga), as well as a reference extract (positive control) from Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary). The neuroprotective capacity of these plant extracts was evaluated in a set of in vitro assays, including enzymatic [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and lipoxygenase (LOX)] and antioxidant [ABTS, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS)] bioactivity tests. Extracts were also submitted to a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay mimicking the blood–brain barrier (PAMPA-BBB) and to two cell viability assays in HK-2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines. Comprehensive phytochemical profiling based on liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis showed enriched content of phenolic and terpenoid compounds in the target extracts. Moreover, in vitro bioactivity tests showed promising neuroprotective capacity, particularly for supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE) extract from acacia (ABTS IC50 = 0.11 μg ml−1; ROS IC50 = 1.56 μg ml−1; AChE IC50 = 4.23 μg ml−1; BChE IC50 = 1.20 μg ml−1; and LOX IC50 = 4.37 μg ml−1), whereas PAMPA-BBB assays revealed high perfusion capacity of some representative compounds, such as phenolic acids or flavonoids. Regarding cytotoxic assays, tamarillo and rosemary SFE extracts can be considered as non-toxic, acacia SFE extract and lenga pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) extract as mild-cytotoxic, and kalanchoe as highly toxic extracts. The obtained results demonstrate the great potential of the studied biomass extracts to be transformed into valuable food additives, food supplements, or nutraceuticals with promising neuroprotective properties.

An In Vitro Anticancer, Antioxidant, and Phytochemical Study on Water Extract of Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet and H. Perrier.

Kalanchoe species are succulents with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties, as well as cytotoxic activity. One of the most popular species cultivated in Europe is Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet and H. Perrier. In our study, we analyzed the phytochemical composition of K. daigremontiana water extract using UHPLC-QTOF-MS and estimated the cytotoxic activity of the extract on human ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, flow cytometry, luminometric, and fluorescent microscopy techniques. The expression levels of 92 genes associated with cell death were estimated via real-time PCR. The antioxidant activity was assessed via flow cytometry on human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) assays were also applied. We identified twenty bufadienolide compounds in the water extract and quantified eleven. Bersaldegenin-1,3,5-orthoacetate and bryophyllin A were present in the highest amounts (757.4 ± 18.7 and 573.5 ± 27.2 ng/mg dry weight, respectively). The extract showed significant antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity, induced depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and significantly arrested cell cycle in the S and G2/M phases of SKOV-3 cells. Caspases-3, 7, 8, and 9 were not activated during the treatment, which indicated non-apoptotic cell death triggered by the extract. Additionally, the extract increased the level of oxidative stress in the cancer cell line. In keratinocytes treated with menadione, the extract moderately reduced the level of oxidative stress. This antioxidant activity was confirmed by the DPPH and FRAP assays, where the obtained IC50 values were 1750 ± 140 and 1271.82 ± 53.25 μg/mL, respectively. The real-time PCR analysis revealed that the extract may induce cell death via TNF receptor (tumor necrosis factor receptor) superfamily members 6 and 10.

Removal of paraquat from aqueous solutions by plant extracts as an ecofriendly approach

Paraquat is a very water-soluble herbicide widely used in agricultural and nonagricultural lands. The removal of paraquat from polluted water is very essential. Hence, three experiments were arranged separately to investigate the ability of plant extracts include Aloe vera, Portulaca grandiflora, kalanchoe daigremontiana, Sedum rubotinctum, Brassica rapa var. rapa, Helxine soleirolii, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Crassula ovate, Aptenia cordifolia, Tradescantia albiflora to the removal of paraquat (PQ) from water. In the 1st experiment, High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the removal rate of PQ by using plant extracts. In the 2nd and 3rd experiments, PQ solutions were subjected to plant extracts treatments and then spray on the leaves of littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. In general, the results of these experiments revealed that all plant extracts resulted in higher PQ removal from water compared to control. The maximum removal of PQ was observed at pH 11, 25 °C, 30 Min, and 0.2 mL in the presence of plant extracts. In the presence of P. grandiflora, C. ovate, k. daigremontiana, A. cordifolia, H. soleirolii, Aloe vera, S. rubotinctum, B. oleracea var. capitata, B. rapa var. rapa, and T. albiflora plant extracts, PQ removal from water increased to 68.34%, 65.45%, 63.97%, 59.81%, 59.29%, 55.44%, 52.06%, 50.34%, 48.86%, and 46.44% under normal conditions and 79.71%, 78.61%, 78.00%, 75.83%, 74.66%, 72.12%, 71.57%, 71.02%, 69.35%, and 68.73% under optimum conditions, respectively. Results of the 2nd and 3rd experiments were demonstrated a decrease in PQ performance on littleseed canarygrass control. It can be concluded that plant extracts can reduce the residual of PQ in water bodies.

The Effect of Different Water Types Techniques on the Development of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana Plant

Ornamental plant cultivation requires authentic notions and design skills. Kalanchoe daigremontiana, which is a noteworthy ornamental plant in this sector, which generally operates as a family business, has recently started to take place in both pots and terrariums. This plant, which saves a lot of water due to being a CAM (Crassulaceae Acid Metabolism) plant, continues its lineage with the baby leaves it forms. In this study, the effects of water, which undertakes one of the key tasks in plant development, on certain yield and growth parameters of Kalanchoe daigremontiana through its application on pure-sterile-fountain-mineral-mix varieties was investigated. In this study, in which vermicompost, which is not used much in the ornamental plant sector, and peat, which is frequently used, are applied together (1:2.5 ratio), the highest growth parameter values were obtained from plants grown in pots irrigated with distilled water. Among these values, the difference between plant height (18.00 cm), internode distance (3.77 cm), stem dry weight (0.09 g), baby leaf number (18.33 pieces/leaf) and chlorophyll (47.30) values were found statistically significant (P<0.01 and P<0.05). Nevertheless, the highest leaf number (11.33 pieces), leaf fresh and dry weight (2.91 g-0.08 g), stem fresh weight (0.86 g), leaf projection diameter (6.20 cm) and stem diameter (2.67 mm) were obtained from plants in pots treated with distilled water, however, the difference between the values was not statistically significant (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The highest values of some macronutrient and micronutrient element values of the plant were obtained from plants irrigated with pure water, yet, no nutrient deficiency was found in any plant. This can be attributed to the easier decomposition and breakdown of nutrients due to the fact that pure water dissolves the nutrients in peat and vermicompost. Indeed, the fact that the lowest growth and yield parameters are obtained in pots irrigated with mineral water and that the leaves do not form offspring, confirms this.