Juniper Oil Research Articles

Safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of an essential oil and tincture from the berries of Juniperus communis L. (juniper oil and juniper tincture) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of juniper oil and juniper tincture obtained from the berries of Juniperus communis L., when used as sensory additives for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that juniper oil is safe up to the maximum proposed use levels in complete feed of 5 mg/kg for laying hens, 15 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer) and cattle for fattening and 20 mg/kg for ornamental fish. For the other species, the calculated safe concentrations in complete feed were 4 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 5 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 7 mg/kg for piglets, 8 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 10 mg/kg for sows, dairy cows, 16 mg/kg for sheep, goats and horses, 6 mg/kg for rabbits, 17 mg/kg for salmonids, 18 mg/kg for dogs and 3 mg/kg for cats. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive was considered safe at 3 mg/kg complete feed. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that juniper tincture is safe up to the maximum proposed use level in feed of 45 mg/kg complete feed or water for drinking for all animal species. No concerns for consumers and the environment were identified following the use of the additives to the highest safe level in feed. The additives under assessment should be considered as irritants to skin and eyes, and as skin and respiratory sensitisers. Since the berries of J. communis and their preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

Economic Benefits of Using Essential Oils in Food Stimulation Administrated to Bee Colonies

Bees are the most important pollinators of agricultural plants. The decline of bee colonies is caused by a multitude of factors of which diseases, pesticides, and climate change seem to be the most important. Losses can be huge when several factors act together. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of alternative sources such as medicinal plants in the form of extracts or essential oils. The purpose of our research was to evaluate the economic efficiency of the use of essential oils of basil (Ocimum basilicum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum veruum), clove (Syzgium aromaticum), juniper (Juniperus communis L.), oregano (Oreganum vulgare), mint (Mentha piperita), rosemary (Rosmarius officinalis), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) in the additional feeding of bee colonies in the spring. Ninety colonies of Apis mellifera bees were used, which were additionally fed with sugar syrup and one of the essential oils. Our results showed strong positive correlations between the total number of germs in the gut of worker bees and the number of brood cells when using the essential oil of oregano (Oreganum vulgare) (R2 = 0.786) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) (R2 = 0.729), and between the total number of germs and the yield of honey obtained at the first harvest in the case of the essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum) (R2 = 1), mint (Mentha piperita) (R2 = 0.718), oregano (Oreganum vulgare) (R2 = 0.621), and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L) (R2 = 0.859). The best profit from the sale of honey was obtained in the case of the use of essential oils of mint, oregano, thyme, and basil, in a range of EUR 139.16–144.73/bee colony.

Chemical composition of essential oil of common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) branches from Estonia

For the treatment of the urinary system and kidney diseases, common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) fruits are widely used. This raw material is included in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.) and is one of the most popular kinds of official medicinal plant material with diuretic and uroantiseptic activity. However, the main biomass of bushes consists of green branches, which also contain a significant amount of essential oil that can be used in pharmaceutical practice. The branches become waste during bush cutting. So, it is advisable to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil isolated from common juniper branches from different regions of Estonia to prove the possibility of using this essential oil and branches in pharmaceutical practice.
 Aim. Therefore, the aim of the research was to determine the chemical composition of essential oil from common juniper (J. communis L.) branches from Estonia.
 Materials and Methods. The branches of juniper shrubs were collected in the summer months from 27 different habitats in Estonia. The essential oil was isolated from fresh juniper branches by the modified distillation method described in the European Pharmacopoeia monograph of Juniperi pseudo-fructus. GC/MS analysis was carried out using an Agilent 5975 Series MSDMSD, Agilent7890A GC (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) with two detectors (MSMS and FID) on a fused silica capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm) with a bonded stationary phase: poly(5 %-diphenyl-95 %-dimethyl)siloxane (DB-5). The carrier gas was helium with a split ratio of 1:30, and the flow rate of 1.3 mL/min was applied. The temperature program was from 50°–240˚C at 2˚C/min and the injector temperature was 300˚C. The MS detector was operated in the EIEI mode of 70 eV and at a scan rate of 2 scans/s with a mass acquisition range of 20–400 u.
 Research results. The average amount of juniper essential oil in branches extracted during distillation using the Ph. Eur. method was 0.23±0.04 ml. 103 substances were identified in 27 different samples of juniper branches and quantified by the GC/MS method. The dominant components of Estonian common juniper essential oil are α-pinene (37.5-69.3 %), pinene, sabinene, β-myrcene and β-phellandrene. The juniper essential oils from Estonian raw materials were compared with Serbian, Iran, Portuguese, French and Greek ones. It was established that the common juniper growing in Estonia belongs to the α-pinene chemotype.
 Conclusions. Common juniper growing in Estonia belongs to the α-pinene chemotype. 103 substances were identified, and their assay was established in 27 different samples of juniper branches. The dominant components of Estonian common juniper essential oil are α-pinene (37.5-69.3 %), so it could be used as a source of a-pinene for the pharmaceutical industry.
 As the essential oils of common juniper branches didn’t meet all the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia for juniper berries oil, so separate regulatory documentation must be developed for the essential oil from the branches

The Effect of Essential Oils on the Survival of Bifidobacterium in In Vitro Conditions and in Fermented Cream

Essential oils derived from plant materials are a mixture of compounds that exhibit antibacterial properties. Due to their distinct aroma, they also serve as a desirable natural additive for various food products, including dairy products. In this study, the essential oils of lemon peels, clove buds, and juniper berries were obtained by steam distillation and characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine their chemical compositions and effects on the viability of seven Bifidobacterium strains. Furthermore, the effect of essential oils on the viability of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 was investigated in cream samples during fermentation and after storage for 21 days at 6 °C. The fatty acid composition of fat extracted from essential oils containing sour cream samples and the volatile aroma compound profile of the sour cream samples were also determined chromatographically. Among the 120 compounds identified, monoterpene hydrocarbons were dominant in the essential oils of lemon peels (limonene and γ-terpinene) and juniper berries (sabinene and β-myrcene), while eugenol and eugenol acetate were abundant in the essential oil of clove buds. In addition to these compounds, butanoic and acetic acids were found in the tested sour cream samples. In turn, fat extracted from these samples was rich in saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic acid. Among the tested strains of the genus Bifidobacterium, B. animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 was the most sensitive to the essential oils of clove and juniper, as indicated by the larger growth inhibition zones. However, both the concentration and type of essential oils used had no effect on the number of cells of this strain present in the cream samples immediately after fermentation and after its 21-day storage, which suggests that the tested essential oils could be a natural additive to dairy products.

Разработка технологии и рецептур комбинированного рыбного фарша с пищевыми добавками

The purpose of scientific research is to develop technologies and recipes for minced fish products with dietary supplements. The objects of research, when obtaining the recipe and technology of model minced fish, were: pollock, cod, wheat bread made from premium flour, and the dietary supplements introduced were oil extract of dried mushrooms, juniper oil extract, coriander oil extract and a complex additive "Moby Lux Universal". Vegetable oil extracts were used as a plasticizing component and additional raw materials containing flavoring substances. The use of additives of plant origin allows you to stabilize the functional and technological properties of raw materials, increase the biological value, emphasize the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product. Oil extracts of vegetable raw materials and "Moby-lux Universal" are rich in minerals and vitamins, dietary fibers, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Utilization of the western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) in strandboards to improve the decay resistance

Naturally durable wood species such as western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) are a potential source of bio-based wood preservatives for the improvement of non-durable timber species. This research investigated the durability of southern yellow pine (Pinus sp.) and western juniper lumber or strandboard. Single layer panels were made with six different types of wood or wood treatments: southern yellow pine, mixed juniper sapwood and heartwood, sapwood, heartwood, sapwood strands impregnated with juniper oil prior to and after panel manufacturing. Panels were fabricated with 560 kg/m3 oven-dry density with 5% of PF resin and 0.5% of wax. Durability testing was performed with the brown rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Rhodonia placenta and the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Internal bond as a crucial parameter of OSB was measured. Tests revealed that juniper heartwood and juniper heartwood strandboards were highly decay resistant, and juniper oil pre- and post-impregnation strandboard manufacture imparted increased resistance to decay against one brown rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum. Juniper strandboard manufactured from non-impregnated strands showed significantly higher internal bond than pine. These results suggest there is excellent potential for manufacturing highly decay-resistant OSB from juniper, especially from heartwood and that juniper oil can increase the durability of juniper sapwood strandboard.

THE COMPLEMENTARY EFFECT BETWEEN GARLIC, CINNAMON AND JUNIPER ESSENTIAL OILS ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, DIGESTIBILITY AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF NEW-ZEALAND WHITE RABBITS

A total of 72 male New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits after weaning were allotted among 4 groups with 3 replications, six rabbits each, using a completely randomized design, for 45 d. The 1st group (control, R1) was fed a basal diet without addition. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.25 mg of garlic oil (GAR) plus 0.25 mg of cinnamon oil (CIN, R2); 0.25 mg of GAR plus 0.25 mg of juniper oil (JUN,R3) and 0.25 mg of GAR plus the mixture of CIN and JUN at the level of 0.125 mg for each / kg diet v/w (R4), respectively. The results indicated that dietary rabbit’s GAR plus a mixture of CIN and JUN significantly increased the total bacterial count by 44.4% and the cellulolytic bacteria by 70%, respectively, compared to the control group. Dietary rabbit’s GAR plus CIN (R2) and JUN (R3) significantly improved the DM digestibility by 41.7 and 29.1% as well as increased the EE digestibility by 18.7 and 13.9%, respectively compared to the control group. The mixture treatment (R4) significantly increased the final body weight by 11.9%, the total body weight gain by 7.5%, the average daily body weight gain by 51.5% and feed conversion ratio by 17.2% compared to the control group. The mixture treatment (R4) significantly decreased the triglycerides by 54.6%, total cholesterol by 67.5, LDL by 52.5% followed by (R3) treatment by 53, 32.4 and 79.2%, respectively. Same reductions were detected in (R2) treatment by 49.7, 33.2 and 30.9%, respectively compared to the control group. The mixture treatment (R4) significantly increased the carcass weight (with or without edible offals) by 11.9 or by 12.6%, respectively compared to the control group. In conclusion, dietary rabbit’s GAR plus a mixture of CIN and JUN significantly increased caecum microbial count and further improved nutrients digestibility, growth performance, carcass characteristics complemented with decreasing serum lipids profile.

Ocena działania olejku jałowcowego (Juniperi aetheroleum) wobec grzybów drożdżopodobnych

Introduction. Juniper has been known and often used in folk medicine since ancient times. The extracts and essential oil of this plant’s fruit exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, blood pressure lowering, antiarthritic, antirheumatic activity and are helpful in Alzheimer’s disease. Fruits contain essential oil (α-pinene, limonene, β-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, β-phellandrene, α-terpinene, myrcene, γ-terpinene); organic acids, flavonoids and tannins. Juniper oil shows antimicrobial activity. Aim. The aim of this research was evaluating activity of juniper oil against yeast-like fungi isolated from the oral cavity. Material and methods. The study included 31 strains of fungi belonging to the following species: Candida albicans (14 strains), Candida glabrata (3), Candida guilliermondii (1), Candida humicola (1), Candida kefyr (2), Candida krusei (2), Candida lusitaniae (1), Candida parapsilosis (3), Candida tropicalis (3), Candida utilis (1) and 9 reference strains from genus: C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. glabrata ATCC 66032, C. guilliermondii ATCC 6260, C. kefyr, ATCC 4130, C. krusei ATCC 14249, C. lusitaniae ATCC 34499, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. tropicalis ATCC 750 i C. utilis ATCC 9958. The susceptibility (MIC) of fungal strains to juniper oil was determined by the method of serial dilution technique in Sabouraud’s agar. At first, the oil was diluted in DMSO, then in distilled water. The tested concentrations were: 20.0, 15.0, 10.0, 7.5 and 5.0 mg/ml. The suspension containing 105 CFU/per drop was transferred by a Steers replicator to the surface of Sabouraud’s agar with or without juniper oil (strains growth control). Incubation was carried out at 37°C for 24-48 hrs under aerobic conditions. The lowest concentration of oil that completely inhibited the growth of the tested yeast-like fungi was taken as the MIC. Results. The results indicated, that the strains of Candida guilliermondii and C. utilis were the most sensitive to juniper oil. The growth of these strains was inhibited at a concentration of 10.0 mg/ml. The 2 species of strains C. glabrata and Candida lusitaniae were sensitive to a concentration of 15.0 mg/ml. The juniper oil was less active against Candida kefyr strains (MIC – 7.5-> 20.0 mg/ml). Fungi from genus of C. krusei, Candida parapsilosis and C. tropicalis were susceptible to concentrations in the range 10.0-≥ 20.0 mg/ml. The Candida albicans strains were characterized by moderate susceptibility. The growth of the 50% strains was inhibited at concentration 15.0 mg/ml and another 50% strains at 20.0 mg/ml. Of all the yeast-like fungi strains tested only 1 strain was sensitive to the low concentration of 7.5 mg/ml, and another 5 strains to 10.0 mg/ml. The growth of 39% of fungi strains was inhibited at the concentration of 15.0 mg/ml and 42% at concentration 20.0 mg/ml of the oil and more. Conclusions. Candida guilliermondii and C. utilis showed the highest sensitivity to juniper oil. The Candida albicans strains were characterized by moderate susceptibility. The juniper oil showed the lowest activity against Candida humicola species.

The use of modern recipes and technologies of culinary products with plant extracts in the menu for the development of Russian hospitality

The basic information about the functional properties of combined minced fish meat developed on the basis of a combination of animal and vegetable products in a specialized product is presented. This mutual addition of the recipe with various components allows creating a model functional minced meat and products based on it that best meet the needs of the body in terms of nutritional and biological value. Food products that have functional properties are timely, and their development is relevant. The purpose of the research was to develop technologies and recipes for minced fish products with dietary supplements. The objects of the research in the development of the recipe and technology of model minced fish meat were: pollock, cod, wheat bread made from premium flour, dried mushroom oil extract, juniper oil extract, coriander oil extract and "Moby Lux Universal" as a dietary supplement. Oil extracts of vegetable raw materials were used as plasticizing additives and flavoring agents. The use of additives of plant origin allows stabilizing the functional and technological properties of raw materials, increase the biological value, and emphasize the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product.

Using of Essential Oil Mixture in Quail Breeders (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) for Improving Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of added to mixture essential oil consist of mint oil, juniper oil, rosemary oil and oregano vulgare oil added in drinking water at on intestinal health in quail breeders. A total of 160 Japanese quail breeders (control group each subgroup 6 females 6 males, experimental groups each subgroup 5 females 5 males) 17 weeks of age were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups and each group was divided into 5 replicates. The experimental period lasted 56 days. Maize and soybean meal-based diets were offered ad libitium to the birds from during the experimental period. Treatments were as follows: C, (Control; without supplementation to the drinking water); E1 (0,1ml/L essential oil mixture supplementation to the drinking water) and E2 (0,3ml/L essential oil mixture supplementation to the drinking water. Acetic acid, butyric acid, isocaproic acid and SCFA values were linearly affected by the increasing level of essential oil mixture (mint oil, juniper oil, rosemary oil and oregano vulgare oil). There were no significant differences in propionic acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, caproic acid and BCFA concentrations. In conclusion, essential oil mixture consists of mint oil, juniper oil, rosemary oil and oregano vulgare oil can be used to improve intestinal health in quail breeders drinking water.

Influence additions on the structure of the free fares

The basic information about the functional properties of combined fish minced meat, developed on the basis of a combination of animal and vegetable products in a specialized product. Food products with functional properties are timely, and their development is relevant. The purpose of research is the development of technology and formulations of minced fish products with dietary supplements. The objects of study in the development of the recipe and technology of model minced fish were: pollock, cod; wheat bread from premium flour, oil extract of dried mushrooms, juniper oil extract, coriander oil extract and Moby Lux Universal as a dietary supplement. As a plasticizing additive and flavoring substances used oil extracts of plant materials. The use of additives of plant origin allows you to stabilize the functional and technological properties of raw materials, increase biological value, emphasize the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product. Oil extracts of plant materials and Mobi-Lux Universal are rich in minerals and vitamins, dietary fiber, protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids. The rare chemical composition of the presented additives helps to improve the taste and increase the nutritional and biological value of combined fish culinary products. We used standard and generally accepted sensory, rheological, physicochemical and microbiological methods for studying raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished products. Mathematical processing of the research results was carried out using the Curve Expert Ver software package. 1.34. New taste qualities of fish steam cutlets have been developed, both with the addition of dietary supplements, such as dried mushroom extract, coriander extract and Moby Lux Universal, and without addition (control). It was found that even with short-term storage in all samples and control, the pH of the medium decreases in the range 1.31 – 1.36%. The obtained water-holding ability (WCS) of fish minced meat is in the range: for cutlets 74.3–77.2%; steaks 75.4 – 79.3%; raw minced meat – 72.2%. The most adjusted amino acid composition of steam cutlets with Moby-Lux Universal. Unconventional gamma obtained in cutlets and steaks with extract of dried mushrooms, coriander extract.

НЕТРАДИЦІЙНІ ЗАСОБИ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ПРИ ФІЗИЧНІЙ РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ ХВОРИХ ПІСЛЯ ПЕРЕЛОМУ ХРЕБТА

Introduction. Motor rehabilitation of patients with lower paraplegia syndrome is a part of medical rehabilitation measures set. The physical rehabilitation plan is built taking into account the predicted level of compensation of locomotor functions, which depends on the injury time, the level and the degree of damage. The complex of restorative conservative treatment includes in various combinations such tools as medical physical education, massage, physiotherapy, electrical stimulation of muscles, mechanotherapy, manual therapy and orthosis. These tools of physical rehabilitation require rational integration in the rehabilitation complex. Research hypothesis of the study is that using of the proposed rehabilitation complex will improve the psychophysical condition in patients after a fracture of the spine. Aim of the study: To substantiate and develop a comprehensive program of physical rehabilitation using nontraditional tools for patients after spinal fracture and to evaluate its effectiveness. Material and methods of research. We examined 7 men and 5 women in age from 30 to 50 who underwent physical rehabilitation in a fitness center. The rehabilitation complex contained such tools of physical rehabilitation as therapeutic gymnastics, classical massage, physiotherapy, mechanotherapy, mud treatment and heat treatment (sauna). Aromatherapy (with essential oils of eucalyptus, juniper or lavender), apitherapy (using honey massage), samurai massage (bamboo brooms) and stone massage (hot and cold stones) were additionally used as non-traditional means during the massage. Results. Analysis of the Spielberger-Hanin Anxiety Diagnostic Test, the Recovery Locus of Control Questionnaire, and the evaluation of the locomotor function by the Houser Walking Index have shown positive dynamics. Conclusions. The effectiveness of a 30-day rehabilitation course aimed at restoring the motor activity of the paretic limbs at the fitness center has been proved. Keywords: physical rehabilitation, spine fractures

Óleos essenciais como modificadores da fermentação ruminal em substituição a monensina sódica in vitro

The objective of this study to evaluate the effect of secondary plant compounds present in essential oils in replacement of monensin on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters. It was adopted a completely randomized design with nine treatments and four replicates. The treatments were: control (CON), monensin (MON), garlic oil (ALH), cinnamon oil (CAN), clove oil (CRA), mint oil (HOR), juniper oil (JUN), bitter orange oil (LAR), and melaleuca oil (MEL). The in vitro gas technique was used to record total gas production at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after incubation. MON, CAN and CRA increased gas production Only the garlic and cinnamon treatments reduced the digestibility of organic matter in 20 and 26% in relation to the control treatment. Methane production reduced (P

Alteration in the Chemical Composition of Immortelle, Silver Fir and Prickly Juniper Essential Oils Induced by Light

The objective of this study was to evaluate impact of light and available oxygen on the chemical composition of three selected essential oils. Aliquots of immortelle (Helichrysum italicum), silver fir (Abies alba) and prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus) essential oils were exposed to UV-A irradiation in the presence of atmospheric oxygen as well as in the presence of inert gas. The compositions of fresh and irradiated samples were studied by GC/MS. Each oil showed an individual response to the applied conditions. In immortelle oil, dominant process was phototransformation of g-curcumene to italicene, isoitalicene and ?-curcumene. Since g-curcumene is one of the major components of immortelle essential oil, exposure of this oil to light can cause significant changes in primary composition and thus quality. In silver fir and prickly juniper oil irradiation caused only slight changes among sesquiterpenes that are present as minor components. Both oils were found to be photostabile and insensitive to the presence of atmospheric oxygen.

Enriched physicochemical and blood-compatible properties of nanofibrous polyurethane patch engrafted with juniper oil and titanium dioxide for cardiac tissue engineering

The demand of biomaterials in cardiovascular application was increasing day by day and its utilization is restricted by its mechanical and biocompatible properties. This paper aims to design a novel polyurethane nanocomposite added with juniper and titanium dioxide (TiO2) through electrospinning process. Wettability analysis of the composite showed its improved hydrophobic nature and its fibers were of small in size compared to pure polyurethane. Tensile strength and thermal stability of the composite increased compared to the pure polymeric fibers. Atomic force microscopy denoted the increase in surface roughness of PU with the incorporation of juniper and titanium dioxide. Anti-thrombogenic properties of the developed composites were displayed through the delayed coagulation times. Above all, human dermal fibroblast cells were actively growing without toxic issues making the fabricated material as a widely undisputed choice in cardiac tissue applications.

The influence of cooking methods and juniper essential oil on lipid oxidation in pork chops

In this research, the effects of three cooking methods (boiling–vacuum bag, boiling–plastic bag and baking) on the lipid oxidation and overall sensory acceptability of pork chops marinated with and without juniper essential oil were investigated. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance content was affected by both marinating and cooking methods. Pork chops from juniper essential oil marinade had lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values throughout the marinating and two cooking methods (boiling–plastic bag and baking) in comparison to their control counterparts. The pork chops with juniper oil, regardless of cooking method, were evaluated with significantly higher scores for overall acceptability than all analysed control pork chops.

Potential of Juniperus communis L as a nutraceutical in human and veterinary medicine

Plants have been used for thousands of years as medicine for treating variety of diseases and medical complaints by most of the civilizations. Juniperus communis L. is an evergreen aromatic shrub with high therapeutic potential for the treatment of diseases in human and animals. The plant is rich in aromatic oils, invert sugars, resins, catechin, organic acid, terpenic acids, leucoanthocyanidin, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, gums, lignins, wax, etc. Juniper berries or extract of the plant has traditionally been used as diuretic, anti-arthritis, anti-diabetes, antiseptic as well as for the treatment of gastrointestinal and autoimmune disorders. The essential oil and extracts of juniper have been experimentally documented to have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. Recent studies have also found anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of berries in experimental models. Further, the essential oil incorporation retarded lipid peroxidation in preserved meat due to its high antioxidant effect which not only improved meat product quality but also improved shelf life of the product. Thus natural antioxidant such as juniper can be used in place synthetic antioxidant for the preservation and improving self-life of meat products. New well designed clinical trials in human and animals using well-characterized J. communis extract or oil need to be conducted so that additional information is generated which can support the use of this natural product as a nutraceutical.

Contact toxicity of pine, laurel and juniper essential oils to spirodiclofen-resistant and -susceptible Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations

Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) causes significant losses in agricultural production because of it is a polyphagous pest and develops resistance to pesticides in a short time. This study was conducted in 2017-2018 in Isparta, Turkey. Contact toxicities of pine, laurel and juniper essential oils to different developmental stages of a highly spirodiclofen-resistant and a spirodiclofen-susceptible population of T. urticae were investigated. The was aim was to contribute to the development of alternative methods to control in resistant populations. The essential oil solutions were applied using a spray tower at 100 kPa to the leaf surface at 1.2-1.6 mg/cm 2 . The experiments were conducted with three replicates , with 15 individuals each treatment replicate. The highest mortality in adults was 100 % for pine, juniper and laurel oil in the susceptible population, and 59.5% for pine oil, 57.5% for laurel oil and 51.2% for juniper oil in the spirodiclofen-resistant population. In addition, the highest mortality for nymphs was 81.6% for pine oil, 95.2% for laurel oil, 95.7% for juniper oil in the susceptible population, and 50.0% for pine oil, 56.3% for laurel oil and 58.0% for juniper oil in the spirodiclofen-resistant population. In toxicity tests on egg the highest mortality was lower than 55.0% in both populations. As a result, the three essential oils were showed to have a significant effect in the T. urticae population with high level resistance to spirodiclofen.

Oddziaływanie na bakterie beztlenowe olejku jałowcowego (Oleum Juniperi)

Introduction. Juniper berries have been used in ancient in folk medicine for treatment infections, as a spice for meat, and preparation of gin and raki. Juniper (Juniperus communis L.) belongs to the Cupressaceae family. It is an evergreen tree or shrub and achieve from 2 to 10 m high. Its berries produced essential oil, which contain α-pinene, camphene, limonene, cadinene, terpinen-4-ol, myrcene, β-pinene, sabinene, flavonoids, resins, organic acids, and tannins. The oil is used for treatment various diseases. It demonstrate antimicrobial properties. Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria of oral cavity to juniper oil. Material and methods. The 56 of anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients, in it Gram-negative rods (31 strains), Gram-positive cocci (13) Gram-positive rods (12) and 8 reference strains were tested. Investigation was carried out using the plate dilution technique in Brucella agar supplemented with 5% defibrynated sheep blood, menadione and hemin. Inoculum containing 106 CFU per spot was seeded with Steers replicator upon the agar with oil or without the oil (strains growth control). Concentration of dated oil were: 2,0, 5,0, 7,5, 10,0, 15,0 and 20,0 mg/ml. The plate was incubated in anaerobic condition in anaerobic jar in 37°C for 48 hrs. The MIC was interpreted as the lowest concentration of juniper oil inhibiting the growth of tested bacteria. Results and discussion. The results of the experiments indicated, that rods from Gram-negative anaerobes, the strains belonging to the genera of Prevotella and Porphyromonas, were the most susceptible to essential oil. The MIC’s for the strains be within from 5,0 to 10,0 mg/ml. The lowest sensitive were the rods from genera Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Tannerella (MIC > 20,0 mg/ml). From among Gram-positive cocci the most sensitive to oil were the strains from genus Finegoldia magna. The oil was active towards half of the strains in concentration < 2,5 mg/ml. The tested Gram-positive rods were the less sensitive (MIC 5,0-> 20,0 mg/ml). From this group, the strains Actinomyces viscosus demonstrated the sensitivity on 5,0 to 7,5 mg/ml. The most resistance were the rods Actinomyces odontolyticus and Propionibacterium granulosum (MIC > 20,0 mg/ml). Conclusions. The lowest susceptible to juniper oil from Gram-negative bacteria were genus of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Tannerella. The oil was the most active against strains of Prevotella and Porphyromonas. The cocci were the more susceptible than Gram-positive rods. The Gram-positive anaerobes showed high susceptibility to juniperus oil than Gram-negative rods.

Impact of Storage Conditions on Alteration of Juniper and Immortelle Essential Oils

Changes in the composition of juniper and immortelle essential oils were studied by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) during storage for one year. Samples were subjected to different storage conditions in order to reveal the impact of light, temperature and available oxygen. Each essential oil showed characteristic changes. The most reactive ingredients of juniper essential oil in the dark were β-myrcene and limonene, while verbenone was photochemically most reactive compound. The overall change was not significant, indicating that the juniper oil is stable. Immortelle essential oil showed the highest sensibility when exposed to light. Amount of italicene, isoitalicene and α-curcumene increased as a consequence of photochemical transformations of other constituents. According to these results, it may be recommended that immortelle oil should be stored in the absence of light at room temperature.