Juvenile Transfer Research Articles

Research of salt tolerance and body color of bester

The aim: establish the possibility of keeping and growing in sea water with a salinity of more than 18‰ of different age groups of bester on marine fish farms. To investigate the body coloration of the breeders and offspring of the Bester hybrid.Methods used: the research was carried out in 2004–2005 in the Republic of Korea according to standard methods used in fisheries research.Novelty: data were obtained on the transfer of juveniles and yearlings of Bester to the sea water with a salinity of 28–29‰. Research confirmed the fundamental possibility, as well as the prospects for rearing juvenile bester in freshwater recirculating systems with the subsequent transfer of fish to sea water. Various bester’s shades of skin color are described.Result: as a result, the average weights of bester juveniles were established to start the transition to salt water. Analysis of the data showed that yearlings switch to a high salinity of 23–24‰ with a survival rate of more than 73%, and juveniles with low survival rate after 18‰. Ten Bester lines were identified, differing in skin color and fin shape.Practical significance: the experiment already has practical results in the Republic of Korea. Having sufficient resources of salty waters (the Baltic, Black, Caspian and Azov Seas), Russia has prerequisites for the successful cultivation of sturgeon in sea water. The connection of the offspring’s body color and its mother has been established, as well as its diversity depending on the places where sturgeons are cultivating.

Features of cultivation of hydrid forms of sturgeon fish in quarriers of the Rostov region

The paper presents the results of growing juvenile sturgeon species and their hybrid forms in a mine pit lake in the Rostov region. In the Rostov region, there are many mine pit lake that can be successfully used to organize economic activities for the cultivation of valuable aquaculture objects, such as sturgeon fish. It has been established that the hydrochemical regime of the lake from May to September is favorable for the cultivation of juvenile sturgeon fish species and their hybrid forms. Studies have shown that the highest growth rate for 30 days of growing in pools was shown by beluga juveniles, its absolute increase was 1200 mg with a survival rate of 75%. Lenk and Bester had an increase of 565 mg and 710 mg, respectively. The most highly sensitive was the transition of juveniles to active nutrition, when the yolk sac in the larvae resolved by 2/3. The fastest transition and the least waste was observed in the larvae of bester and lenka. Upon reaching the age of 30 days, the juveniles were transplanted into cages, where good growth of beluga juveniles and hybrids was noted. On June 15 (40 days), the juveniles switched completely to dry food. At the same time, the average weight of the beluga was 3.5 g. It should be noted that with the complete transfer of beluga juveniles to dry food, the waste was from 3 to 5%. The young of Lenka and bester adapted better to dry food, the waste did not exceed 2%. The largest growth was in juveniles of all sturgeon species in August and early September.

Being Tried and Sentenced as an Adult: Amplifying Voices of Transferred Juveniles

This article analyses the qualitative findings of doctoral research on a sample of 210 young offenders who were transferred to Adult Court in 1999, 2000 and 2001. The results give an insight into the impact of juvenile transfer on a specific subgroup of participants, now aged between 30 and 40 years, allowing a critical evaluation of their pathways into adulthood. Drawing on the life stories of 17 young adults from a cohort of transferred juveniles who were still in prison at the time, we focus on their lived experiences of the decision to transfer them from the juvenile justice system and its impact on their lives. The findings support the idea that transfer, and its experienced ‘collateral’ effects, contributes to an escalating trajectory of judicial contacts; a view echoed by the transferred participants themselves. We present and discuss three main findings that offer important insights to extend the understandings of patterns of reoffending and involvement in the criminal justice system: (1) the impact of the first detention in an adult prison (as a consequence of the juvenile transfer), (2) a fatalistic attitude towards the future and (3) the unanticipated impact of family on views on re-offending.

Waiving goodbye to youth: Jurors perceive transferred juveniles differently from adults but render similar verdicts.

Juveniles are developmentally different from adults but are often treated similarly in the criminal justice system. In case processing, many juveniles are transferred to adult courts. Before case processing, many juveniles are interrogated with the same tactics used against adults. Limited research has examined jurors' decisions in juvenile transfer cases, particularly those involving confession evidence. In two studies, we built on this small line of research and extended it to examine whether jurors make different decisions for juvenile versus adult defendants with differing types of confession evidence. Participants listened to a trial that varied in defendant age (Study 1: 16, 23; Study 2: 13, 16, 23, 42), interrogation pressure (low, high), and interrogation outcome (denial, confession). They rendered a verdict and rated the defendant on dangerousness and maturity. Age did not affect verdict in either study, but it did affect perceptions of dangerousness and maturity in both studies. Study 2 replicated and extended our findings by showing that differences in dangerousness and maturity were driven by participants' preexisting stereotypes about juveniles as superpredators. Overall, jurors recognized juveniles' lesser maturity but did not account for it in their verdicts. The stigma associated with the superpredator stereotype may limit jurors' sensitivity to the developmental vulnerabilities of juvenile defendants.

The Legacy of Dreikurs: A Discussion of Juvenile Transfer to Adult Court

Juvenile transfer is the mechanism by which juveniles who offend are charged, tried, and sentenced by the adult judicial system with the goal of enacting harsher punishments and deterring criminal behavior. Using Rudolf Dreikurs’s ideas on belonging, goals of misbehavior, reward and punishment, and delinquency, we argue that the transfer of juveniles to adult court is unnecessary and also harmful to juveniles and to society.

Rudolf Dreikurs: Quasquicentennial

Rudolf Dreikurs: Quasquicentennial Marina Bluvshtein In 1933, in his foreword to Rudolf Dreikurs’s Fundamentals of Adlerian Psychology, Alfred Adler wrote that Individual Psychology would have “a permanent influence on the thought, poetry and dreams of humanity” (p. vii). An overview of the life and legacy of Rudolf Dreikurs oftentimes feels like he became that thinker, that poet, and that dreamer, foreseen and welcomed by Adler. Even more, any student of Dreikurs, whether his contemporary or not, will agree that Dreikurs was also the one who, responding to Adler’s call above, used the knowledge “for the purpose of establishing an ideal community” (p. vii). This year is special in the Adlerian movement, as we celebrate the 70th anniversary of the North American Society of Adlerian Psychology (NASAP) (which started as the American Society of Adlerian Psychology, or ASAP, in 1952); the 70th anniversary of the Journal of Individual Psychology (which replaced Individual Psychology Bulletin and which Dreikurs started as the American Journal of Individual Psychology); and the 70th anniversary of Adler University (started as Alfred Adler Institute of Chicago in 1952 by Dreikurs and Harold Mosak). Finally, this is a quasquicentennial commemoration of Rudolf Dreikurs, born on February 8, 1897. In this special issue of the Journal of Individual Psychology, I see two interesting challenges, both of which arguably express my own lifestyle challenges. One challenge is to try to cover it all, spotlighting myriad areas, social and clinical, that filled Dreikurs’s scholarship, that attracted his clinical genius, and that connected his own lifeline and the Adlerian movement. But how can one journal issue cover it all? Another challenge is not to repeat what has been thoroughly discussed, his famous “Dreikurs sayings,” what is presumed to be well known, what is already easily accessible, and what may not need any expansion or explanation. But, given the scarcity of contemporary clinical research about Dreikurs and an abundance of the proverbial “Dreikurs said,” how can we know what is really known? Dreikurs once wrote about the dangers of the law of the excluded middle. It is in an attempt to avoid those dangers that I invite you to see this special issue as more of a metaphorical line, connecting the points, creating a most representative central tendency, and not excluding any points [End Page 285] or observations for appearing scattered or distant—because all of them, equally, contribute to the core understanding of our topic. The line will hopefully resolve the two challenges mentioned earlier, forming a story line for this special issue. You can tune in to the interview with Eva Dreikurs Ferguson by Anabella Shaked, read fragments of Dreikurs’s never-published letters (Bluvshtein and Hilliard), listen to never-before-shared memories about him (Walton, Sperry, and Mendel), or be inspired by the living spirit of ICASSI, the Adlerian summer schools (Balla). Several other articles further build this line by offering a new look at Dreikurs’s legacy in politics and social participation (Landscheidt), expanding his four phases of Adlerian therapy to working with couples (Berman Alon, Fradkin, Karmi, and Nahum Leumi), revisiting his contributions to music therapy and vision of music as social harmonizer (Eriksson), and providing a refresher on multiple therapy, one of his most innovative practices (Garrison). Finally, in this special issue, please listen to new voices—of younger practitioners, the ones who will carry Dreikurs’s ideas forward for decades to come. These include Chupron’s brave exploration of The Diary of Vaslav Nijinsky through the lens of Children: The Challenge, Frantz’s case study demonstrating Dreikurs’s wisdom on democracy and equality, Reed and Urban’s close look at juvenile transfer to adult court, and Griesel and Hovinen’s work on adolescents and conflict. Having started this introduction with a quote from Alfred Adler, I want to conclude with one by Rudolf Dreikurs in the same book: We know that the most advanced minds are working along the same lines as we do, and we share with all advanced thinkers the desire to help the race to find a real community of all human beings, which will recognize instead of superior and inferior beings only fellow beings and fellow workers. (p. 112) On...

Effects of salinity on lipids reserves, survival and growth of flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Salinity is one of the main factors affecting physiological performances of teleost fish. Its influence on survival and growth rate of juvenile (five months old) Mugil cephalus (25.33 ± 1.01 mm length) was tested under hatchery conditions. After acclimation, fish were reared for three months at two salinities: freshwater (FW, 0 ppt) and saltwater (SW, 36 ppt). At the end of the experiment, growth, survival, and lipids deposition in the liver and carcasses were evaluated by histological and biochemical methods. Survival was high and similar between treatments. Fish reared in SW showed a significantly higher specific growth rate for body weight while Condition Index was similar. Lipid accumulation in the liver and total lipids and fatty acid profiles in the whole body were also similar among salinity treatments, while the levels of bioactive metabolite N-acylethanolamines were significantly higher in fish reared in FW. The high survival rate, a similar Condition Index and lipid deposition in both treatments strongly suggest that the transfer of mullet juveniles from SW hatchery conditions to FW is a viable commercial scale production strategy. These results contribute to our understanding of mullet juveniles' performances under different salinities and indicate that FW conditions provide a suitable environment for mullet juveniles.

First Isolation of Virulent Tenacibaculum maritimum Isolates from Diseased Orbicular Batfish (Platax orbicularis) Farmed in Tahiti Island.

The orbicular batfish (Platax orbicularis), also called ‘Paraha peue’ in Tahitian, is the most important marine fish species reared in French Polynesia. Sudden and widespread outbreaks of severe ‘white-patch disease’ have occurred since 2011 in batfish farms one to three weeks after the transfer of juveniles from bio-secured hatcheries to lagoon cages. With cumulative mortality ranging from 20 to 90%, the sustainability of aquaculture of this species is severely threatened. In this study, we report for the first time the isolation from diseased batfish of several isolates belonging to the species Tenacibaculum maritimum, a major pathogen of many marine fish species. Histopathological analysis, an experimental bath challenge and a field monitoring study showed that T. maritimum is associated with ‘white-patch disease’. Moreover, molecular and serological analyses performed on representative isolates revealed some degree of genetic diversity among the isolates, a finding of primary importance for epidemiological studies and the development of management and control strategies such as vaccination.

Long-term dynamics for stocks of sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria in the western Bering Sea and prospects for their fishery

Sablefish is an endemic species of the North Pacific. Its range extends from California Peninsula, along the Pacific coast of the US and Canada to Aleutian Islands and further, along the Pacific coast of Kamchatka and the Kuriles to the central part of Honshu Island. They dwell also in the Bering Sea and southeastern Okhotsk Sea. Sablefish are the most abundant in the southeastern Bering Sea and in the Gulf of Alaska, that is conditioned by favorable conditions for their larvae and juveniles. In the Asian part of the range, the environments are generally more severe, and reproduction of sablefish is rather risky. Following to the results of modern genetic studies, the sablefish stocks are distinguished by high genetic homogeneity that suggests a common population with the main spawning grounds in the southeastern Bering Sea, at the Pacific coasts of Aleutian Islands, in the Gulf of Alaska, and at the coasts of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California. Dynamics of the sablefish biomass is considered on the data of bottom and midwater trawl surveys conducted by TINRO in 2003–2020, fishery statistics, and accessible data of NOAA (USA). Sharp increasing of the biomass and annual catches is noted both in the eastern and western Bering Sea in the last few years because of appearance of several strong year-classes. Western Bering Sea stock depends on migration of recruits from the common spawning grounds in the southeastern Bering Sea. For the western Bering Sea, two main ways of such migration are possible: i) active migration of juveniles with benthic habitat; and ii) passive transfer of pelagic larvae and early juveniles across the Bering Sea through the system of surface currents. The latter mechanism supports the sablefish recruitment in the bays of the western Bering Sea and, to a lesser extent, at the eastern coast of Kamchatka. Sablefish in the West Bering Sea fishery zone were caught in 2010–2020 mostly as by-catch for trawling and longline fishery (93 %), other 7 % were landed by specialized longline fishery. The basic points for managing the sablefish fishery in the West Bering Sea zone are defined. About 400 t of sablefish is permissible to catch annually in the West Bering Sea fishery zone in conditions of modern high stock of this species. This value includes 100–120 t that will inevitably be caught as by-catch and the rest of 280–300 t is a foreseeable resource for organization of specialized fishery.

Juvenile transfer status and the sentencing of violent offenders: a test of the liberation hypothesis

ABSTRACT A small but growing body of research has explored how juveniles transferred to the criminal court are sentenced relative to adult defendants, but the findings from this literature have been complex and inconsistent. A noteworthy line of inquiry that to date has received only limited attention is how crime type might moderate these relationships. Theoretically, according to the liberation hypothesis, primary offense type corresponds closely with the exercise of judicial discretion, and court actors’ decision-making is most likely to be informed by extralegal offender-based attributions in the disposition of less serious cases. The goal of the present study is to extend this literature by exploring the main and interactive effects of juvenile status and crime type on adult court punishment outcomes among defendants sentenced for seven violent felony offenses. Using data from Florida circuit courts (N = 198,362), the findings show that, regarding sentencing to prison, transferred youth are consistently punished more severely than adult defendants among the three least serious crime types. However, juveniles receive shorter prison terms than adults for most violent offenses, and these disparities are greatest among murder, manslaughter, and robbery/carjacking cases.

Youth in Adult and Juvenile Correctional Facilities: Comparison of Services and Behavioral Management

Given contemporary efforts to prevent adolescents from experiencing the negative consequences of incarceration, it is critical to assess the impact of juvenile transfer. Relative to a potential deterrent effect on the recidivism of transferred juveniles, empirical evidence regarding their institutional experience is lacking. Drawing on record data from those admitted to adult and juvenile systems in a Midwestern state from 2011 to 2014, this study compared the correctional experience of teenage males housed in an adult prison with young adults and teenagers housed in juvenile residential facilities. After controlling for individual profiles using the propensity score analysis, youth in adult facilities had similar or more access to institutional programs but also exhibited relatively higher involvement in misconduct based on official reports. The implications for correctional policies and practices for transferred and incarcerated youth are discussed.

Developmental and Life Course Criminology in Discretionary Judicial Waivers

The current research, using qualitative methodology and grounded theory analysis for model building, examines if and how juvenile court judges draw from developmental and life course criminology (DLC) in discretionary judicial waivers. This study develops three progressive models, emerging from interviews with juvenile court judges from two large Southern states (N = 30), that demonstrate how principles related to the three developmental stages of offending (activation, escalation, and desistance) from DLC theories shape judges’ considerations of each of the three Kent factors (dangerousness, treatment amenability, sophistication-maturity) used to weigh juvenile transfer via discretionary judicial waivers. This work suggests that judges think about juvenile transfer cautiously and as a strategy that should only affect individual juveniles identified by judges as “persisters” and that drawing from DLC principles appears to foster a generally rehabilitative jurisprudential philosophy for judges in the juvenile court system.

128 Comparison of multiple maturation times on juvenile invitro embryo transfer (JIVET)-derived oocytes and embryo development in the goat

Juvenile invitro embryo transfer (JIVET) is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) with the potential to produce numerous offspring from a single young female goat at 4 to 8 weeks of age. It has been reported in small ruminants that there can be a marked variable response to the administration of exogenous hormones for superovulation, the subsequent number of oocytes generated, and subsequent embryo developmental potential. The industry standard (as well as the recommendation of commercial media suppliers) invitro maturation time is 21 to 24h for conventionally derived oocytes. This study investigated multiple maturation times for JIVET-derived oocytes: 16, 22, and 28h. Oocytes were collected from four JIVET animals at 6 to 8 weeks of age. The hormonal superovulation regimen used on the juvenile animals consisted of 4×40-mg FSH injections at ∼12h apart and a 400IU of PMSG injection given with the first FSH injection. Surgical recovery of the oocytes via a midline laparotomy was performed the day following the last FSH injection. All of the oocytes were collected via aspirating follicles that were 4mm and larger. Oocytes with compact cumulus cells subsequently underwent IVM, IVF, and invitro culture (IVC) utilising IVF Bioscience media and methods. A single straw of identical cryopreserved/thawed semen from the same buck was utilised for each of the IVF procedures. The results were (37/88) 42%, (37/85) 44%, and (39/91) 43% cleaved and (23/88) 26%, (24/85) 28%, and (28/91) 31% blastocyst rate based on respective maturation times for JIVET-derived ova. Development rate during the cleavage stage and blastocyst stage was analysed using a repeated-measures logistic regression model utilising generalized estimating equations (GEE), with maturation time as fixed effect and a compound symmetry within subject (juvenile goat) covariance structure. The main effect of maturation time on the odds of development during the cleavage stage (P=0.8727) and blastocyst stage (P=0.3857) was not significant. These results indicate that the time in maturation media does not have as profound an effect on development to blastocysts as a factor in the variability reported by other laboratories. The development rate of embryos from one juvenile goat produced very high blastocyst rates of (5/12) 42%, (11/12) 92%, and (11/15) 73%, respectively. Additional logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of development in this juvenile donor was significantly different compared with the other donors (pooled) during the cleavage stage at 16h (P=0.0083) and 28h (P=0.0021) maturation times. Likewise, the odds of development in this donor was significantly different than that of the other donors (pooled) during the blastocyst stage at 22h (P=0.0002) and 28h (P=0.0003) maturation times. This further indicates the wide variation of oocyte quality from JIVET-derived oocytes and indicates potential for higher development rates at 22 and 28h in this specific goat.

Is culture performance of juvenile sandfish, Holothuria scabra, in ocean-based nursery systems influenced by proximity to milkfish (Chanos chanos) farms and hapa net mesh size?

The impacts of proximity to milkfish farms (i.e. ‘close’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘distant’) and different hapa net mesh sizes (i.e. 400 μm and 1 mm) on periphyton characteristics and growth performance of sandfish, Holothuria scabra, juveniles (4.6 ± 0.1 mm), were evaluated in a 30-day field experiment in the Guiguiwanen Channel at Bolinao, North-western Philippines. Growth and survival of sandfish juveniles were determined twice, and chlorophyll a and ash-free dry weight (AFDW) of periphyton were monitored every 5 days during the study. Opisthobranchs that recruited inside the hapa nets were identified and counted during monitoring. Survival of sandfish juveniles differed significantly between sites but was not influenced by mesh size by day 15. Survival was significantly higher at the intermediate site by day 15. Juvenile survival was significantly higher in 400 μm mesh hapa nets across all sites by day 30. Result showed that mean length and absolute growth rates (AGR) of sandfish juveniles were significantly influenced by mesh size but not by site at day 15. Juveniles reared in the 1 mm mesh hapa nets were larger and grew faster by day 15. However, by day 30, mean length and AGR of sandfish juveniles were significantly affected by site but not mesh size. Juveniles reared at the close site were significantly larger and grew faster than those reared at the intermediate site while mean length and AGR of juveniles reared at the distant site were not significantly different to those cultured at either the close or intermediate sites. Growth rates of juveniles were lower on day 30 compared to day 15 possibly resulting from reduced food availability, as indicated by lower periphyton AFDW, resulting from inter- and intraspecific competition. A positive correlation was found between AGR and the number of surviving sandfish juveniles by day 15, while no correlation between the two parameters was observed by day 30 indicating that reduced growth rates were not mediated by interspecific stocking density, but most likely resulted from high intraspecific grazing pressure. Chlorophyll a content of periphyton was higher during the second half of the experiment; however, total periphyton biomass (as AFDW) generally decreased overtime. This reduced food availability coincided with the higher number of opisthobranchs in the hapa nets by day 30. Results showed that sandfish juveniles can grow in an environment with varying levels of nutrient enrichment, however, areas close to mariculture activity may support improved growth because of resulting increases in periphyton biomass. Additionally, the use of finer mesh (400 μm) hapa nets positively impacted juvenile survival and would support earlier transfer of juveniles from the hatchery to the ocean reducing husbandry inputs and costs.

REVISITING JUVENILE WAIVER: INTEGRATING THE INCAPACITATION EXPERIENCE*

AbstractMore than 20 years after an expansion of juvenile transfer policies, questions remain regarding the specific deterrent effect of juvenile waiver given the singular focus on the court of jurisdiction and neglect of other critical aspects of the provision, such as the incapacitation experience. Prior research has also not been focused on identifying the mediating mechanisms that produce criminogenic, null, or deterrent effects. We use data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, propensity score methodology, and mediational analyses to examine how and why the waiver‐incapacitation experience is related to recidivism rates during emerging adulthood. We find that the prior focus on a binary “waiver effect” is potentially misleading as it masks meaningful variation. Furthermore, we find that the path to increased recidivism in emerging adulthood is indirect and we identify stymied educational attainment as a mediator. Our discussion is focused on the criminogenic effects of incapacitation for juveniles and its implications for juvenile transfer research. The discussion also calls for future research to explore treatment heterogeneity further.

The psycholegal factors for juvenile transfer and reverse transfer evaluations.

It remains unclear whether forensic mental health assessments for juvenile reverse transfer (to juvenile court) are distinct from those for juvenile transfer (to adult court). This survey consisted of an updated review of transfer and reverse transfer laws (in jurisdictions that have both mechanisms) in light of the generally accepted three-factor model of functional legal capacities involved in transfer evaluations (i.e., risk, sophistication-maturity, and treatment amenability). Results indicated that a majority of states' reverse transfer statutes refer explicitly or implicitly to the same three psycholegal constructs identified as central for transfer. Given the legal similarity between transfer and reverse transfer, potential practice implications and directions for future research are discussed.

In vitro culture of glochidia of the threatened freshwater mussel Unio crassus Philipsson 1788 – the dilution problem

We applied in vitro techniques in culturing glochidia of the thick-shelled river mussel Unio crassus, seriously threatened European species. Glochidia were freshly isolated from a gravid female. The sterile phase of the cultures was terminated at different time points to assess the optimal length of this phase. We imitated the process of juvenile excision from a fish host by diluting the culture with water at regular time intervals. The metamorphosed juveniles that survived until the end of the experiment and started growing their shells were observed for 24–27 days from the start of the culture in samples diluted for the first time between days 13 and 17. Long-lasting cultures usually became infected and died, whereas in those that were terminated too early, glochidia were unable to develop further in clean water. The transfer of juveniles from an artificial medium to pure water should be done gradually, through a series of dilutions, so that the larvae have the opportunity to feed on the diluted medium after metamorphosis. Only individuals with an active foot capable of operating outside the shell were ready to inhabit water and forage on solid food from the external environment.

Race, Juvenile Transfer, and Sentencing Preferences: Findings From a Randomized Experiment

In light of the expansion of punitive “get tough” policies for juvenile offenders, some researchers have uncovered evidence that juveniles who are waived to the adult court receive more severe sanc...

Beyond Recidivism: Investigating Comparative Educational and Employment Outcomes for Adolescents in the Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems

While the relationship between juvenile transfer and recidivism has received much scholarly attention, the effect of transfer on other outcomes has largely been ignored. This study examined the effect of transfer on 7-year educational and employment outcomes, with time in the community and perceived stigma as hypothesized mediators. Pathways to Desistance data were analyzed with propensity score matching and mediation analysis. Transfer to criminal court strongly predicts lower employment outcomes, fully mediated by diminished time in the community. Transfer also marginally predicts higher educational outcomes. Education results call for further research, and employment results suggest that transfer policies should be revisited.

Effectiveness of Juvenile Transfer to Adult Court

Effectiveness of Juvenile Transfer to Adult Court