Justification Of Terrorism Research Articles

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОСОЗНАННОСТИ И ЦЕЛЕНАПРАВЛЕННОСТИ ДЕЙСТВИЙ ПО РАЗМЕЩЕНИЮ ТЕКСТОВ В СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ СЕТЯХ В ХОДЕ СУДЕБНОЙ КОМПЛЕКСНОЙ ПСИХОЛОГО-ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ЭКСПЕРТИЗЫ

In this study, we consider a possible set of operations and actions of a forensic expert to investigate the actions of an under investigation/defendant in cases related to extremist articles. The article uses the experience of forensic expert practice carried out on the basis of the Decisions of the investigation or court. Modern research in the field of complex forensic psychological and linguistic expertise in cases of extremist orientation is faced with the problem of determining the motives of subjects who carry out actions that fall under the signs of articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of extremist orientation related to calls for extremist actions, propaganda of extremist and terrorist ideas, justifications of terrorism, as well as public actions, aimed at discrediting the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in order to protect the interests of the Russian Federation and its citizens, maintain international peace and security, or exercise their powers by state bodies of the Russian Federation for these purposes and other acts. Difficulties are primarily related to materials in which the place of commission of the offense is the social networks VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, etc. In these cases, we often deal with such a specific communicative act as a repost. In the case of a repost, as a social action in social networks, the judicial investigation does not deal with the author of the text material, but with the subject who transferred this material to other persons, i.e., the subsequent placement of the material from the author on his electronic page on the social network. And here the court has a question: what is the target orientation of the defendant's actions? It can be an act of random, unmotivated action, but it can be a conscious and purposeful act.

Justification of terrorism according to World Values Survey (2017–2020)

In this article we present the factors (pull, push and personal) that allow people to justify terrorism. We build a model that allows us to predict on a global scale, which factors best discriminate between the people who justify – or do not justify – terrorism. Based on data from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey (2017–2020) we compare those who do not justify terrorism with those who justify terrorism (23.7% of those interviewed, N = 69578). The importance of attitudes about democracy turns out to be the variable that predicts cognitive radicalization best.

CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR TERRORISM

Acts of terrorism often result in fatalities, but the impact of terrorism is not limited to loss of lives. Terrorism acts can disturb or suspend the peace process; they cause, lengthen, or deepen conflicts and escalate violence. In addition, terrorism has an effect on the economy of the state, given that combatting of terrorism requires significant temporal and financial resources.The threat posed by international terrorism not only constitutes one of the biggest challenges that the world and Europe in particular is currently facing, but also affects the security and economic interests of the Latvian nationals. In addition, terrorism-related crimes threaten the security of not only separate states, but that of the entire international community as well.In the view of the author, the relevance of the topic is illustrated by the fact that 23 May 2018, saw the Criminal Act of Latvia being complemented by a new (IX1) section on “Crimes Related to Terrorism”, thereby underscoring the preparedness of Latvia to adjust its legislative framework in order to avert possible threats of terrorism. The new version of the law sees terrorism, financing of terrorism, invitation to terrorism and terrorism threats, recruitment and training of persons for terrorism, travelling for terrorism purposes, and justification of terrorism classified as criminal offences.Author has chosen the topic of terrorism with the aim of exploring the definition of terrorism and its depiction in international and Latvian law, as well as analysing the criminal liability for terrorism prescribed by the Latvian law and determining the issues associated with the classification of terrorism.The paper consists of introduction, three chapters, and conclusion. In the first chapter, the definition of terrorism is considered. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of criminal liability for terrorism under the Latvian law, and the third chapter – to the issues associated with the classification of terrorism. Finally, conclusions with respect to the threats posed by terrorism to the European Union and Latvia are drawn.

Social Exclusion and Political Violence: Multilevel Analysis of the Justification of Terrorism

Research on the causes of terrorism tends to focus on broad national-level trends without examining how such factors influence individuals and their propensity for political violence. Meanwhile, theories of radicalization have yielded important insight on how individuals embrace terrorism, but the transformation does not occur within a vacuum divorced from contextual factors. This article is therefore an attempt to bridge macro-micro linkages to better understand the causes of terrorism, and focuses on levels of socio-political exclusion within a country. Using multilevel analysis, the article finds a consistently positive relationship between levels of social exclusion and individual support for terrorism. The results help capture the multidimensional nature of the causes of terrorism and better informs counterterrorism policymaking.

The Speech Acts of Approval and Acquittal in the Forensic Linguistic Examination

The article describes the approach proposed by the authors to the problem of distinguishing between the concepts of justification and approval in the context of forensic linguistic research. Currently, linguistics lacks a single, generally accepted classification of speech acts. At the same time, the conceptual apparatus and methods of the theory of speech acts are actively used in the field of judicial linguistic examination. Therefore, the urgent task for the expert community today is to unify the interpretation of those terms and the categories of the theory of speech acts that they designate that turned out to be the most popular in the examination. The concepts of justification and approval speech acts currently used in linguistic forensic practice have significant similarities; the distinction between these concepts, which, as practice shows, is not always a trivial task and may be crucial for litigation. The authors consider it necessary to take into account that the concept of public justification of terrorism in the form as defined in Note 1 to Article 205.2 of the Criminal Code, is correlated in terms of the theory of speech acts not with RA justification, but more with RA approval. The approach proposed in the article is justified by the authors based on (1) generally accepted lexicographic data, (2) methodological developments of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of the RFCE under the Ministry of Justice of Russia, which have been tested in real court cases and have received well-deserved recognition, and (3) an analysis of the definition to be applied by the legislator .

TERORISME DAN JIHAD DALAM PERSPEKTIF AL-QUR’AN

Islam constantly calls for peace and togetherness, even condemning violence and terror. However, the charge against Islam as a terrorism ideology is a very heartbreaking thing for the (Muslim) community. However, it can not be denied that there is a tendency in understanding the Qur’an and hadith textually and literally an sich that can lead to behavior that seems anarchist, intolerant, and tend to destructive. Jihad teachings, for example, are often misunderstood as justification for actions and propaganda, radical acts, bombings and terrorism. Seeing the reality that happens, is a necessity to provide a correct understanding of Islam. As a first step, it is necessary to comprehend a comprehensive methodology in understanding nash. There is many discussions in the matter of terrorists and jihad, therefore it must be distinguished between the two with the real meaning in the perspective of the Quran. In this discussion, there will be limited issues to be discussed include the definition of terrorists and jihad, verses that are often misunderstood as justification of terrorism, and how the full point of view of the Quran related to terrorism.

Problematika Hukum dan Ideologi Islam Radikal [Studi Bom Bunuh Diri Surabaya

Radicalism in Islam is part of a socio-religious phenomenon that cannot be separated from many aspects. Besides economic and political interests, Radicalism in Islam can also be seen from the legal and ideological aspects. The law forms ideology, and the culmination of it is extremist action, including terrorism. Suicide bombings in Surabaya (2018) are part of the chain of� extremist action and terrorism. Understanding bombing cases like in Surabaya, is not enough to be seen from the outward aspects only but also the basic foundation for forming the awareness of the perpetrators. This paper uses the theory of social action from Pierre F. Bourdieu, to read how values are internalized into oneself and then externalized into suicides, as well as to map the domains and capital owned. This socio-political research proves that acts of terror, including suicide bombings, are actualizations of complex ideological symbolism. Therefore, terrorism is part of space competition, both the space for religious interpretation, the physical space for action, and the human space for image and evaluation. The justification of terrorism is supported by a set of legal and theological arguments, as well as terrorism action also have legal and theological tools

«TERRORISM» IN POLITICAL RHETORIC AS A FACTOR OF DESTRUCTIVE CONFLICT AND ESCALATION OF ARMED STRUGGLE FOR POWER

The article highlights the phenomenon of terrorism in political rhetoric as a threat to security in society. It gives an assessment to extremism and terrorism, highlights the factors of destructive conflict and escalation of the armed struggle for power, which lead to destabilization of interethnic relations, accompanied by activation of various opposition groups, who seek the possibilities of achieving the desired results by any means, including justification of terrorism. The article proves the significance of language in politics, the importance of analyzing terrorist acts in open information space and opposing them, reveals the regional specificity of extremist ideology. It is proved that the political technologies of fighting against terrorism are based on a consistent, integrated, comprehensive, strategically-oriented state concept, taking into consideration the international legal acts and realities of state and social system, what ensures the effectiveness of implementation of the functions of the government institutions.

The Immunity of Civilians –

The paper purports to consider the question of whether it is conceivable that a people, who have been occupied and whose rights have been severely violated for several decades, may legitimately target civilians as a last resort. Looking at terrorist attacks, inter alia suicide attacks, in the Palestinian- Israeli conflict, this paper scrutinizes philosophical and legal attempts to justify the deliberate killing of civilians in order to compel the opponent into changing his politics. The paper draws a simplified picture of the historical developments in the region and does not provide an exhausting analysis of the situation but rather highlights single events in order to examine the legal framework against the background of the conflict. It intends to raise rather than answer questions and aims at making a contribution to this complex discussion. Looking at several philosophical justifications of terrorism, the paper then turns to the issues of self-determination, necessity and self-defence. As expected, the discussion reinforces the prohibition to target civilians as one of the fundamental principles of humanitarian law. However, very interesting aspects come into view when investigating the limits of philosophical theories and legal standards regarding the question of last resort.

The circle of terror: strategic localizations of global media terror meta-discourses in the US, India and Scotland

This critical discourse analysis (CDA) examines media commentary on terror events in three countries in which the events occurred – the US, India and Scotland – to explore and compare the media’s role in the construction, ideological conception, and recommended response to terrorism. Media commentary in each of the three countries is juxtaposed to expose similarities and differences in editorials about the 11 September 2001 (9/11) attacks in the US, the 26 November 2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai, India, and the release of the Lockerbie bomber on 20 August 2009 in Scotland. The authors argue that the collective (inter)national media construction of ‘terrorism event spheres’ transcends a specific terrorist event, national boundary and time to confine and define what is, and is not, terrorism. They discursively exclude from public discourse ‘reality zones’ associated with the political, historical, social, religious, cultural and ideological positions, and justifications of terrorism. There are also observed localizations of the global terror discourse suggesting internal particularities and contexts within which the terror events occur.

Are the Citizens of a Democracy a Just Target for Terrorists?

This article investigates how issues of political responsibility connect to the combatant/civilian distinction in armed conflict. It does so by looking at an attempted moral justification of terrorism in a democracy by a just war theorist. The attempt was by Igor Primoratz, who claims that civilians who actively support injustice do not merit immunity from targeting. Primoratz suggests amending the principle of civilian immunity to permit targeting of civilians who are culpable for an unjust war. This article argues that culpability plays no role in the justification of targeting combatants and cannot be used to justify the targeting of civilians. Combatants may be targeted in war because of a convention-dependent permission that they may be treated as instruments. Civilians may not be targeted in war because no such convention-dependent permission exists (and there are no benefits to creating such a convention). Nor can the justification of self-defence be used to justify the targeting of civilians in armed conflict because there is a threshold of culpability to be met before self-defence is permitted, and the citizens of a democracy do not meet that minimum standard.

Terrorens poetik: Revolutionen skrives med småt

The Poetics of Terror: The Manifestoes of the RAF:This paper points to a ‘forgotten’ literary history of the Red Army Fraction (RAF) in order to contest a common misconception. The RAF is often perceived solely as a political phenomenon and its justification of terrorism as a political discourse. Thereby many scholars bluntly fail to pinpoint the attractiveness of the left-wing terrorism of the 1960s and 1970s. The paper argues that the writings of the first generation of the RAF also convey a ‘poetics’ of terrorism. It points to a somewhat overlooked strategy of justification in the writings, which can be formulated as follows: Both the act of terrorism and the utterance of its defence are justified as aesthetic experiences. Furthermore, this was constructed under heavy influence from groups of avant-garde artists in the tradition of the Situationist International (SI). The paper analyses the strategy of justification found in the first few RAF-statements. Beneath the political jargon of left-wing radicalism and the »credo of immediate action«, the paper locates another strategy of justification that carries the sign of avant-garde thought. According to the manifestoes of the RAF, the aesthetic experience of a terrorist act could liberate the spectator. The study concludes that the writings of RAF unveil a ‘poetics’ of terrorism. The act of terrorism is a radical transgression of reality. Hence, the terrorist act destroys the ‘mechanical’ system of cognitive oppression because it shows the possibility of another world. That is why the RAF views terror as a model of spiritual liberation. In addition to this the statements communicate a parallel concept to the ‘poetics’ of the terror act. The RAF constructed a concept of revolutionary language, ‘the armed propaganda’, which claimed to break down the barriers of ‘domination’ in the consciousness of the recipient. In doing so the statements perform what they preach; they are themselves acts of terror. The RAF’s concept of terrorism comprises both word and deed. The writings are acts and the acts are utterances. Accordingly, RAF’s ‘poetics’ of terrorism can be described as the transgression of reality in the word or deed of terror that leads to spiritual liberation.

‘In the mirror of the past’: The use of history in the justification of terrorism

This article takes the form of a content analysis of the propaganda of Lehi ‐ the smallest and most extreme of the underground movements that fought against the British in Palestine. It suggests that the propaganda was based on a number of projective narratives, namely, stories that are not only designed to recall the past, but also to show how to behave in the present. Particular emphasis was placed on the lessons to be learnt from Jewish history in general and past examples of Jewish valor in particular. Attention was also paid, however, to other struggles for national liberation. In both cases, the struggle for legitimacy took place on two fronts ‐ the reconstruction of the past and its reenactment in the present. Only Lehi, it was argued, understood history and acted in accordance with it. And therein lay the terrorists’ claim to legitimacy. They, and they alone, are the true heirs of the past.

Terrorism, protest and power

What are the boundaries of acceptable protest? To what extent, if any, is it legitimate to use violence in pursuit of political goals? In answer to these and other questions a distinguished group of philosophers focus on terrorism, secession, sovereignty and civil disobedience. Terrorism, Protest and Power analyses different definitions of terrorism and the often confused analogies with 'civil disobedience', 'state violence' and warfare. Topics covered include the nature and justification of terrorism, the element of violence in terrorism, freedom of expression, nuclear power and civil disobedience, anarchism and revolution, the territorial dimension of power and the law of sovereignty.

Of beasts, gods, and civilized men: The justification of terrorism and of counterterrorist measures

Abstract This essay argues that the practical difficulties of dealing effectively with terrorism reveal a basic problem in the terms of conventional moral understanding. Specifically, current moral principles permit us to condemn any act of terrorism as categorically unjustifiable only in terms which impose crippling restrictions upon the range of justifiable counterterrorist measures. This problem arises from an abstract individualism which pervades current moral and political thought. If this abstract individualism is rejected, then it is possible to construe acts of terrorism as savage in a special sense, insofar as they rejct the prior moral authority of the community to determine its own standards. On this basis, such acts may be condemned as inherently incapable of moral justification, and in terms which license vigorous counterterrorist measures.