Junior Officers Research Articles

Structural violence and policy outcomes of Lagos State Health Insurance Scheme in selected ministries, Lagos State

The decentralization of the NHIS’s implementation to states intended to hasten progress towards universal health coverage, has not effectively addressed healthcare disparities, particularly in Lagos State. The implementation of the Lagos State Health Insurance Scheme appears to perpetuate structural violence, evident in increased out-of-pocket expenses, discrimination based on insurance type, and substandard healthcare delivery. The study therefore examined how structural violence has affected the policy outcomes of the Lagos State Health Insurance Scheme, with a specific emphasis on junior officers in grade level 01–07 in five selected ministries situated within Lagos State. Both primary and secondary data were collected using questionnaire, interview and literature search. Data gathered were analysed statistically and thematically. The findings of the study indicate that the policy outcome of the scheme has been adversely affected by structural violence, resulting in dissatisfaction, compensation claims for unresolved health issues and a shift in health insurance providers among enrolled junior officers.

Изменение склонности к девиантному поведению в процессе профессионального становления военнослужащих

<p>High physical and psychological stress has a negative and even detrimental effect on military personnel, which can lead to maladaptive and deviant forms of behavior. It is relevant to study the dynamics of the tendency to deviant behavior as military personnel grow professionally. Purpose: to study the differences in the manifestation of a tendency to deviant behavior in military personnel of different official categories: privates, corporals, sergeants and warrant officers; contract and conscription employees, persons with higher education and secondary education. Methods: Scales of propensity to addictive behavior; Questionnaire of propensity to delinquent and addictive behavior (DAB-2); SADS-30 (Suicidality, aggression, drug addiction, substance abuse); Questionnaire for detecting early signs of alcoholism; Questionnaire for diagnosing Bass-Perry aggression-24; factor analysis, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis criteria. Subjects: 42 male military personnel of different job categories (under contract, conscription; privates, corporals, sergeants and warrant officers), aged 18—30 years. Results: it was found that the propensity to drug addiction is less pronounced in contract employees (p≤0.05) and in non-commissioned and junior officers (p≤0.05). Factor analysis has shown that most deviations constitute a single factor, which includes indicators of aggression both towards others and towards oneself; one can note a reduced tendency to delinquent and other forms of deviant behavior, but an increased risk of going into addictive or suicidal behavior. This is also accompanied by a low focus on military service. Conclusions: during the study, it was found that there are differences in the manifestation of a tendency to deviant behavior among military personnel of different official categories: privates, corporals, sergeants and warrant officers. Continuing to serve in the army (under contract) is associated with a decrease in the tendency to manifest deviations.</p>

Optimisation and improvement of police officers’ special rank types

The article examines the process of reforming the law enforcement system in Ukraine, in particular the creation of the National Police in 2015, and its impact on the rank system of police officers. Special attention is paid to the main changes that occurred as a result of this reform. In particular, such positive aspects as bringing police standards closer to the European level, as well as creating a new police uniform and changing the rank system are highlighted. It is important to note that the reform is aimed at improving the efficiency of law enforcement agencies and their interaction with the public. The article also highlights the problem of the lack of additional ranks and limited career opportunities for junior police officers, which can lead to professional burnout and reduced staff motivation. An analysis of the positive experience of using the extended rank of junior and sergeant ranks in countries such as Canada, Germany, Greece, Spain, as well as the states of Virginia and Delaware in the USA is conducted. The proposed ways of solving the shortcomings in the rank system are aimed at improving the working conditions and motivation of the police personnel. In addition, it is proposed to introduce new ranks for junior and non-commissioned officers of the police in order to stimulate further self-development of professional skills and career growth prospects. In addition, each new rank will have separate duties and functions that will facilitate mutual assistance and cooperation with other police officers. It is also important to emphasise the need to update the design for cadets of higher education institutions with specific learning conditions and lyceums.

초급간부 처우개선 의제의 형성과정 분석 : 유튜브-언론 간 역의제설정 이론을 중심으로

초급간부 처우개선 의제의 형성과정 분석 : 유튜브-언론 간 역의제설정 이론을 중심으로

Attributes of Filipino Seafarers: Will They Enhance Global Competitiveness Among Filipino Officers?

In the 17th century, Filipino seafarers were the primary choice of foreign shipowners. They were hired to complement the galleons. The global survey of Seafarers International Research Center (SIRC) 2002 showed 28.1% deployment with 9% as senior officers and 19% as junior officers while 72% were ratings. The SIRC 2002 survey showed that Filipino seafarers occupy the No. 1 spot in global deployment. However, the recent survey conducted by the Baltic International Maritime Council (BIMCO/ICS) 2021 results showed officers from the Indo-Pacific occupy the top spot among senior officers and China was the top spot for junior officers. Nineteen years after 2002 the deployment position has changed with officers from the Indo-Pacific and China in the top spot. A study of attributes among Filipino officers who are currently in the employ of foreign shipowners will serve as the basis for an intervention program to increase the deployment of Filipino officers. The study when implemented will remedy the gap in the deployment. Research instruments were distributed to Filipino officers in Luzon and Visayan regions. The respondents of this study chosen using the simple random method were Filipino Management and Operational level officers who were employed by international shipping companies. Hard copies of the questionnaires were administered to the respondents in the Philippines while soft copies were sent to officers on board. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as frequency, mean, and standard deviation. Significant differences among variables were determined through, a t-test of Independent Samples and One-way ANOVA. Results revealed that of the five attributes, two were found significant. The attributes of analytical and critical thinking and lifelong learners were found significant. To enhance global competitiveness study should be done to validate the result of this study and the impact of the intervention program.

Variation in Time-to-Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy in the US Active Duty Service Members.

Beginning in July 2016, transgender service members in the US military were allowed to receive gender-affirming medical care, if so desired. This study aimed to evaluate variation in time-to-hormone therapy initiation in active duty Service members after the receipt of a diagnosis indicative of gender dysphoria in the Military Health System. This retrospective cohort study included data from those enrolled in TRICARE Prime between July 2016 and December 2021 and extracted from the Military Health System Data Repository. A population-based sample of US Service members who had an encounter with a relevant International Classification of Diseases 9/10 diagnosis code. Time-to-gender-affirming hormone initiation after diagnosis receipt. A total of 2439 Service members were included (Mage 24y; 62% white, 16% Black; 12% Latine; 65% Junior Enlisted; 37% Army, 29% Navy, 25% Air Force, 7% Marine Corps; 46% first recorded administrative assigned gender marker female). Overall, 41% and 52% initiated gender-affirming hormone therapy within 1 and 3 years of diagnosis, respectively. In the generalized additive model, time-to-gender-affirming hormone initiation was longer for Service members with a first administrative assigned gender marker of male relative to female (P<0.001), and Asian and Pacific Islander (P=0.02) and Black (P=0.047) relative to white Service members. In time-varying interactions, junior enlisted members had longer time-to-initiation, relative to senior enlisted members and junior officers, until about 2-years postinitial diagnosis. The significant variation and documented inequities indicate that institutional data-driven policy modifications are needed to ensure timely access for those desiring care.

“Put money in thy purse. Follow thou the wars”: Othello, the Mexican–American War, and Manifest Destiny

In the winter of 1845–6 the United States Army languished on the border waiting for an opportunity to provoke what would be the Mexican–American War, or, as the Mexicans would come to call it, La Intervención Americana. To break the dull monotony, the army turned to theatre. In January, Second Lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant was cast as Desdemona in a production staged for the troops and the local community. Grant would later be the victorious general in the Civil War and the eighteenth president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. He was not yet that person. In 1846 he was a twenty-four-year-old, newly commissioned officer, only three years out of the US Military Academy. His peers, a cohort of junior officers who would become the senior military leadership on both sides of the Civil War, were also actors in the production, as well as its producers. The anecdote is humorous in large part because the Grant of national record and memory is the least Desdemona-like figure anyone can conceive. It has been repeated multiple times across the nineteenth century and still holds in the imagination almost two hundred years later.

Uptake of Digital Organizational Innovations on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya

The rapid evolution of digital innovations has globally transformed the banking sector, with commercial banks in Kenya experiencing significant operational changes driven by these advancements. Despite the substantial benefits associated with digital innovations, there remains a gap in understanding the precise influence of organizational innovations on the financial performance of commercial banks. This gap is exacerbated by a lack of comprehensive empirical studies that systematically examine the relationship between digital organizational innovations and financial performance within the Kenyan banking sector. Navigating the dynamic regulatory landscape poses a significant challenge as the industry strives to balance innovation with compliance, thereby potentially dampening the enthusiasm of commercial banks to fully embrace transformative digital initiatives. This study aimed to assess the influence of digital organizational innovations on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya, the Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change was used to assist in explaining the objective. Adopting a positivist philosophy, the study targeted a population of 1,470 employees across 39 commercial banks in Kenya, utilizing a stratified random sampling technique to select a sample size of 315 participants, including senior management, supervisory management, and junior officers. A descriptive research design was employed, using structured questionnaires to collect primary data, while secondary data was sourced from banking sector supervisory and innovation survey reports. A pilot test was conducted to estimate reliability using Cronbach’s Alpha, and content validity was assessed with the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure and Bartlett’s test of sphericity. Descriptive analysis was presented using frequency tables and bar graphs. A panel linear regression model was applied, revealing that 76% (R²=0.761, F=822.691, P˂0.0001) of the variations in return on equity (ROE) for commercial banks were explained by digital organizational innovations. The findings demonstrated a positive and significant correlation between the adoption of digital innovations and the financial performance of commercial banks (P˂0.05). The study recommends that commercial banks explore new business models through access to innovative technologies, foster strategic collaborations, and remain aligned with regulatory requirements to enhance financial performance significantly. Embracing a culture of experimentation and agile management policies can help flatten hierarchies that inhibit innovation. Policymakers are encouraged to provide clear guidelines and a harmonized regulatory environment to foster enthusiasm for transformative digital initiatives. The study's findings may not generalize to other industries or geographical contexts due to variations in regulatory frameworks, market structures, cultural norms, and technological infrastructure. Consequently, the study proposes comparative research across diverse contexts to assess the generalizability of these findings.

The Scots in Java, 1811-1816. An Episode from the History of the 78th Regiment of Foot (Ross-shire Buffs): The Storming of the Yogyakarta Court, 20 June 1812, and its aftermath

During the short-lived British interregnum regime in Java (1811-1816), a battalion (1,000 soldiers) of the 78th Highland (Scottish) Regiment of Foot (Ross-shire Buffs) took part in the British invasion force. They participated in nearly all the major military engagements of this period, including the 20 June 1812 storming of the Yogyakarta kraton. The events of that bloody operation and the contribution of the 78th Highland Regiment to its success form the core of this article. This describes how sharpshooters of the regiment’s two rifle companies overwhelmed the Javanese gunners on the kraton battlements, and how a junior officer, Lieutenant Henry N. Douglas (1787-1860), secured the person of the Sultan (Hamengku Buwono II) and escorted him to the Dutch fort, Vredeburg. The role of the Scots Assistant-Resident of Yogyakarta, John Deans (1786-1868), and his disfigurement of the body of the slain Yogyakarta army commander, Sumodiningrat (c. 1760-1812), in his private mosque in his residence to the south of the court is also mentioned. Following the close of hostilities, the Scots troops were the last to leave Yogyakarta (13 July 1812) and used the time to teach local Javanese troops the Scottish broadsword dance, later adopted into the repertoire of the two minor courts (Pakualaman and Mangkunegaran). During their subsequent garrison duties in East Java, the regiment lost its commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel James Fraser (1766-1813), during a local uprising in Besuki in the Oosthoek (Eastern Salient), and later participated in the campaigns against Bali Buleleng (May 1814) and Bone in South Sulawesi (June 1814). By the time the regiment eventually returned to Scotland in late 1817, only 400 out of the 1,062 troops which had sailed from Madras (Chennai) in early May 1811 were still alive, most having succumbed to tropical diseases in their unhealthy barracks in Surabaya, Batavia (Weltevreden) and Cimanggis (Depok).

A Threat to Sustainable HealthCare Services? Examining the Effect of Structural Violence on the Policy Outcomes of Lagos State Health Insurance Scheme among Enrolled Junior Officers in the Lagos State Ministry of Works and Infrastructure

A Threat to Sustainable HealthCare Services? Examining the Effect of Structural Violence on the Policy Outcomes of Lagos State Health Insurance Scheme among Enrolled Junior Officers in the Lagos State Ministry of Works and Infrastructure

Особенности профессионального выгорания сотрудников уголовно-исполнительной системы: психологический аспект

Introduction. The paper describes the results of the research involving junior and midlevel officers of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in Tver Oblast. Officers maintain the state security, work unsocial hours, experience stress caused by interaction with convicts. All these lead to the problem of personal changes in professional activity. There is a need to study and overcome professional burnout to prevent negative consequences and improve the way officers perform their duties.&#x0D; The aim of the research is to study the signs of professional burnout among correctional officers and determine the factors facilitating its occurrence.&#x0D; Methods. The basic techniques and methods comprise the questionnaire “Assessment of professional maladaptation” (O. N. Rodina), the questionnaire “Determination of integral forms of aggressive communication” (V. V. Boyko), The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) adapted by N. E. Vodopyanova, the questionnaire “Professional deformation of correctional officers” (E. M. Danilina). An additional survey included “Test of meaning-life orientations” (MLO) (D.A. Leontiev).&#x0D; Results. The research revealed the significant components of the model of professional burnout of a correctional system officer. They include external locus of control, emotional shifts, work experience as a penal system officer, tendency to auto aggression, ability to become violent, decrease in activity, enjoying aggressive behaviour and ability to reflect aggression. The study found that the external locus of control is correlated with a high and moderate level of professional burnout. Beside the external locus of control, the main personal characteristics influencing the development of professional burnout of pretrial detention centre officers are emotional shifts with positive correlation with psycho-emotional exhaustion. According to the data, the factors of professional burnout of pretrial detention centre officers are personal features related to the emotions and volition of a person.

A framework to define and quantify leadership styles within Navy engineering units

The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for the U.S. Navy's leadership styles by assessing self-perceived leadership styles in a sample of reserve Engineering Duty Officers (EDOs) and the Senior Enlisted Leaders (SELs) in these technical units. Transformational and transactional leadership styles were examined using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) Form (Avolio &amp; Bass, 2004), while the servant leadership style was examined using the Servant Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire (SLSQ) (Sandling, 2021). The effect of rank and the triad leadership position had on leadership style was explored in this study. The survey was made available to all EDOs and SELs (n = 525). A total of 84 surveys were completed (a 16% return rate). Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in servant leadership between SELs and junior officers. When broken down into the factors of servant leadership this difference was seen in the conceptual skills and putting followers first factors. No statistical differences were seen across leadership triad positions, or between any other ranks for any other leadership style. The findings are discussed for their implications for leadership development in the U.S. Navy.

«Новая восточная политика» Вилли Брандта и бундесвер в 1969–1974 годы

The article based on archival and published materials analyses the attitude of the members of the higher and lower structures of the Bundeswehr to the “new eastern policy” of Chancellor Willy Brandt and the influence of the latter on the development of the armed forces of West Germany in 1969–1974. It is demonstrated that privates and junior officers supported the foreign policy course of W. Brandt on detente in relations with the socialist bloc. At the same time it is shown that the high command of the Bundeswehr emphasized loyalty to the North Atlantic Alliance in their documents and used the principles of the “new eastern policy” to strengthen the positions of the Federal Republic of Germany in NATO.

Evolution of Repertoire of Military Ego-Documents Publications in Modern Russia (1990–2020s)

The purpose of the article is to provide an overview of the modern practice of publishing military ego-documents (memoirs, diaries, correspondence). Over the past 30 years of post-Soviet history, this process, according to the observations of the author of the article, has gone through two stages. The first one, chronologically related to the period of the 1990s, manifested itself in domination of repeated re-publication in large quantities of printed materials in high demand – memoirs and diaries of the leaders of the White movement, famous “white” generals and other emigrant publications of 1920–1930.The second (currently ongoing) stage included the republication of the Soviet military memoir heritage; revival of the traditions of publishing memoirs and diaries of military leaders (and then ordinary participants in wars) of pre-revolutionary Russia; scientific academic publications of little-known memoir sources extracted from archives; memoirs and diaries of Soviet/Russian participants in local wars in Afghanistan, Vietnam, Africa and other foreign countries. The most characteristic feature of modern book publishing on military topics is the appearance of a large number of memoir books, mostly self-published by participants in the Great Patriotic War, in ranks from a private soldier to a junior officer.

Embracing Leadership: How Junior Medical Officers Shape the Future.

Transitioning from medical residency to an operational role challenges junior medical officers as their leadership skills are put to the test. In the multifaceted role of Military Medical Corps Officers, patient care remains paramount, and effective leadership hinges on core values. From clinical competence and mentorship to modeling behavior and fostering adaptability, this article underscores the importance of leadership development for junior officers as they transition from the training centers into the operational environment. Effective junior officer leaders become force multipliers, empowering their teams and cultivating future leaders to uphold the values essential to mission success.

Analysis of Security Examination Facilities in Supporting Aviation Safety at Tunggul Wulung Cilacap Airport

Various kinds of phenomena that occur at the Tunggul Wulung Cilacap Airport which are managed by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation related to the equipment in the AVSEC unit often experience problems. One of the employees at the unit said that not all of the equipment at the airport was in good condition. This will hinder the passenger inspection process, and can threaten flight safety at the airport itself, therefore this study aims to determine the condition of the equipment in the AVSEC unit, determine the impact caused by the condition of the security inspection equipment that works well on safety. flights and knowing the role of AVSEC officers in overcoming the limitations of flight security inspection equipment at Tunggul Wulung Cilacap Airport. The method used in this study is based on post-positivism philosophy with data collection techniques using triangulation and data analysis is qualitative induction. The research tool is in the form of interviews with each of the senior, junior and basic officers in the Avuation Security (AVSEC) unit. The results of this study can be shown by the results of the researchers' observations that the duties and roles of AVSEC personnel are very good and according to the applicable SOPs, however, the existing inspection facilities will be handled inadequately.

Opioid Prescription Clusters Associated With Early or Unplanned Military Separation.

Early/unplanned military separation in Active Component U.S. service members can result in reduced readiness during periods of high-tempo combat and increased demand for health care services within the Military Health System and Veterans Administration. Although current assessment tools leverage prescription data to determine deployment-limiting medication receipt and the need for interventions or waivers, there is a lack of understanding regarding opioid prescription patterns and subsequent early/unplanned military separation after return from deployment. As such, understanding these relationships could support future tool development and strategic resourcing. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to identify unique 12-month opioid prescription patterns and evaluate their relationship with early/unplanned military separation in Active Component service members who returned from deployment. This retrospective, IRB-approved cohort study included data from 137,654 Active Component Army service members who returned from deployment between 2007 and 2013, received a post-deployment (index) opioid prescription, and had at least 1 year of Active Component service post-opioid initiation. A k-means clustering analysis identified clusters using opioid prescription frequency, median dose, median days supply, and prescription breaks (≥30 days) over the 12-month post-initiation (monitoring) period. A generalized additive model examined whether cluster membership and additional covariates were associated with early/unplanned separation. In addition to the single opioid prescription (38%), the cluster analysis identified five clusters: brief/moderate dose (25%), recurrent breaks (16%), brief/high dose (11%), long/few prescriptions (8%), and high prescription frequency (2%). In the generalized additive model, the probability of early/unplanned military separation was higher for the high prescription frequency cluster (74%), followed by recurrent breaks (45%), long/few prescriptions (37%), brief/moderate dose (30%), and brief/high dose (29%) clusters, relative to the single prescription (21%) cluster. The probability of early/unplanned separation was significantly higher for service members with documented substance use disorders, mental health conditions, or traumatic brain injuries during the monitoring periods. Service members assigned male were more likely to have an early/unplanned separation relative to service members assigned female. Latinx service members and service members whose race was listed as Other were less likely to experience early/unplanned separation relative to white service members. Relative to Junior Officers, Junior Enlisted and Senior Enlisted service members were more likely to experience early/unplanned separation, but Senior Officers were less likely. Further evaluation to support the integration of longitudinal opioid prescription patterns into existing tools (e.g., a screening tool for deployment-limiting prescriptions) may enable more timely intervention and support service delivery to mitigate the probability and impact of early/unplanned separation.

Leading like lions: The model junior officer in the Great War and a critique of present-day mainstream leadership models

The Great War has been especially associated with poor leadership and British soldiers have been referred to as “lions led by donkeys,” but this article looks beyond generals to the leadership of junior officers, who were sometimes considered heroes by their men. Using obituaries, this study reconstructs the model of the ideal junior officer in the British Army during the Great War and then compares that model to present-day mainstream leadership theories. This comparison provides a fresh critique of present-day models both in their construction and from the lived experience of junior officers, which gives us insight into the real-life consequences of leadership models for leaders in assigned roles. This article both builds on critiques of mainstream leadership theories by other scholars and demonstrates the power of historical examples for offering evaluative insights into present-day approaches to leadership.

Mentoring Seafarers for Understanding Maritime Risks and Safety Culture on Board

For seafaring personnel, who are at the beginning of their maritime career on board ships, maritime companies provide informal guidance, which is part of the maritime tradition, within practical training courses/cadetship courses. Starting from the existing realities in the structure of seafaring personnel in the merchant marine, this paper presents the particularities of mentoring for a career in the maritime field. Among the aspects identified and highlighted in the mentoring process, the research focuses on the process of understanding maritime risks and the importance of safety culture on board ships, both by cadets and junior officers, who are at the beginning of their careers at sea. The investigation is based on a survey conducted on a significant number of subjects between 2018-2023. The developed research methodology was used to underlie the items in the questionnaires, on the basis of which the survey was carried out. The questionnaires were established by the data triangulation method and by consulting maritime stakeholders. Considering both the common aspects, specific to life at sea, but also the particular elements, which relate to the responsibilities on board the ship, the proposals received from all departments on board the ship were centralized. The questionnaires were developed based on the contributions received from: representatives of companies in the maritime industry, seafaring personnel at managerial and operational level (from the deck, engine and electrical departments), responsible in the field of risk and safety in the maritime industry, cadets and junior officers, at the beginning of their career at sea. The results of the survey were centralized, analyzed and interpreted to establish the level of understanding and perception of maritime risk and safety issues. The resulting conclusions can be used by the interested factors for the development and consolidation of appropriate, adapted and customized projects in the field of maritime safety and risk management on board ships, dedicated to cadets/ junior officers.

An Exploratory Study on the Competency Analysis of Political Warfare Junior Officer in the ROC National Defense Forces: From the Perspective of the Work Experience of Junior Officer

&lt;p&gt;研究目的在於探討政戰初官職能內涵及建立與驗證職能類目的有效性，採工作者導向及職務導向並重的職能分析策略，從政戰初官工作經驗的角度，使用質化分析行為事例訪談法與量化分析問卷調查法收集實徵資料。研究一以七位政戰初官為訪談對象，分析出149則具有政戰初官職能內涵的項目，並歸納於認識單位、人際相處、專業性、觀察環境、自我調適等五個主要職能構面中，同時對各主構面之職能項目進行次構面的分類，最後完成職能類目架構的初步建立。研究二繼以研究一的149則職能項目建立問卷，通過專家效度的共計121則題項，33個次類目。接著以98位政戰初官有效問卷進行量化分析，驗證職能項目及類目的有效性。項目分析結果，121則項目所描述的行為事例，都含有某種會影響政戰初官適應職場、執行工作與表現的職能意義。因素分析結果，33個次類目合併成17個次類目，且大多屬於次類目之間的合併，原次類目中的職能項目大多是隨著新次類目的形成，全數併入新次類目中。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The study aims to explore the competency connotation of political warfare junior officers and to establish and validate the competency categories. From the perspective of work experience of junior officer, qualitative analysis of behavior event interviews and quantitative analysis of questionnaires are conducted. In Study 1, seven officers were interviewed to generate 149 items on the competency connotation of political warfare junior officers, classified into 5 categories. In Study 2, subject matter experts retained 121 items in 33 sub-categories, and 98 political warfare junior officers responded to the questionnaire to validate the items and categories. The results show all 121 items contain a competency meaning that affects the performance of junior officers. Factor analysis were performed to merge 33 sub-categories into 17.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;