Justification Process Research Articles

Recovery and Recidivism: The Aftermath of Helping the Organization Unethically

AbstractThis research draws from moral self-regulation and moral disengagement theories to examine how employees react to their own unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB). We hypothesize that UPB will elicit mixed moral-based cognitive responses among employees that promote both recovery and recidivism. Results of two studies show that, on the one hand, engaging in UPB damaged perpetrators' moral self-concept, captured by an increase in perceived loss of moral credits; this prompted them to perform customer-directed helping behaviors to recover their damaged moral self-concept; on the other hand, UPB also elicited a cognitive justification process, which was related to an increase in subsequent UPB. This nuanced reaction helps explain why individuals' moral self-regulation does not necessarily remedy for moral failings, while also suggesting practical steps that leaders can take to prevent a "slippery slope" pattern of UPB from taking hold in the organization.

Practical guidance on the assessment of radiation risks for diagnostic radiological examinations.

Patient doses cannot be limited; instead, radiological examinations should be justified and optimized to ensure the necessary diagnostic or therapeutic effect with the lowest patient dose achievable. Assessment of the radiation risks from patient exposure is important part of the justification process. Hence, medical staff within the framework of their professional activities should possess necessary information on the data on radiation risk from different types of radiological procedures. An approach has been developed that allows considering age and gender dependences of the risk coefficients of radiogenic cancer and the age and gender distribution of patients for various radiological examinations to assess the individual radiation risk for patient and collective risk for population from medical exposure. The approach is based on a new expanded use of the effective dose concept proposed in ICRP Publication 147 and demonstrated using the medical exposure in the Russian Federation as the example. For 30 radiological examinations that compose about 80% of the collective dose from medical exposure of the public in the Russian Federation radiation risk was assessed based on calculated age and gender specific risk coefficients per unit effective dose. For the rest of the examinations a simplified approach was used to assess the risk, which was based on using an age and gender specific risk coefficient determined for one of 4 anatomical regions (head, neck, chest and abdomen) or for uniform irradiation of the whole body. The proposed approach allows significantly improving the assessment of the radiation risk while continuing to use the effective dose as a dosimetric quantity within the framework of the state program in the Russian Federation. As a result the collective risk from medical examinations in the Russian Federation in 2022 was lower by the factor of 3 compared to the previous assessment based on the effective dose with the nominal risk coefficient.

The Ethical Embeddedness of the Economic Inequality Debate

AbstractHow do scholars formulate arguments about economic inequality? What is the role of empirical analysis? In what ways, if any, is the debate informed by ethical considerations? In this paper, we address these questions by evaluating one of the main arguments in Thomas Piketty’s 2014 book Capital in the Twenty-First Century, along with its endorsements and rebuttals. Applying Stephen Toulmin’s model of arguments to Piketty unearths a complex argument structure that must be understood for an evaluation to be possible. Of particular importance are the warrants that Piketty used to justify his conclusions from the empirical material. Our analysis revealed that the most influential rebuttals were targeted not at Piketty’s empirical inferences but the way he used these inferences to justify his claims. We also found value judgments to be an essential part of the justification process, making Piketty’s claims ultimately embedded in ethical considerations. We conclude that value judgments are intrinsic to scholarly arguments not only in economic inequality debates but also more broadly.

Evaluasi Keterlambatan Proyek Pembangunan Jembatan Gantung Bangun Jawa I Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai

Delays in construction projects often result in losses for construction actors, and can be caused by internal, external, and other factors such as natural, management, material, and environmental disasters. Research was conducted on the Java I Construction Suspension Bridge project, Serdang Bedagai Regency to evaluate delays in terms of cost and time. The goal is to evaluate the schedule of the project plan and implementation and find out the cause. Evaluation using the Earned Value Management method shows that project implementation tends to be slow, but costs are still below budget with an estimated Rp. 2,454,274,500,- and 36 weeks. Delays are caused by the engineering justification process, late delivery of bridge trusses, and instability of service provider cash flow. This research is expected to provide a reference for construction actors to anticipate delays in other projects.

The failure of Euratom to harmonize the EU nuclear safety and environmental regulation. Can a recent ECJ judgment become a breakthrough, beneficial for EU’s quest for a sustainable, renewable-driver future?

The Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (known as the Euratom Treaty), which was signed on 25 March 1957, contained commitments to promote nuclear energy technology and to integrate financial and technical efforts to develop that technology in the six signatory countries, in order to enhance wealth creation and the wellbeing of their citizens. The 66 year history of the Euratom Treaty undoubtedly shows that it didn’t fulfil its promises and worse, it became completely obsolete in the light of the European integration efforts contained in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This article examines its fundamental shortcomings, whereby national interests in nuclear energy were at the forefront and whereby the harmonization of Nuclear Safety Standards and the protection of the environment and the health of the EU citizens became secondary, when confronted with industrial interests and the promotion of nuclear technologies (promotion which still continues for an industrial nuclear sector which is fully mature). This provoked a painful discord between nuclear counties and non-nuclear EU Member States, still the Achilles’ heel of Euratom as can be concluded from the discussion regarding nuclear energy as part of the EU Green Taxonomy. Euratom can be seen as the flagship of the pro-nuclear countries, albeit that the content of the Treaty is obsolete, as will be explained below from a legal angle. Because the EU Commission is the executive body of the Euratom Community, it is to blame for the failure to harmonize the safety standards as foreseen in the Euratom Treaty and for the unwillingness to integrate the EU legal environmental principles into nuclear law. It will be argued that the Nuclear Basic Safety Standards, as foreseen by the Euratom Treaty and the secondary Euratom Directives, are ‘empty shells’ and should no longer stand in isolation from the EU environmental acquis. The Justification and the ALARA principles should be informed by the Precautionary Principle and the Polluter Pays Principle. This entails that with the risks of global warming (such as heat waves, floodings, cooling water, wildfires, terrorism etc.) and the many caveats on nuclear decommissioning and disposal of high-level nuclear waste, the equation between the advantages of nuclear power (e.g., minor CO2 emissions) and its major risks should be reconsidered, not leaving this justification process to the nuclear industry, as in Belgium. The EU national governments should undertake this justification process at every stage of their political decisions regarding nuclear energy (e.g., life time extension), in full transparency and giving access to justice, as foreseen in the AARHUS Convention. A specialized EU Nuclear Safety Agency should receive a mandate by the EU Commission to harmonize such a justification process in the EU Member States and to harmonize the Nuclear Basic Safety Standards. The elementary decisions on the future of (nuclear) energy should be taken in a democratic way and not based on the promotional Euratom Treaty, in the light of the EU Green Deal and the energy transition towards renewable energy sources.

Licensing high-risk artificial intelligence: Toward ex ante justification for a disruptive technology

The regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) has heavily relied on ex post, reactive tools. This approach has proven inadequate, as numerous foreseeable problems arising out of commercial development and applications of AI have harmed vulnerable persons and communities, with few (and sometimes no) opportunities for recourse. Worse problems are highly likely in the future. By requiring quality control measures before AI is deployed, an ex ante approach would often mitigate and sometimes entirely prevent injuries that AI causes or contributes to. Licensing is an important tool of ex ante regulation, and should be applied in many high-risk domains of AI. Indeed, policymakers and even some leading AI developers and vendors are calling for licensure in the area.To substantiate licensing proposals, this article specifies optimal terms of licensure for AI necessary to justify its use. Given both documented and potential harms arising out of high-risk AI systems, licensing agencies should require firms to demonstrate that their AI meets clear requirements for security, non-discrimination, accuracy, appropriateness, and correctability before being deployed. Under this ex ante model of regulation, AI developers would bear the burden of proof to demonstrate that their technology is not discriminatory, not manipulative, not unfair, not inaccurate, and not illegitimate in its lawful bases and purposes. While the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) can provide key benchmarks here for ex post regulation, the proposed AI Act (AIA) offers a first regulatory attempt towards an ex ante licensure regime in high-risk areas, but it should be strengthened through an expansion of its scope and substantive content and through greater transparency of the ex ante justification process.

Adherence of Radiological Investigation Requests from Medical Wards, to Royal College of Radiologists’ Guidelines

Background: Radiological investigation requests get rejected by vetting radiologists, if they do not adhere to Royal College of Radiologists (RCR) guidelines and Ionizing Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations - IR(ME)R 2017 guidelines. This leads to significant delays for all three parties involved: the requesting clinician, the radiologist who vets the investigation, and the patient whose management is affected. Hence radiological investigation requests, which are the main means of communication between the referring clinician and the radiologist, should be appropriately filled in to facilitate the justification process and to optimize patient management. Aims/purpose: To evaluate the adherence of radiological investigation requests of inpatients from medical wards at University Hospitals of Leicester, to RCR guidelines and identify improvement areas, thereby reducing preventable patient delays. Methods: Data from 500 investigation requests of adult inpatients for common modalities of imaging (CT, X-Ray, and MRI) from medical wards at University Hospitals of Leicester were collected across two audit cycles, omitting any patient-identifiable information, and were analyzed for their completeness and adherence to RCR protocols. Results: Based on the analysis, inadequacies of imaging requests were identified, both in completion and adherence to RCR guidelines. In the initial audit cycle, even though more than 90% of the 250 investigation requests analysed contained clinical history, the name of requesting clinician and the question to be answered, only 64% of the investigation requests contained clinical examination or relevant investigation findings. In comparison to more than 94% of MRI and X-Ray requests, only 68.6% of CT requests adhered to RCR and IR(ME)R 2017 guidelines. In order to raise awareness and educate, the audit findings and recommendations were presented in a local medical teaching session within the hospital, and the same was propagated among medical doctors, through an online flyer. During the re-audit, another 250 radiological investigation requests were evaluated, where 73.3% of the requests included relevant clinical examination and/or investigation results and 76% of the CT requests adhered to iRefer guidelines for indication. Conclusion: Radiological investigation requests get rejected if it does not adhere to RCR guidelines for completeness (1) or indication (in compliance with IR(ME)R 2017)(3). This in turn results in delays in patient management. This could be minimized by increasing awareness about the above guidelines and the need for adhering to the same, thereby making sure all the necessary details are filled in and the investigation being requested is appropriate for the clinical indication. Keywords: Radiology, Audit, Medicine.

Developing an undergraduate business analytics program for a public state-funded business school

Business Analytics has gained the attention of academia and industry due to three main trends namely, availability of data, methodological developments, and explosion in computing power and storage capacity. Many higher education institutes show interest in developing an undergraduate business analytics program. This paper develops a framework including all the detailed steps needed to create and implement such a program for a business college in a state-funded public university. It first focuses on program justification and program development process. Then, it tackles program structure, learning outcomes, and resources. Finally, the lessons learnt are shared.

초등학생의 나눗셈과 비례배분 포함관계 정당화 분석

Objectives This study seeks to derive implications for teaching and to learn to strengthen the awareness of internal connectivity in mathematics and justification activities in mathematics teaching and learning situations through the problem of justifying the inclusion relationship of division and proportional distribution.
 Methods Through theoretical consideration, various aspects of division and proportional distribution inclusion relationships were actualized, an analysis framework for justification for inclusion relations was prepared, and the problem of inclusion relations of division and proportional distribution was presented to 100 elementary school students in metropolitan city. The justification process was analyzed.
 Results As a result of the analysis, 46% of elementary school students paid attention to the operation symbol when presenting the justification for the inclusion relationship of the two operations, and 21% of the students performed valid justification in the process of justifying the inclusion relationship. The characteristics of the students who performed valid justification were that they were able to pay attention to the meaning of the sign during the justification process and were able to categorize the meaning of the sign by acting a progressive disentanglement of the meaning and connecting the two operations through various visual representations.
 Conclusions As an implication of mathematics teaching and learning through this study, students are likely to pay attention to specific target symbols rather than the meaning of abstract operations when justifying, and a progressive disentanglement of concepts and various visual applications is needed to strengthen students' recognition of good internal connectivity. Based on this, it is necessary to provide an opportunity for a connection between the two concepts. In providing this opportunity, the justification task allows one to recognize different grounds within the same assertion, suggesting that it is a valuable activity for connectivity guidance.

JUSTIFICATION OF IMAGING IN DENTAL CLINICS: DOES RADIATION KNOWLEDGE PLAY A ROLE?

The study aims to investigate dentists' knowledge and consideration of radiation in relation to their referral practices and use of referral guidelines for imaging in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among dentists in different occupational positions in Saudi Arabia. The analysis showed that 68% of the dentists knew of imaging referral guidelines to consult before ordering an imaging exam. However, more than a quarter of the sample did not use them. More than half of responders estimated the average effective dose correctly for intraoral radiography, 44.8% for panoramic radiography, 53.4% for cone beam dental computed tomography (CT) and 47.8% for a study of dental implants/jaws using CT. Limited radiation knowledge and lack of use of proper referral guidelines among dentists indicate that the imaging referral justification process must be improved. The study concluded that radiation knowledge plays a critical role regarding image justification in dental clinics.

Burden of proof beyond the triple bottom line: Mapping the benefits of circular construction

Circular construction is considered a sustainable construction technique and philosophy to decouple construction activities from the depletion of virgin materials and minimize the enormous environmental impact of the construction industry. Many construction clients and stakeholders have been seduced by the purported benefits of circular construction, often based on expectations and speculations. Unsubstantiated claims about expected benefits subvert the justification and benefits realization process in circular construction projects. Therefore, this study reviewed and mapped the benefits of circular construction. The review identified eighty-six (86) reported, claimed, and speculative benefits of circular construction. The study derived six broad taxonomies of the benefits, comprising environmental benefits, economic benefits, social benefits, business benefits, technological benefits and legislative benefits. Though the findings suggest that circular construction offers benefits beyond the traditional triple bottom line of sustainability, “environmental benefits”, “economic benefits”, and “social benefits” remained the top three cited taxonomies of circular construction benefits. A Pareto analysis revealed fifty-five (55) vital benefits of circular construction, comprising 15 environmental, 13 economic, 10 social, 7 business, 4 technological, and 6 legislative benefits. The study further documented the significant flaws and shortcomings of the existing literature, especially the quantitative benefit studies. Thus, the review findings provide an integrated understanding of the possible benefits of circular construction and documented strategies to reliably quantify and prove the benefits.

Adding fun or function: Considering new product formulations for market expansion with a focus on hangover solutions

AbstractThis article aims to investigate the relationship between product formulations and consumers' willingness to buy (WTB), with the moderating role of the consumption situation. A 2 (utilitarian formulation vs. hedonic formulation) × 2 (unjustifiable situation vs. justifiable situation) between‐subjects design was constructed, and two specific formulations (pills and ice cream) were selected to represent a utilitarian formulation and hedonic formulation, respectively. Then, the hangover solution–consumption–situation was manipulated by varying drinking occasions. The results show that to strengthen the consumers' WTB a utilitarian product with such hedonic characteristics, consumers' justification process associated with hedonic consumption must be facilitated. This study is one of the first to address the notion that formulation differentiation can be a viable strategy in adding new features to a product.Practical ApplicationsConsidering that the global health supplement market is growing, this study hopes to provide practitioners with useful insights regarding new product development for functional products. The findings of this study indicate that if companies aim to strengthen the WTB a utilitarian product with such hedonic characteristics, the justification process associated with hedonic consumption must be facilitated. For example, to boost sales, marketers can target specific days, such as Fridays or Saturdays, when consumers can more easily justify the hedonic consumption associated with drinking (i.e., drinking behavior, choosing a hangover solution product).

DPDS

Successful data-driven science requires a complex combination of data engineering pipelines and data modelling techniques. Robust and defensible results can only be achieved when each step in the pipeline that is designed to clean, transform and alter data in preparation for data modelling can be justified, and its effect on the data explained. The DPDS toolkit presented in this paper is designed to make such justification and explanation process an integral part of data science practice, adding value while remaining as un-intrusive as possible to the analyst. Catering to the broad community of python/pandas data engineers, DPDS implements an observer pattern that is able to capture the fine-grained provenance associated with each individual element of a dataframe, across multiple transformation steps. The resulting provenance graph is stored in Neo4j and queried through a UI, with the goal of helping engineers and analysts to justify and explain their choice of data operations, from raw data to model training, by highlighting the details of the changes through each transformation.

Justifications for not sanctioning welfare clients: Social workers' implementation of the “wastage of resources” sanctioning directive in Poland

AbstractSanctioning welfare clients has become a fundamental practice for social policy based on behavioural conditionality. Although sanctioning practices have received attention in research focused on street‐level work, the way in which sanctioning practices are structured in an institutional context and used by caseworkers should be explored further. This study examines the implementation of the “wastage of resources” sanctioning directive in Polish social welfare offices, based on interviews with social workers and case studies conducted between 2019 and 2021. A research framework based on the street‐level work concept was used to indicate that sanctions were rarely used by social workers because of the administrative justification process, which overwhelmed them with the responsibility of proving sanction‐worthy circumstances. Catalogues of sanction‐worthy situations are developed by local‐level policy agents, social workers, welfare office managers, municipal courts and clients. However, generally, social workers adapt to the given context by disciplining clients informally and avoiding formal sanctions.

Amending Federal Regulations to Counteract Language Barriers in the Informed Consent Process

Amending Federal Regulations to Counteract Language Barriers in the Informed Consent Process

Creation of Webquest as a Form of Development of Students Digital Competence

The introduction to the article analyzes the current state of implementation of digital learning tools, including web quests. The main purpose of the study was the theoretical justification and practical process of introduction of digital learning tools (webquests) in the process of higher education seekers training. The research methods. In the process of fulfilling the research objective, theoretical and practical methods of data search and processing were applied. Statistical methods were also used at all stages of the pedagogical experiment: in the general assessment of the formation of digital project activities of students; when creating web pages by students of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and the Faculty of History of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University; when creating web-quests by each group of students while studying content modules. The results. The means of digital content in the implementation of project-digital activities by students were presented and analyzed, they are creating a website, using mobile-digital applications, developing multimedia materials for the educational process, developing and presenting digital pedagogical content. During the study, students created a website and developed a webquest «Non-standard lessons» for students and young teachers (creating a mental map «Characteristics of varieties of non-standard lessons»; identifying the main differences between standard and non-standard lessons using Euler-Venn’s diagram; creating «Daily rules of effective pedagogy» and placing them on the online board). The formation of students' digital competence by means of project-digital activity was checked at three levels (high, medium, low) and by the following criteria: motivational, semantic, activity and reflection. It was stated that the experimental verification of the formation of digital competence of humanities students by means of project-digital activities showed a positive dynamics in all criteria. Conclusions. The authors concluded that a project-digital activity served as an effective way to improve the digital competence of higher education students, this practice in the educational process would help their future professional activities as teachers. It was also emphasized that the role of digital technologies will continue to grow and higher education seekers should understand how to use them for educational purposes.

AN INVESTIGATION OF FAILURE SOLVING ILL-STRUCTURED PROBLEMS: A CASE STUDY

63 students were involved in the study and elected Rizka as the subject of research. This is a case study aimed at describing the cause of Rizka's failure in solving ill-structured problems about the rectangle. The results showed that the subject was able to represent the problem with own language. Rizka failed to build a solution that corresponds to the problem due to partial mastery of the rectangular concept. Rizka uses trial and error because it fails to associate a problem with a square concept that is the key to problem-solving success. Rizka success in the justification process because the process is counting without giving meaning. Meanwhile, the monitoring and evaluation process carried out by Rizka has failed. Rizka confusion determines the final solution because the solution is built does not qualify the problem solution. This is where the Rizka fails to provide the final solution. In this case, teachers have a role to teach their students to build relationships between concepts that can be utilized in problem-solving.

MATHEMATICAL JUSTIFICATION OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN STATISTICS

Justification is the process of justifying a claim that is supported with evidence. Justification is the center of mathematics. Justification plays an important role in learning because it can help students improve understanding of mathematical concepts. By using a qualitative approach, this study aims to analyze the mathematical justification of high school students in solving problems on statistical topics. This research was conducted on 122 high school students by giving justification test questions on the topic of statistics resulted in 17% (21 students) included in the level justification level 3, 16% (19 students) included in level 2, 47% (47 students) included in level 1, and 20% (25 students) the rest are included in level 0. Further analysis was carried out to see the mathematical justification process by each level. The mathematical justification process consists of three stages, 1) the process of recognition; 2) the development process (building-with), and 3) understanding (awareness) process. Level 3 and level 2 students can recognize the problem and determine the right strategy to solve the problem, level 3 and level 2 students are also able to execute the strategy and interpret the results of the calculations they have done. The difference in level 3 and level 2 students lies in the understanding the concepts they have. Level 1 students can recognize problems and determine solution strategies. Although level 1 students can recognize and do calculations well, level 1 students fail in interpreting the results of calculations performed. While students who are level 0 are not able to recognize the problem, so level 0 students do not carry out the justification process.

Decreasing Usage of Lights and Sirens in an Urban Environment: A Quality Improvement Project.

Introduction:The risk of lights and sirens use in emergency medical services has been well documented. Our critical care transport team performs over 1,800 interfacility nonemergency medical services transports annually into a dense urban environment. Historically, we have utilized lights and sirens to navigate traffic patterns. The use exceeded industry standards. This quality improvement project was undertaken to decrease the use of lights and sirens.Methods/Results:The baseline use of lights and sirens in 2011 was 76% en route and 73% on return to the facility. We revised the internal policy guiding the appropriate usage of lights and sirens. In 2012, without an improvement in usage, a use justification process was implemented. By 2013, the use of lights and sirens was still high en route, but had decreased to 53% on the return trip. In 2014, we added accountability measures requiring justification, with a subsequent drop in 2015 to 14% en route and 13% on return. In the following 3 years, the transport teams have sustained lights and sirens use to 20% or below.Conclusions:This quality improvement initiative impacted team behavior and decreased the use of lights and sirens over 5 years, with sustained improvement at or below 20%. This improvement was accomplished through ongoing evaluation, education, data gathering, and open communication. There was no negative impact on patient outcomes during this time. Lights and sirens continue to be used when indicated.

‘I was not able to go there’: Introducing a skills perspective about how tourists navigate in Los Angeles

This article argues that considering individuals’ skills is fundamental in explaining tourists’ practices. Navigation here is conceptualized as one of the spatial stakes that individuals must address when they inhabit a city. From this question, this article emphasizes the fact that coping with space should not be taken for granted but requires skills that relate to individuals’ own levels of experience in terms of the practices of places. To this end, this article first engages in a theoretical discussion of Goffman, Ingold and Wittgenstein’s ideas. Then, at the empirical level, importance is given to tourists’ experiences, as they describe their ways of coping with space. Through an original mapping of their itineraries in Los Angeles, we examine tourists’ justification process concerning their ‘régimes d’action’.