Juridical Figure Research Articles

The Cambridge Companion to Eighteenth-Century Thought, ed. Frans De Bruyn

<i>The Cambridge Companion to Eighteenth-Century Thought</i>, ed. Frans De Bruyn

Az egyház communio jellege és a pasztorális tanács

The Second Vatican Council and subsequent documents, in view of the pastoral challenges, strongly recommend the establishment of a pastoral council in the dioceses, in which mainly the laity should be involved. The task of the council is to raise and discuss issues concerning pastoral work and to reach practical conclusions. In the interpretation of the Church as communio, the juridical figure of the pastoral council is an important institution, since based on the theological structure of the communio, its members can assist the bishop in the pastoral care of the diocese with their opinions and remarks by virtue of their universal mission received in baptism. The notion that the mission stemming from the general priesthood would imply such representative character which would signify the exercise of ecclesiastical power is erroneous. The reference to the individual or collective interests of advisory bodies is the real expression of the Church’s communio insofar as it serves the common good of the Church. Otherwise, we are dealing only with a misunderstood conception of “democracy” that interprets communion in the Church merely on a humanistic, anthropological level, and considers the decentralization of power to be its fundamental task. With regard to the pastoral council, the principle of synodality is closely linked to the communio nature of the Church, as issues concerning pastoral care must be thoroughly discussed together, and decision-making mechanisms must be well prepared, which serves as basis for the diocesan bishop to be able to make the desired decision.

Análisis de la legislación estatal y autonómica en materia de instrucciones previas o voluntades anticipadas

Las instrucciones previas o voluntades anticipadas han sido objeto de un amplio desarrollo legislativo en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico en los últimos años. Dado que el art. 148.1.21 de la Constitución Española determina que las Comunidades Autónomas podrán asumir la competencia en sanidad e higiene, actualmente existe una extensa legislación estatal y autonómica sobre esta materia. En el presente trabajo, se aproxima una breve exposición de la normativa en vigor; se debe señalar que las diferencias en la regulación de los distintos aspectos de esta institución son notables, lo que provoca que actualmente exista una heterogeneidad legislativa en relación a esta figura jurídica.

Criterios de imputación al Estado

El presente artículo de revisión derivado de investigación expone la búsqueda y trabajo teó- rico sobre la imputación al Estado por daños al medio ambiente. En primer lugar, se aborda la conceptualización doctrinal de la imputación a partir de las características y tendencias del derecho penal y administrativo. En segundo lugar, se desarrollan las categorías de daño y juridicidad, cuestionando el alcance del concepto de antijuridicidad, como elemento necesario en el deber jurídico de reparar. Así mismo, se describen y analizan las principales posturas doctrinales, sobre el alcance de estos conceptos. Por último, se discute la responsabilidad del Estado por daños al medio ambiente concluyendo que, en materia de derechos humanos, la figura de juridicidad no puede tornarse como un elemento de justificación del actuar legal de un Estado.

Mediated Intimacies: State Intervention and Gender Violence in Nicaragua

This article forms part of an inquiry about the reach of legislative changes initiated by Law 779 in Nicaragua, the “Integral Law against Violence towards Women”, passed in February 2012. The primary texts I analyze include the legislative debates for the drafting of Law 779, the body of Law 779, the Reform to the law in October 2013, and the Regulations to Law 779, issued through a presidential proclamation in July 2014. I organize my discussion around the most controversial juridical figure in Law 779: that of mediation. Analyzing the trajectory of Law 779 within the Post-war cultural scene in Nicaragua, I conclude that the reinstatement of mediation represents a regressive reaffirmation of patriarchal authority in the guise of community empowerment. The family centered rhetoric of the Regulation to Law 779 signifies capitulation to the most conservative, religious sectors of society and a dramatic reversal of feminist gains towards recognizing women as subjects with rights. These are in fact battles over the cultural interpretation of women’s place, their autonomy, and the troubled reality of the nuclear family and normative social bonds in twenty-first century Central America. They show that women’s autonomy continues to be symbolically coded as dangerous, even as a threat to the collective interests of the family and the nation.

ALGUNOS EFECTOS DE LA IMPLEMENTACION DE LA ACCIÓN DE REPETICIÓN EN COLOMBIA, LEY 678 DE 2001

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Resumen&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;La Responsabilidad de los servidores públicos en materia de Repetición como figura jurídica, apenas produce sus primeros resultados; en este artículo se presentan avances del trabajo de investigación que evalúa los efectos de la implementación de la ley 678 de 2001, estudio que se justifica por el grave problema de detrimento al patrimonio público en Colombia. El tema es abordado a partir del análisis de las Sentencias del Consejo de Estado en el período 2005-2010, relacionadas con la aplicación y resultados de la Acción de Repetición, encontrándose que no se consolida la aplicación de la norma y su desarrollo integral; no existe efecto inmediato por el retraso en los procesos judiciales; existe negligencia de servidores públicos y no se consolidan efectos significativos para salvaguardar los recursos públicos. Se exige consolidar la ética pública a favor de la moralidad y eficiencia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Palabras Claves: &lt;/strong&gt;Acción de Repetición; Responsabilidad Patrimonial; Moralidad; Eficiencia; Ética pública; Servidores Públicos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SOME&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; EFFECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACTION REPLAY IN COLOMBIA, ACT 678 OF 2001.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Responsibility of the public servants is a juridical figure of great importance that scarcely produces its first results; in this article are presented some advances of the research that evaluates the effects of the implementation of the law 678 of 2001.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The research is justified in the serious problem of detriment to the crown lands in Colombia. It was found that there is not consolidation of the application of the norm and its integral development; there is not immediate effect due to the delay of the judicial processes; there exists negligence of the public servants. It is required to consolidate the public ethics for morality and efficiency.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key Words: &lt;/strong&gt;Repetition Action; Patrimonial responsibility; Morality; Efficiency; Public Ethics; Public servants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ALGUNS&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; EFEITOS DA EXECUÇÃO DA ACTION DE REPLAY NA COLÔMBIA, ATO 678 DE 2001&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Resumo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; A responsabilidade dos servidores públicos em repetição como legais, só produziu seus primeiros resultados, neste artigo, apresentamos o progresso da pesquisa que avalia os efeitos da aplicação da Lei 678 de 2001, um estudo que se justifica pela grave problema de prejuízo ao patrimônio público, na Colômbia. O problema é resolvido através da análise dos acórdãos do Conselho de Estado, no período 2005-2010, referente à implementação e resultados do Action Replay, achando que consolida a aplicação da regra e seu desenvolvimento global, não existe efeito imediato para o atraso nos processos judiciais, há negligência dos funcionários e sem efeitos significativos são consolidadas para salvaguardar os recursos públicos. Ela exige a consolidação da ética pública para a moralidade e eficiência.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Palavras-chave:&lt;/strong&gt; ação de repetição; Responsabilidade Patrimonial, Moralidade, Eficiência, Ética Pública, servidores públicos.&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

CRIMINAL AND ENEMY IN THE POLITICAL IMAGINATION

1 4 8 Y C R I M I N A L A N D E N E M Y I N T H E P O L I T I C A L I M A G I N A T I O N P A U L W . K A H N The criminal is not the enemy; the enemy is not the criminal. The enemy can be killed but not punished. Because enemies are not criminals, they can become friends. Veterans often find they share something with their old enemies: they do not hold each other accountable. Indeed, they may feel as if they cannot even remember why they were enemies. Hatred of the enemy is more than a little like love: once it is past, it is hard to recall how it could ever have been so powerful. On the other hand, criminals can be punished but, in most of the West, they cannot be killed. Punishment was once a display of sovereign power – the spectacle of the scaffold . That display cast the criminal as the enemy. The sca√old is long gone, replaced by the largely invisible, highly regulated space of the penitentiary. A bordered space of law has displaced a limitless assertion of sovereignty. Even released, criminals have a ‘‘permanent record.’’ Marked by the law, they are simultaneously included and excluded. Criminals and enemies may do the same violent acts, destroying property and persons. Nevertheless, the modern political imagination carefully maintains the distinction as a matter of both formal law and informal representation. Thus, the distinction of enemies 1 4 9 R from criminals is central to the international law of warfare. The Geneva Conventions identify those who may be killed but not punished; they also delineate a form of detention that is not punishment . Conversely, the domestic law of due process protects alleged criminals from violence that is not punishment, while the Eighth Amendment serves a roughly analogous function for those who have been convicted. Informally, warfare is imagined as a sort of duel: a reciprocal relationship of threat, of killing and being killed. The reciprocity of threat, of course, says nothing about an equality of means. We do not handicap the enemy, even as we imagine that our threat of violence will be matched by a counterthreat. This is why every war is imagined as ‘‘self-defense’’ by both sides of the conflict. The confrontation with the criminal, on the other hand, is certainly not imagined as a duel. Criminals have no right of self-defense against the police. The force of law is asymmetrical. For this reason, we think of the violence of law – policing – as ‘‘depoliticized .’’ There is a corresponding depoliticalization of the violence of crime: it is not political threat but personal pathology. Law enforcement aims to prevent the violence of the criminal from becoming a source of collective self-expression. Were it to become so, we would confront an enemy. Everything about the criminal is defined by law, from the elements of the crime to the procedure of adjudication to the character of punishment. The criminal’s depoliticalization is accomplished through his or her complete juridification. The law, however, will not tell us who are our enemies. It will not define the conditions of victory or defeat. It will not tell us how seriously to take a threat or how devastating to make the response. The enemy, despite the e√orts of international law, is not a juridical figure at all. Much depends upon the maintenance of the distinction between criminals and enemies. Not just the humanitarian law of warfare but also the elimination of practices of torture against criminals. Collapse of the distinction of criminals from enemies is always a sign of political crisis. This begins with treason: the formal point of intersection of criminal and enemy. The shock of treason was traditionally expressed in its punishment – horrific, including drawing and quartering. Occupying the intersection, the traitor had to be both punished and killed. The distinction 1 5 0 K A H N Y regularly collapses in moments of revolution: the American revolutionaries worried that they would be executed as traitors rather...

La cooperativa como figura jurídica. Antecedentes, realidad y perspectivas constitucionales en Cuba

&lt;p&gt;Se valoran el papel del Derecho en el origen y desarrollo del cooperativismo, y las actuales tendencias de la cooperativa como figura jurídica, a fin de destacar los riesgos que enfrenta la esencia revolucionaria del movimiento. Sobre esta base, se analizan los antecedentes y la actual regulación jurídico- constitucional de la cooperativa en la Constitución socialista cubana, donde su reconocimiento expreso se ha limitado al sector agropecuario de la economía; pero pese a ello, se concluye argumentando la pertinencia histórica y constitucional de su instrumentación en otros sectores de la economía nacional.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Recibido&lt;/strong&gt;: 28.06.10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aceptado&lt;/strong&gt;: 8.07.10&lt;/p&gt;

Poder con poder se paga: títulos nobiliarios beneficiados en Indias (1681-1821)

As occurred when granting public offices of government and justice, hidalguias, and insignias in the case of the Military Orders, etc., the Spanish Monarchy also resorted to the juridical figure of the beneficio when allowing certain persons to enter the titled nobility. With regard to America, this article refers to seventy seven nobility titles obtained in this way between 1681 and 1821, a quantity that we consider to represent practically all the beneficiaries in South America. The Crown, the highest expression of political power, rewarded in this manner those who also represented economic, social, military or political power in the American sphere.

La doble decisión conforme en Ia doctrina procesal del Código de 1917

Res iudicata is a juridical institution which is essential for the security of juridical traffic, given that it prevents rights from being the object of on-going controversy. One of he ways of arriving at res iudicata in the processes of Canon Law is the double decision. This juridical figure is unique to Canon Law. The purpose of double agreement is to obtain the most just decision possible. Given that in Canon Law no decision can exist which is not, at the same time, in conformity with reality, it means that the truth of the process must coincide with objective truth. The double decision supposes a guarantee of truth, given that the facts of the case are studied by two tribunals of different grades thus guaranteeing, within what is humanly possible, that the decision reached corresponds to the nature of things. The main problem comes from knowing when two decisions conform or agree with each other. What is central at this point is the identity of action. Thus, two decisions agree when they decree the same thing, always provided that the same subjects are in dispute over the same processal object and in virtue of the same causa petendi. This last aspect takes on special significance in marriage cases where the identification of the concrete chapter of nullity coincides with the causa petendi. There could only be conformity between two marriage decisions when they refer to the same chapter of nullity, as it is not sufficient that they simply each decree nullity of the same marriage. The Motu proprio Causas matrimoniales introduced an accelerated process to confirm a pro nullitate decision obtained in the first instance. This summary process raised several problems of process; the juridical or administrative nature of the decree, which confirmed the first instance decision, was particularly discussed. An-other important question arose when the preceding decision was not confirmed and the case passed to a second instance. In this case we had -and still have- a double