Kalanchoe Crenata Research Articles

Prospects for the use of medicinal plants extracts (Mallotus oppositifolius and Kalanchoe crenata) as antimicrobials against salmonellosis in poultry

This study is a contribution to the search for alternatives to combat antibiotic resistance in Salmonella strains in poultry farming. The objective of this work is to highlight the main phytochemical compounds of 2 Ivorian medicinal plants (Mallotus oppositifolius and Kalanchoe crenata) and to evaluate their acute oral toxicity with a view to their use in the poultry sector, to fight against certain avian pathologies, including Salmonellosis. The phytochemical compounds of the different extracts of the plants used in this study were highlighted by colouring and precipitation methods. Acute oral toxicity was adapted to broilers according to the guideline OECD 425, 2008. This experimental study, which is the very first adapted to broiler chickens, was carried out with the agreement of the National Ethics Committee for Life and Health Sciences. The phytochemical screening carried out showed that each of these three antibacterial extracts possesses at least the major phytochemical groups sought. At the end of the acute oral toxicity study, no mortality was observed and the biochemical analysis of the subjects' blood showed creatinine values ​​≤ 10 mg/L.; aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) ≤ 275 IU/L; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ 50 IU/L, urea=0.01g/L, CRP≤6 mg/L; and blood sugar was between 2 and 5 g/L in subjects from different batches. Ultimately, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Mallotus oppositifolius and the ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe crenata can be used as an antibacterial in broiler farming.

Chemical Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Kalanchoe Medicinal Species: Intraspecific Sources of Variation in Kalanchoe crenata and K. pinnata

Chemical Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Kalanchoe Medicinal Species: Intraspecific Sources of Variation in Kalanchoe crenata and K. pinnata

Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, in silico analyses, and anti-Alzheimer’s disease potential of leaf extracts of three Nigerian endemic medicinal plants (Spondias mombin, Carica papaya and Kalanchoe crenata)

BackgroundThe evaluation of the correlations between antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of methanol leaf extracts of three Nigerian endemic plants, Spondias mombin, Carica papaya and Kalanchoe crenata, was carried out. Their constituent phytochemicals were identified by HPLC–DAD fingerprinting. The antioxidant activity as typified by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS·+) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activities were evaluated. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of the extracts was also determined.ResultsThe extracts contained appreciable amounts of the flavonoids, quercetin and kaempferol. The extracts of Spondias mombin, Carica papaya and Kalanchoe crenata showed concentration-dependent inhibitory activities against DPPH· and ABTS·+ with IC50 of 43.29 ± 0.443 µg/mL, 59.27 ± 0.644 µg/mL and 80.20 ± 0.414 µg/mL; 25.43 ± 0.325 (µg/mL), 39.84 ± 0.163 µg/mL and 59.02 ± 0.376 (µg/mL), respectively. The IC50 for the NO scavenging activities of the Spondias mombin, Carica papaya and Kalanchoe crenata extracts were 41.99 ± 0.217 µg/mL, 50.44 ± 0.281 µg/mL and 60.12 ± 0.512 µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 for the inhibitory effects on AChE was 53.24 ± 0.327 µg/mL, 60.95 ± 0.290 µg/m and 70.5 ± 0.426 µg/mL, respectively. The effectiveness of the plant in all the experimental tests was in the following order: S. mombin > C. papaya > K. crenata. The total flavonoid and total phenolic contents have extremely significant positive correlations with the antioxidant activities and AChE inhibitory activity. The correlation coefficients (r2) of DPPH scavenging activity and NO scavenging activity with the AChE inhibitory activity were 0.8295 µg/mL and 0.7337 µg/mL, respectively (P < 0.0001). The molecular docking and pharmacokinetic analyses on some constituent phytochemicals showed that quercetin, kaempferol, ferulic acid, leucocyanidin, gallic acid and isorhamnetin fulfilled the requirements for an anti-Alzheimer drug.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the plant species provide a significant source of secondary metabolites that can act as natural antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which will be helpful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

A moderately active crude methanol extract from the whole plant of Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw. (Crassulaceae) strongly potentiated the effect of antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria

Background: Resistant bacteria develop a high level of resistance to multiple drugs, limiting treatment options and increasing morbidity and mortality. This work was planned to evaluate the antibacterial potential of the methanol extract from the whole plant of Kalanchoe crenata (KCW) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of KCW alone, in the presence of an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN), or in the presence of antibiotics were assessed using the broth microdilution method combined with the rapid para-iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) colorimetric technique. Results: KCW displayed weak antibacterial activities with MIC values ranging from 128 to 1024 μg/mL against 10 of the 15 tested bacterial strains. Moderate antibacterial activities with MIC values ranging from 128-625 μg/mL were recorded against some strains belonging to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Providencia stuartii. PAβN does not significantly enhance the activity KCW. At MIC/2, KCW potentiated the activity of doxycycline (DOX), levofloxacin (LEV), imipenem (IMI), ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftriaxone (CRO), and tetracycline (TET) against at least 80% of the MDR bacterial strains tested. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that KCW is a moderately active antibacterial agent, but a good efflux pump inhibitor that could potentiate the activity of antibiotics against MDR bacteria over-expressing active efflux pumps. Keywords: Antibacterial; antibiotic-potentiation; Crassulaceae; efflux pumps; Kalanchoe crenata; multidrug resistance.

PERFORMANCE OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF Kalanchoe crenata LEAVES ON CORROSION OF MILD STEEL IN 5.0 M ACID MEDIUM.

The inhibitive performance of the methanol extract of an eco-friendly green inhibitor Kalanchoe crenata (KC) leaves on the corrosion of mild steel in 5.0 M H2SO4 solution with inhibitor concentrations of 1 g/L, 2 g/L, 3 g/L, 4 g/L and 5 g/L, at the temperatures of 333 K and 353 K was studied using gravimetric (weight loss) and gasometric (hydrogen evolution) techniques to determine its inhibition efficiencies as well as to depict the mechanism of inhibition of the inhibitor. The gravimetric technique was done for 5 Hours. Results indicate that the leaf extract inhibited the corrosion process efficiently. The extract showed inhibition efficiency of 84.95% and 84.24% (333 K) for gravimetric and gasometric analysis respectively. The Inhibition efficiency was found to increase with an increase in the extract concentration and also increased with an increase in time but decreased with increase in temperature. Thermodynamic considerations revealed that the activation energy, Ea increased in the presence of the plant extract. The kinetic data confirmed the reaction process to be first order. Adsorption of the plant extract on mild steel surface is an exothermic process and spontaneous as deduced by negative Qads mean value (-10.39 kJ/mol) and negative ∆Gads values (-11.54 and -10.49 kJ/mol). The mechanism of adsorption proposed for the plant extract on the mild steel surface is physical adsorption. Experimental data obtained fits the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Inventory of plants used in the treatment of viral diseases, sold on markets in the district of Abidjan

This survey, which took place in the midst of the Covid 19 global health crisis, was conducted on medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of the most common viral diseases in Côte d'Ivoire. The aim was to inventory the plant species sold and collect ethnopharmacological data related to these plants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with herbalists in nine markets in the district of Abidjan. The information collected was processed using SPSS 17.0 computer and statistical software. This study revealed that shingles, yellow fever and chickenpox are the viral diseases for which there are more traditional remedies. A total of 61 species of antiviral medicinal plants distribued in 59 genera and 54 botanical families were identified. Fabaceae (14.75 %), Asteraceae (9.8 %), and Apocynaceae (9.8 %) are the most represented families. Six species are most commonly used in the treatment of viral diseases. They are, in decreasing order of frequency of use: Ocimum gratissimum, Citrus aurantiifolia, Spondias mombin, Allium sativum, Gymnanthemum amygdalinum, Kalanchoe crenata. The leaves are the most used parts, in the form of a decoction (73.84 %). This is consistent with the predominance of the beverage (39.62 %) as a form of use and the oral route of administration (42 %). This study, which allowed the collection of ethnomedicinal data, is positioned as an orientation in the search for effective active ingredients against emerging ET re-emerging viral diseases.

Effect of Kalanchoe crenata Extract on Renal and Liver Impairment, Dyslipedemia and Glycemia in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus or diabetes is a metabolic ailment which occurs as a result of insulin insufficiency or defect in insulin function, or both that leads to ihyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide disease even though its prevalence in other countries vary. Kalanchoe crenata belongs to the family crassulaceae. It is also known locally as miracle plant and often utilized in Africa for medicinal purposes. The study was designed to ascertain the antidiabetic and dyslipidemic activity and effects of the ethanolic extract of both leaves and stem of Kalanchoe crenata on istreptozotocin incite diabetic rats for three (3) weeks.&#x0D; Methodology: 6-8 weeks old Sprague dawley rats received multiple injection of streptozotocin intraperitoneally (40mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes melitus. Diabetes mellitus was observed and confirmed after six days of induction. The rats were given ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe crenata remarkably (10, 30 and 100mg/kg) and 5mg/kg glibenclamide orally twice daily for three weeks. Blood glucose, lipids, creatinine, urea, were then determined.&#x0D; Results: After week three of treatment 5mg/kg glibenclamide, 30 and 100mg/kg ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe crenata remarkably (p&lt;0.05) decrease glycemia and improved lipidemia by decreasing overall cholesterol, LDL-C and increasing HDL-C likened to the control diabetic group. Also results from treated rats remarkably decrease blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. However, the affirmative control and the sampled treated groups showed curative and regenerative effect in the cells responsible for producing endocrine insulin “beta cells of the islets of Langerhans” located in the pancreas. Kidney and liver tissue sections of treatment groups showed a reversal of diseased insults made by the streptozotocin.&#x0D; Conclusion: The outcome of the research indicate that given ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe crenata remarkably contains the necessary phytochemicals for the development of a standard and effective herbal medicine for Diabetes mellitus and related complications and also with no toxic effects on the tissues of the liver, pancreas and kidney.

In-vitro Antimicrobial Activity of the Combined Effect of Kalanchoe crenata and Vernonia amygdalina on Salmonella Species

Introduction: The breakthrough in the treatment of pathogenic diseases was the unearthing of naturally occurring antipathogenic agents or antibiotics. There have been upsurges in antibiotic-resistant strains of clinically important pathogens, which made way to the emergence of new-fangled bacterial strains that are multi-resistant. The major aim of scientists is to develop new antibiotics or other therapeutic strategies at a pace greater than that at which bacteria are developing resistance. The development of resistance to first-line antimicrobial therapies made way to recommendations for combination therapies for the treatment of some infections and some of this form of chemotherapy seems to be very successful.&#x0D; Objectives: This research was carried out to determine the effect of Kalanchoe crenata extracts on Salmonella typhi load. Also, to assess the potency of the extract of Vernonia amygdalina on Salmonella typhi and finally to ascertain the effect of the combined extract of Kalanchoe crenata and Vernonia amygdalina on Salmonella typhi.&#x0D; Methods: In this research, Salmonella typhi was exposed to a crude extract of Kalanchoe crenata and Vernonia amygdalina and also the combination of the two extracts. Agar wells diffusion method was employed.&#x0D; Results: The combined effect was not sensitive to the Salmonella strain. The Salmonella strain was resistant to V. amygdalina than to K. crenata. K. cranata had the strongest activity against S. typhi with its highest zone of growth inhibition of 20 mm and lowest zone of inhibition of 7 mm while V. amygdalina produced a consistent zone of growth inhibition of 5-6 mm; The combined effect produced a zone inhibition diameter only at the 100 mg/ml with a zone of inhibition value of 14 mm. The subsequent lower concentrations did not show any activity against the microbes. At P-value = 0.05 two-way ANOVA statistics exhibited significant differences amongst the effects produced by the different extracts, though there were no substantial differences in the effects produced by the various concentrations.&#x0D; Conclusion: The Salmonella strain was resistant to V. amygdalina than to K. crenata. At P-value = 0.05 there was a substantial difference in the sensitivity of the bacteria to the different extracts.

Comparative petiole and stem anatomy of species of the genera Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe in South-western Nigeria

The petiole and the stem anatomy of Kalanchoe and Bryophyllum species were studied to document characters that are of taxonomic importance among the species. The species are Kalanchoe crenata, Kalanchoe lanceolata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Bryophyllum delagoense and Bryophyllum houghtonii. Transverse sections of the median region of the petioles and the stem of each of the species were made using a Reichert sliding microtome at 8-15μm thickness. Unifying and diagnostic features were also identified. Unifying features such as starch grains present on the petiole, parenchymatous pith in the stem were recorded. Diagnostic features such as biseriate to multi seriate epidermis in the stem of Bryophyllum pinnatum were also recorded. The unifying characters suggest that the species of the two genera should be combined into one genus Kalanchoe with sections under it.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANALGESIC AND COGNITIVE ENHANCER PLANTS PRESENT IN BANGLADESH: A STUDY REVIEW

In present scenario the exploit of conventional medicine is enlarging to newer prospects in addition to plants still stay as the original source of the structurally significant compounds that guide to the expansion of the innovative drugs. Recently Bangladesh has concerning forty five thousands plant variety among which therapeutic assets has been treated to the several thousands. The conventional Bangladeshi system of the medicine, Ayurveda reveals the exercise of the plants in treatment of the various diseases. The ethnobotanical investigation done in the most recent few decades have revealed cognitive, anti-inflammatory as well as analgesic actions of the plants mentioned in the conventional literature. Numerous herbal groundings are being stipulated as the anti-inflammatory, cognitive as well as analgesic in traditional literature. The research for innovative anti-inflammatory, cognitive and analgesic agents from enormous array of the medicinal plant sources is escalating. This reviews such type of the plant species in addition to their products which have demonstrated experimental and clinical anti-inflammatory and also analgesic, cognitive actions, the possible method of the action in addition to their therapeutic value. Several of the significant taxa which are originated efficient as cognitive, anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents such as Callophyllum inophyllum L, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Calotropis gigantea (L.) R.Br., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntz., Calotropis procera (Ak.) R.Br., Cannabis sativa L., Curcuma longa L., Kalanchoe crenata Andr., Spillanthes acmella Murr, Mangifera indica L., Ricinus communis Linn., Sida cordifolia L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Ginkgo biloba , Zizyphus jujube, Emblica Officinalis, Cocos nucifera, Celastrus paniculatus. Here these plants species have shown contrasting degrees of cognitive, anti-inflammatory as well as analgesic activities.&#x0D; Peer Review History: &#x0D; Received: 4 September 2020; Revised: 6 October; Accepted: 27 October, Available online: 15 November 2020&#x0D; UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.&#x0D; Received file &#x0D; &#x0D; Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10&#x0D; Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10&#x0D; Reviewer(s) detail:&#x0D; Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, maafayed@gmail.com&#x0D; Dr. Hatem Sameir Abbas, Al-Azhar University, Egypt, hsam8406@yahoo.com&#x0D; &#x0D; Comments of reviewer(s): &#x0D; &#x0D; Similar Articles:&#x0D; A REVIEW ON MEDICINAL USES OF DIFFERENT PLANTS OF EUPHORBIACEAE FAMILY&#x0D; EXPLORING THE ANTIPARASITIC ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS&#x0D; A STUDY ON DIFFERENT PLANTS OF APOCYNACEAE FAMILY AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES&#x0D; PHYTOCHEMISTRY STUDY OF PLANTS BELONGING TO CAPPARIS

Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity assessment of the leaf aqueous extract of &lt;i&gt;Kalanchoe crenata&lt;/i&gt; (Crassulaceae)

Previous studies demonstrated that the leaves of Kalanchoe crenata (Crassulaceae) possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant and cardiovascular activities but nothing is known about the toxicity of this plant material. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicities of the aqueous extract of the leaves of K. crenata (AEKC) prepared as a dry leaves decoction. Acute oral toxicity of the AEKC was evaluated in mice at doses 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg. Animals were observed for 3 hours post administration for signs and symptoms of intoxication. Survivors were followed up for 14 days after treatment. Wistar rats of both sexes were used for sub-chronic toxicity. They were orally treated with the AEKC at doses of 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg/day for 4 consecutive weeks. They were further euthanized and blood was collected for biochemical and hematological analyses. A single acute administration of AEKC reduced the sensitivity to pain and the mobility of animals. These behavioral modifications disappeared 3 hours after administration. Only the dose of 8 g/kg caused the death of one female mouse out of 6, inferring a LD50 greater than 8 g/kg. The daily administration of AEKC did not induce mortality, behavioral modifications, significant variations of body weight, relative weights of the liver and kidney and plasma content of Alanine amino transferase (ALAT) and aspartate amino transferase (ASAT). Besides, no significant difference was observed on glomerular filtration rate and other parameters of renal excretion. Meanwhile, at the dose of 300 mg/kg/day, a significant increase in total bilirubin, free bilirubin and a significant decrease in conjugated bilirubin and plasma creatinine were registered. These results suggest that the aqueous extract of the leaves of K. crenata can be classified as a non-toxic substance. However, attention should be paid on the hepatic function.Keywords: Acute and sub-chronic toxicity, aqueous extract, Kalanchoe crenata, Crassulaceae

The Taxonomy of Kalanchoe hirta Harv. and K. crenata (Andrews) Haw. (Crassulaceae), and Reinstatement of K. hirta as a Distinctive, Endemic Species from Southern and South-Tropical Africa

Kalanchoe hirta Harv. was included in the synonymy of Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw. in the Flora of Southern Africa treatment of the family Crassulaceae. We here reinstate K. hirta as a good species. Descriptions are provided for K. hirta and K. crenata, and characters distinguishing them noted and illustrated. The regional geographical distributions of both species are mapped.

Cytotoxicity of the methanol extracts of Elephantopus mollis, Kalanchoe crenata and 4 other Cameroonian medicinal plants towards human carcinoma cells

BackgroundCancer still constitutes one of the major health concerns globally, causing serious threats on patients, their families, and the healthcare system.MethodsIn this study, the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract of Elephantopus mollis whole plant (EMW), Enantia chlorantha bark (ECB), Kalanchoe crenata leaves (KCL), Lophira alata bark (LAB), Millettia macrophylla leaves (MML) and Phragmanthera capitata leaves (PCL) towards five human solid cancer cell lines and normal CRL2120 fibroblasts, was evaluated. Extracts were subjected to qualitative chemical screening of their secondary metabolite contents using standard methods. The cytotoxicity of samples was evaluated using neutral red uptake (NR) assay meanwhile caspase activation was detected by caspase-Glo assay. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle distribution and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) whilst spectrophotometry was used to measure the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS).ResultsPhytochemical analysis revealed the presence of polyphenols, triterpenes and sterols in all extracts. The IC50 values of the best samples ranged from 3.29 μg/mL (towards DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells) to 24.38 μg/mL (against small lung cancer A549 cells) for EMW, from 2.33 μg/mL (mesothelioma SPC212 cells) to 28.96 μg/mL (HepG2 hepatocarcinoma) for KCL, and from 0.04 μg/mL (towards SPC212 cells) to 0.55 μg/mL (towards A549 cells) for doxorubicin. EMW induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells mediated by MMP loss and increased ROS production whilst KCL induced apoptosis via ROS production.ConclusionThis study provides evidences of the cytotoxicity of the tested plant extract and highlights the good activity of Elephantopus mollis and Kalanchoe crenata. They deserve more exploration to develop novel cytotoxic drugs.

Medicinal plants used by Burundian traditional healers for the treatment of microbial diseases

Ethnopharmacological relevanceInfectious diseases represent a serious and worldwide public health problem. They lead to high mortality, especially in non-developed countries. In Burundi, the most frequent infectious diseases are skin and respiratory (mainly in children) infections, diarrhea, added to malaria, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Local population used mostly traditional herbal medicines, sometimes animal and mineral substances, to fight against these plagues. ObjectivesTo survey in different markets and herbal shops in Bujumbura city, medicinal plants sold to treat microbial infections, with particular emphasis on the different practices of traditional healers (THs) regarding plant parts used, methods of preparation and administration, dosage and treatment duration. Materials and methodsThe ethnobotanical survey was conducted by interviewing, using a pre-set questionnaire, sixty representative healers, belonging to different associations of THs approved and recognised by the Ministry of Health. Each interviewed herbalist also participated in the collection of samples and the determination of the common names of plants. The plausibility of recorded uses has been verified through an extensive literature search. ResultsOur informants enabled us to collect 155 different plant species, distributed in 51 families and 139 genera. The most represented families were Asteraceae (20 genera and 25 species), Fabaceae (14 genera and 16 species), Lamiaceae (12 genera and 15 species), Rubiaceae (9 genera and 9 species), Solanaceae (6 genera and 6 species) and Euphorbiaceae (5 genera and 6 families). These plants have been cited to treat 25 different alleged symptoms of microbial diseases through 271 multi-herbal recipes (MUHRs) and 60 mono-herbal recipes (MOHRs). Platostoma rotundifolium (Briq.) A. J. Paton (Lamiaceae), the most cited species, has been reported in the composition of 41 MUHRs, followed by Virectaria major (Schum.) Verdc (Rubiaceae, 39 recipes), Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw. (Crassulaceae, 37 recipes), Stomatanthes africanus (Oliv. & Hiern) R. M. King & H. Rob. (35 recipes), and Helichrysum congolanum Schltr. & O. Hoffm. (Asteraceae, 33 recipes). Regarding MOHRs, Pentas longiflora Oliv. (Rubiaceae) is the most important species with 19 recipes, followed by Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw. (Crassulaceae, 10 recipes), Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. (Celastraceae, 9 recipes), Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd (Lamiaceae, 8 recipes) and Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae, 6 recipes). Concerning the preparation and administration of recipes, our informants state to be able to adjust the doses based on the patient's age (child or adult) and/or his/her physiology (e.g. pregnancy). ConclusionThis study indicates that medicinal plants are still widely used for the treatment of microbial diseases in Bujumbura city. However, there is much to do in this area, especially in the assessment and monitoring of the quality, effectiveness and safety of the different recipes preconised by Burundian traditional healers.

In Vitro Evaluation of Reversible and Time-Dependent Inhibitory Effects of Kalanchoe crenata on CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 Activities.

Kalanchoe crenata popularly known as "dog's liver" is used in most African countries for the treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma and HIV/AIDS related infections. The evaluation of K. crenata for herb-drug interactions has not been reported. This study therefore aims to evaluate the risk of K. crenata for herb-drug interaction in vitro. Crude methanol and fractions of K. crenata were incubated and preincubated with recombinant human CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Comparative studies were conducted in both human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP to ascertain the inhibition profile of the crude extract and the various fractions. The cocktail approach of recombinant human CYPs was conducted to confirm the inhibition potential of the fractions in the presence of other CYPs. The results showed significant time-dependent inhibition of tested samples on CYP3A4 with crude methanol (39KC), fractions 45A, 45B and 45D given IC50 fold decrease of 3.29, 2.26, 1.91 and 1.49, respective. Time dependent kinetic assessment of 39KC and 45D showed KI and kinact values for 39KC as 1.77 µg/mL and 0.091 min(-1) while that of 45D were 6.45 µg/mL and 0.024 min(-1), respectively. Determination of kinact based on IC50 calculations yielded 0.015 and 0.04 min(-1) for 39KC and 45D, respectively. Cocktail approach exhibited fold decreases in IC50 for all test fractions on CYP3A4 within the ranges of 2.10 - 4.10. At least one phytoconstituent in the crude methanol extract of Kalanchoe crenata is a reversible and time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A4.

Anti-dyslipidemic and Antioxidant Potentials of Methanol Extract of &lt;i&gt;Kalanchoe crenata&lt;/i&gt; Whole Plant in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats

Purpose: The activity of the methanol extract of the whole plant of Kalanchoe crenata (MEKC) was studied for the treatment of diabetes-induced nephropathy in rats.Methods: Five-day old Wistar rats received a single intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection (90 ìg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes. Kidney disease onset in the rats was observed six weeks after diabetes induction. The rats were orally administered MEKC (0, 50 and 68 mg/kg) or glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), once daily for 6 weeks. Blood and urine glucose, proteins, lipids, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were then evaluated.Results: After 6 weeks of treatment, 50 and 68 mg/kg MEKC, and glibenclamide significantly (p &lt; 0.01) decreased glycaemia (-35, -44 and -39 %), glycosuria (-38, -47 and -61 %) and proteinuria (-82, -80 and-72 %) in diabetes-nephropathic rats. The extract (68 mg/kg) decreased MDA by up to -44 % (blood), -35 % (liver) and -34 % (kidney); increased SOD up to 257 % (blood), 116 % (liver) and 118 % (kidney); and CAT by up to 176 % (blood), 78 % (liver) and 96 % (kidney) in the rats, compared with nephropathic control. The extract (50 and 68 mg/kg, respectively) lowered (p &lt; 0.01) total cholesterolemia (-24 and - 27 %), blood triglycerides (-55 and -54 %), blood LDL cholesterol (-48 and -59 %), but increased blood HDL cholesterol (71 and 58 %). Overall, atherogenic index was decreased by 31 %.Conclusion: The results indicate that MEKC holds promise for the development of a standardized phytomedicine for diabetes mellitus and kidney disease treatment.Keywords: Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Antioxidant, Kalanchoe crenata extract, Nephropathy.

Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Various Extracts of Leaves and Stems of Kalanchoe crenata

Many diseases are associated with oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Current research is directed towards finding naturally occurring antioxidants of plant origin. Kalanchoe crenata Andr. (Crassulaceae), commonly known as "never die" or "Dog's liver," has been traditionally used for the treatment of ailments, such as, earache, smallpox, headache, inflammation, pain, asthma, palpitations, convulsion, and general debility. The aim of present research deals with phytochemical screening and in-vitro evaluation of antioxidant activities of the leaves &amp; stems of K.crenata. Method: Successive extracts of leaves &amp; stems was subjected for phytochemical screening. The preliminary screening reports the presence of saponins, phytosterols, flavanoids, phenols and alkaloids in the extracts. Various extracts of K.crenata leaves &amp; stems was studied in-vitro for total antioxidant activity, for scavenging of nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, the antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum, reducing power determination and determination of phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydryzyl (DPPH) scavenging activity or the hydrogen donating capacity was quantified in presence of stable DPPH radical on the basis of Blois method. Nitric Oxide (NO) radical scavenging method was performed in the presence of nitric oxide generated from sodium nitroprusside using ascorbic acid as standard in both methods. The phenolic content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and flavonoid content was determined by aluminum chloride. Result: The radical scavenging activity was found to dose dependent. Thus extract has been established as an antioxidant. The reducing capacity serves as significant indicator of antioxidant activity. The reducing power was found to increase with the increasing concentration of extract. The 100mg plant powder yielded 0.34, 0.49, 0.72, 0.98%w/wand 0.15, 0.23, 0.39, 0.56%w/w phenolic content in the benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol extracts of leaves and stems respectively using gallic acid as standard. Plant contains about 0.19, 0.29, 0.48, 0.64%w/w and 0.11, 0.17, 0.32, 0.47 %w/w of flavonoid content in the benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol extracts of leaves and stems respectively using quercetin as standard. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that different extracts of K.crenata leaves and stems is potential source of antioxidant activity. The extracts were found to contain phenolic compounds which could be responsible for the antioxidant properties. So K. crenata traditional use is justified in the present research work.

Effect of methanolic fraction of Kalanchoe crenata on metabolic parameters in adriamycin-induced renal impairment in rats

Objectives:To investigate the effect of Kalanchoe crenata methanolic fraction (MEKC) on proteinuria, glucosuria, and some other biochemical parameters in adriamycin-induced renal impairment in rats.Materials and Methods:Ether anesthetized rats received three intravenous injections (days 0, 14, and 28) of 2 mg/kg body weight of adriamycin. Repeated doses of the extract (0, 50, and 68 mg/kg b.w.) and losartan (10 mg/kg b.w.) were administered orally once daily, for 6 weeks, to these rats. Kidney functions were assessed through biochemical parameters.Results:MEKC decreased proteinuria and also the urinary excretion of creatinine, glucose, and urea significantly in diseased rats. A decrease in serum levels of creatinine, urea, potassium, alkaline phosphatase, conjugate bilirubin, and alanine transaminase level was also recorded in nephropathic rats, but plasma levels of uric acid and glucose remained unchanged. Moreover, the plant extract markedly (P < 0.05) increased plasma sodium and decreased (P < 0.01) the urinary sodium and potassium levels.Conclusions:The results indicated that the treatment with the methanolic fraction of K. crenata may improve proteinuria and all other symptoms due to adriamycin-induced nephropathy and, more than losartan, could ameliorate kidney and liver functions. K. crenata could be a potential source of new oral antinephropathic drug.

&lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Antimicrobial Activity Of Crude Extracts From Plants &lt;i&gt;Bryophyllum pinnatum&lt;/i&gt; And &lt;i&gt;Kalanchoe crenata&lt;/i&gt;

Extracts from the leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Kalanchoe crenata were screened for their antimicrobial activities. Solvents used included water, methanol, and local solvents such as palmwine, local gin (Seaman's Schnapps 40% alcoholic drink,) and "omi ekan-ogi" (Sour water from 3 days fermented milled maize). Leaves were dried and powdered before being soaked in solvents for 3 days. Another traditional method of extraction by squeezing raw juice from the leaves was also employed. All extracts were lyophilized. These extracts were tested against some gram-negative organisms (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella paratyphi, Citrobacter spp); gram-positive organisms Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25213, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis) and a fungus (Candida albicans). Agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at concentrations of 512 mg/ml to 4 mg/ml. All the organisms except Candida albicans were susceptible to the extracts obtained from the traditional method. The squeezed-leaf juice of Kalanchoe crenata was the most active one with MIC of 8 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis, 32 mg/ml against Shigella flexneri, 64 mg/ml against Escherichia coli and 128 mg/ml against the control strain Staphylococcus aureus while its MBC is 256 mg/ml against these organisms except Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The gram-positive organisms were more sensitive to the methanol and local gin-extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum. Extracts from other solvents showed moderate to weak activity.

In vitro assessment of Kalanchoe crenata (Crassulaceae) and Manotes longiflora (Connaraceae), used for the treatment of eye diseases in the Ivory Coast

Notre etude a porte sur deux plantes, Manotes longiflora (Connaraceae) et Kalanchoe crenata (Crassulaceae), utilisees dans le traitement des ophtalmies en Cote d’Ivoire. Nous avons realise des essais bacteriologiques et chimiques. Manotes longiflora s’est revelee plus active (surtout sur les cocci gram positif) en milieu gelose alors qu’aucune activite n’a ete constatee avec Kalanchoe crenata. La determination de la concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI) et de la concentration minimale bactericide (CMB) a partir de l’extrait le plus actif en milieu gelose (extrait methanolique a 20 %) a donne les resultats suivants: l’extrait de Manotes longiflora a presente trois niveaux d’activite (une CMI a 139 mg/ml sur Staphylococcus aureus et sur Staphylococcus epidermidis, une CMI a 2,78 mg/ml sur Streptococcus faecalis et une CMI a 11,10 mg/ml sur Proteus vulgaris; l’extrait de Kalanchoe crenata est actif uniquement sur Staphylococcus aureus a une CMI a 11,10 mg/ml). Les resultats de la CMB avec ces memes extraits sont superposables a ceux de la CMI. L’activite de Manotes longiflora est plus importante par rapport a celle de Kalanchoe crenata qui est actif a des concentrations dix fois plus elevees. Pour la recherche des groupes chimiques, les essais de caracterisation en tube pour Manotes longiflora sont confirmes par CCM avec la presence de flavonoides, de tanins, de quinones, de terpenes, de sterols et de polyphenols. En revanche, avec Kalanchoe crenata, seuls les terpenes et les sterols ont ete mis en evidence en tube; les alcaloides sont a l’etat de traces. Ces resultats preliminaires pourraient permettre de justifier l’usage de nos plantes dans le traitement de certaines affections oculaires d’origine bacterienne.