Justification For Existence Research Articles

“Oscillating Between Hope and Despair”: A Narrative Case Study of Culture and Coping for Women in Engineering in Higher Education and Industry

Women in engineering in all phases (students, faculty, and industry) are traditionally underrepresented, and have been underrepresented in the field for decades (Eaton et al., 2020). The United States government has invested in STEM disciplines to address the low presence of women in STEM fields and the STEM workforce (National Academy of Sciences, 2016). Lower representation can be attributed to numerous factors, including a lack of institutional commitment, lack of representation throughout students’ upbringing, inappropriate cultural recruitment/outreach efforts, educational discrepancies throughout PK-12, and social expectations among others (Seymour & Hewitt 1997; Geisinger & Raman, 2013; Camacho et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2012). Not only is there low representation in the field of engineering, but also low retention for students, faculty, and industry due to the same factors that impact representation. The current qualitative study is a narrative case study utilizing relational interviewing. Participants included three women in the engineering field-- an undergraduate student, a professional engineer, and a faculty member and administrator. The key themes we uncovered-- Impact of Dominant Culture; Lack of Belonging/Connection; Justification of Existence; Emotional Turmoil; Coping Strategies—are woven throughout and across the narratives. Actionable change that we hope will come from this narrative study include determining ways we can make the engineering field more inclusive at all levels– in the classroom, on co-op, at universities, in academia, and on the field in industry.

"Prag smisla" i "plafon forme" u savremenoj vojsci

In this paper author wishes to explore and investigate the relationship between form and meaning in contemporary militaries, aiming to identify the phenomena of form not reaching the threshold of meaning and form which breaks its own ceiling. Relying on methods of conceptual analysis, comparative analysis, content analysis, deduction and other scientific methods, the author identifies the problematic phenomena of form not meeting the threshold of meaning and form which breaks its own ceiling. These are the cases of misunderstanding, or even deliberate ignoring, of the value nature of form, which is always and by definition in the realm of instrumental, and even postulating form as an intrinsic value, a value in itself. When form has no contribution to achieving a goal of intrinsic and "final" value, then it cannot be observed as valuable, and as such it loses its existential justification. Moreover, in cases in which form becomes observed as intrinsic value, i.e., not an instrument and means of achieving some final value, but rather a value in itself, it breaks its own proverbial ceiling. Both these cases are hindering, even detrimental, to achieving the final goal on the basis of which they were even created in the first place. The author first explains why form is of such crucial value for the military, as it is extremely complex and "unnatural," observing several aspects of the military which demand the existence of strict and robust form in order for the system to properly function. Upon explaining its significance, the author identifies specific articulations of form - previously elaborated phenomena of form aren't reaching the threshold of meaning and for breaking its own ceiling - which are detrimental to the military. The author argues that such articulations of form are not in military systems. At the same time, that they are extremely dangerous and detrimental for optimal functioning of the military. In conclusion of the paper, the author asserts that certain measures must be implemented in military systems. They must evaluate and re-evaluate all existing articulations of form to identify and eliminate those which have no justification for existence. Such evaluation must be undone in an ad hoc fashion, but rather a process of constant evaluation of form must be integrated into the military organization to yield optimal results.

The impact of administrative prejudice upon the content of penal prohibition

The object of this research is the legal relations arising in the context of implementation of the norms of criminal law of the Russian Federation that establish liability for repeated administrative offenses. The subject of this research is the practice of application the criminal law norms of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods that regulate the institution of administrative prejudice, and acts of interpretation of the Russian Constitution, in which the Supreme Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation deals with the problems of the use of separate articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation that contain the norms with administrative prejudice, and parts of interrelation between the institutions of administrative prejudice and recurrence of offenses. The subject of this research is also justification of existence the institution of administrative prejudice in the national criminal law, main flaws in interpretation of the articles that describe the norms of the institution of administrative prejudice in the text of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Taking into consideration all shortcomings in interpretation of the articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the author offers unified definition of the composition with administrative prejudice. It is suggested to reintroduce the concept of recurrent offense in the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the fact of administrative liability, outstanding criminal record, or criminal record that has not been expunged. The case if the legislator deems it necessary to take into account not identical, but homogeneous recurrence should be stipulated in the note to the article of the Special Part. The author also offers to include the Article 16.1 into the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the following wording: “The repeated offense is considered an act committed by a person who has previously been subjected to administrative penalty for similar type of offense, unless stipulated otherwise in the corresponding articles of the Special Part of the effective Code”.

Decolonial hermeneutics: revealing the exhaustion of the legal and political speech of liberalism.

O presente estudo articula uma análise hermenêutica crítica do constitucionalismo da modernidade e seus evidentes esgotamentos. Este ensaio analisaa questão da legitimação do direito e justificação de existência do Estado dentro da Modernidade Liberal, analisando os conceitos "universais" basilares de que a mesma se serve para construir sua base de legitimação, tais como democracia, povo e poder constituinte. A metodologia utilizada contempla método dialético e materialismo histórico, com a desconstrução hermenêutica dos conceitos "universais", devido à negação e exclusão sistemática de contextos de realidade que os mesmos promovem. Na sequência, leva-se a cabo a reconstrução hermenêutica dos conceitos de povo e democracia, atentando justamente para as realidades que o sistema liberal excluiu e negou.

The Aesthetic Justification of Existence: Nietzsche on the Beauty of Exemplary Lives

ABSTRACT A disagreement about the nature of Nietzsche's “aesthetic justification of existence” has recently emerged in the literature. In this essay, I argue that the disagreement stems from a common but mistaken assumption that Nietzsche focuses on works of art to justify life. Instead, in the Untimely Meditations, Nietzsche shifts to the beauty of exemplary individuals to justify life. Through an examination of the Kantian practical arguments in the Untimely Meditations, I show how the scholarly debate can be overcome and suggest that Nietzsche's early period views can illuminate the basis of some of his late period ideals, such as the overman and philosopher of the future.

A Unique Investigation of Knowledge Transfer Practices within the Muslim Business Community in Edinburgh

This study seeks to understand knowledge transfer practices within the Muslim business community in Edinburgh. It investigates how knowledge transfer practices are managed on a day to day basis, examines the route of development and justification for these practices into meaningful knowledge transfer processes, and explores the underlying perspective of knowledge from the knowledge transfer practitioners view of knowledge transfer practices in a business context. In particular, the study seeks explanations for such practices with reference to both a knowledge-based and a resource-based view of the firm. Due to the multifarious phenomena of knowledge transfer, and to allow a scope necessary to establish epistemological and empirical evidence from literature, a two stage literature review process was adopted. The majority of literature expounds an argument in which knowledge and knowledge transfer processes in a business context are embedded within a set of real world dimensions, based on causal relationships. Literature determines that it is overcoming difficulties with this framework which is critical for a businesses ability to manage, utilise and extract value from multiple internal and external sources of knowledge. Four broad themes were identified, from which most literature supported this argument: Psychological, Organisational, Philosophical and Cultural. The ontology of the study is based on a constructivist paradigm with an interpretivist method of qualitative data analysis. The investigation involved 20 participants and employed in-depth semi-structured interviews. These were carried out across different locations and different hierarchal levels of four businesses and organisations involved in the study. Data collection and analysis were carried out in two phases. Phase one was based on ethnographic participant observation which proved unsuccessful due to an underestimation of the complexity of the participants personal perspective and researcher bias. Phase two was informed by the difficulties encountered in phase one and proved successful in capturing meaningful data. Following a thematic logic, themes were carefully unpacked in an iterative process, so that an understanding of knowledge transfer experiences within the Muslim business community in Edinburgh became clear. According to the findings in this study, knowledge transfer practices are derived by continuous identification and filling of knowledge gaps from the participants’ real world view. In contrast to current literature, participants real world views are governed by an ideological perspective supported by a single knowledge source, the Quran. Knowledge transfer advocacies use this single source of knowledge to fill collective knowledge gaps in relation to knowledge transfer in a business context. In this respect, findings reveal that definitions of knowledge and barriers to transfer have no justification for existence within this sphere of perspective. An overarching theme of religion encompasses the rhetoric of the findings. In summary, the study provides a deep understanding of the knowledge transfer practices in the Muslim business community in Edinburgh. Through the systematic and dialectic analysis of knowledge transfer participants daily practices, the details and dynamisms underpinning knowledge transfer processes are revealed.

Este no es el camino: reflexiones sobre “Etnicidad y violencia etarra”

ResumenSe plantea el rol de la Universidad en general y la Psicología Social como disciplina académica en el marco de un tema de tanta carga emocional e ideológica como el que plantea el autor, como un camino basado en (a) razonamientos fundamentados (b) datos de carácter empírico basados en metodologías contrastadas (c) aproximación respetuosa a todas las voces y actores (d) creación de consenso y puentes de diálogo y entendimiento. En estos aspectos es donde la academia como espacio de investigación y reflexión encuentra su razón de ser. Ninguno de estos requisitos parece cumplirse en el caso del articulo que se comenta.

Effect of Film Thickness on Fatigue Strength of TiAl Alloy Coated with TiAlN Film at Elevated Temperature

The fatigue strength of TiAl intermetallic alloy coated with TiAlN film was studied in vacuum at 1073K using a SEM-servo testing machine. In addition, three kinds of TiAlN films were given by physical vapor deposition (1, 3, and 10μ m). The fatigue strength of 3μ m was highest. Also, the fatigue strength of 1μ m was lowest. From this result, existence of optimum film thickness was suggested because the difference of fatigue strength arose in each film thickness. The justification for existence of optimum film thickness is competition of 45-degree crack and 90-degree crack. The 45-degree crack is phenomenon seen in the thin film (1μ m), and is caused by plastic deformation of TiAl substrate. The 45-degree crack is the factor of the fatigue strength fall by the side of thin film. In contrast, the 90-degree crack is phenomenon in the thick film (10μ m), and is caused as result of reaction against load to film. The 90-degree crack is the factor of the fatigue strength fall by the side of thick film. In conclusion, the optimum film thickness can perform meso fracture control, and improves fatigue strength.

Social knowledge and the legitimation of the state: The Philippine experience in historical perspective

Abstract Social conditions have been recognized as a factor in the rise of social knowledge. The social knowledge produced creates a social reality characterized by its own justification for existence. Established intolerance and institutionalized suppression, for example, delineate what the guardians of society regard as dangerous and subversive, on one hand, and permissible, on the other. The purveyors of social knowledge, including the social sciences, in the Philippines from the Spanish colonial period to the present have borne much responsibility in this task of delineation. But more importantly, they have served, either willingly or unwillingly, to legitimize and validate the existing political order by elaborating on the political order's ideological basis, contributing to the formulation and implementation of policies, refusing to challenge the political order, or by simply being acquiescent to its presence. The Philippine experience reinforces the observation that objectivity is relative to the p...

Is Altruism a Vice?

To the Editor. — In Dr Pellegrino's editorial 1 and Dr Tiemstra's 2 and Dr Sanke's 3 letters on altruism, self-interest, and medical ethics, they accepted altruism as a value, but they disagreed on the means to encourage it and about the obligation of the profession for such behavior. On the other hand, Dr Adams 4 presented altruism as a vice. He wrote as follows: The basic principle of altruism is that man has no right to exist for his own sake, that service to others is the only justification for existence, and that self-sacrifice is the highest moral duty, virtue, and value. Do not confuse altruism with kindness, goodwill, or the respect for the rights of others. These are not primaries, but consequences that, in fact, altruism makes impossible. It seems to me that Dr Adams presented a narrow view of altruism. I prefer to think of altruism as

Altruism, Self-interest, and Medical Ethics

To the Editor. —I write concerning the editorial by Dr Pellegrino 1 and the letter in response by Dr Tiemstra and the reply by Dr Pellegrino. 2 Dr Pellegrino states that the thrust of his article is paternalism. I think both he and Dr Tiemstra, however, have more fundamental contradictions in their thinking. The key contradiction is the principle of altruism. The basic principle of altruism is that man has no right to exist for his own sake, that service to others is the only justification for existence, and that self-sacrifice is the highest moral duty, virtue, and value. Do not confuse altruism with kindness, good-will, or the respect for the rights of others. These are not primaries, but consequences that, in fact, altruism makes impossible. 3 The most moral code is the most rational code, ie, objective. The most moral thing that any professional, including physicians, can do in

The Principle of Reason: The University in the Eyes of its Pupils

Today, can we speak of the university? I put my question in the negative, for two reasons. On the one hand, as we all know, it is impossible, now more than ever, to dissociate the work we do, within one discipline or several, from a reflection on the political and institutional conditions of that work. Such a reflection is unavoidable. It is no longer an external complement to teaching and research; it must make its way through the very objects we work with, shaping them as it goes, along our norms, procedures, and aims. We cannot speak of such things. On the other hand, the question how can we not gives notice of the negative, or perhaps we should say preventive, complexion of the preliminary reflections I should like to put to you. Indeed, since I am seeking to initiate discussion, I shall content myself saying one should speak of the university. Some of the typical risks to be avoided, it seems to me, take the form of a bottomless pit, while others take the form of a protectionist barrier. Does the university, today, have is called a raison d' tre? I have chosen to put my question in a phrase-raison d'etre, literally, to be-which is quite idiomatically French. In two or three words, that phrase names everything I shall be talking about: and being, of course, and the essence of the University in its connections to and being; but also the cause, purpose, direction, necessity, justification, meaning and mission of the University; in a word, its destination. To have a raison d'etre, a for being, is to have a justification for existence, to have a meaning, an intended purpose, a destination; but also, to have a cause, to be explainable according to the principle of reason or the law of sufficient reason, as it is sometimes calledin terms of a which is also a cause (a ground, ein Grund), that is to say also a footing and a foundation, ground to stand on. In the phrase raison d' tre, that idea of causality takes on above all the sense of final cause, in the wake of Leibniz, the author of the formulation-and it was much more than a formulation -the Principle of Reason. To ask whether the University has a for being is to wonder there is a University, but the question why verges on with a view to The University a view to what? What is the University's view? What are its views? Or again: do we see from the University, whether for instance, we are simply in it, on board; or whether, puzzling over destinations, we look out from it while in port or, as French has it, au large, on the open sea, at large? As you may have noticed, in asking what is the view from the University? I was echoing the title of the impeccable parable James Siegel published in Diacritics two years ago: Academic Work:

Standardization of Procedures

A LL large-scale enterprises are faced with procedures difficulties. A sizable volume of paper work is generally regarded as normal in the performance of administrative operations. Over a period of time, transactions of all types are likely to accumulate an evergrowing number of uncoordinated forms, copies, and routing instructions. Sometimes it seems that paper work has a life cycle of its own, constantly reproducing and expanding. If undisturbed, this life goes on year after year, providing numerous supervisors and clerks with a justification for existence which takes on the appearance of great importance. Only determined action can halt the rapid growth of paper work, or procedures, as it is sometimes called. The reasons for pruning are obvious, but the desire is not always present-especially in government. Government activities, however, like those of business enterprise, are carried on in order to accomplish definite objectives, such as the construction of a cantonment, the collection of funds, or the settlement of a claim. In these activities the

DERMATITIS DUE TO LIQUID LIP ROUGE

A new item has been added to the already overflowing stock on the cosmetic counter. With its arrival numerous reports of hypersensitivity may be anticipated. Liquid lip rouge is a red liquid, somewhat lighter in consistency than nail polish. Its justification for existence is based on the facts that it will not smear and that one application usually suffices for the day. The following report is of a severe dermatitis resulting from the use of a liquid rouge. <h3>REPORT OF A CASE</h3> S. R., a white girl aged 19, had been using liquid lip rouge for the past two weeks. On July 19, 1941 she noticed slight swelling of both lips. This was accompanied by burning and itching. Later that same day small white blisters appeared on the lips. She discontinued the application of the lip rouge. The following day redness and swelling developed over the entire face. Blisters developed