Junior Homonym Research Articles

Case 3669 Family-group names based onOrtalisMerrem, 1786 (Aves, cracidae): proposed conservation of either Ortalida-, Ortalis- or Ortalid- as the stem and suppression of family-group names based onOrtalisFallén, 1810 (Insecta, Diptera) in the latter two instances, and acceptance of the English text of part of Article 29.3.3 of the Code as definitive in the second instance

The Case is brought under Articles 78.1, 81.1 and 89 of the Code to resolve a controversy surrounding the stem of family-group names based on Ortalis Merrem, 1786, a genus of large, pheasant-like birds (chachalacas) of the New World. This genus has a junior homonym in Diptera, Ortalis Fallen, 1810, and various family-group names based on the dipteran genus were proposed before anyone noticed the homonymy. Despite their invalidity under Article 39 of the Code, these dipteran names remain available names, preoccupying obvious stems for avian family-group names. A new tribe ortalidaini Donegan, 2012 was proposed for the avian Ortalis, its non-standard stem Ortalida- being chosen under Article 29.6 of the Code to avoid homonymy with dipteran names. Subsequently, an attempt was made to emend ortalidaini to ortalisini David, 2014, but the emended name is identical in spelling to the available dipteran name ortalisini Acloque, 1897. Acceptance of ortalidaini as the valid spelling might be threatened as a result of the differing English and French versions of Article 29.3.3 of the Code concerning family-name stem formation, the French preventing an otherwise valid emendation of this name, but the English not. The Commission is asked to choose between (i) endorsing ortalidaini Donegan, 2012 as being based on an ‘appropriate’ stem under Article 29.6; or (ii) using its plenary power to suppress ortalisini Acloque 1897 in favour of David (2014)‘s junior homonym ortalisini, giving precedence to the English version of Article 29.3.3 of the Code and deeming David (2014)’s emendation to be valid on different grounds to those stated (i.e. ortalidaini being inappropriate under Article 29.6); or (iii) suppressing all competing family-group names based on Ortalis Fallen, 1810 and making the ‘standard’ family-group name ortalidini thereby capable of usage in Aves.

Aliocis, a replacement name for the preoccupied ciid genus Anoplocis Kawanabe, 1996 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Ciidae).

The Ciidae genus Anoplocis was established by Makoto Kawanabe (1996) based on the type species Ennearthron poriae Nakane & Nobuki, 1955 from Japan. Additionally, he described the Japanese species Anoplocis ryukyuensis Kawanabe, 1996. However, the name Anoplocis was previously proposed by Arthur M. Lea (1913) for a genus of true weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with its type species Anoplocis ferrugineus Lea, 1913 from Australia. In consequence, the genus Anoplocis Kawanabe, 1996 is a junior homonym of the genus Anoplocis Lea, 1913. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, we propose the replacement name Aliocis nom. nov. for Anoplocis Kawanabe, 1996. New combinations are here proposed for the two species included in this genus: Aliocis poriae (Nakane & Nobuki, 1955) comb. nov. and Aliocis ryukyuensis (Kawanabe, 1996) comb. nov.

New substitute name for the genus Napo Shaw, 2012(Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae).

The braconid genus Napo was established by Shaw (2012) for a single species Napo townsendi Shaw, 2012from Napo Province, Ecuador. However, the genus name Napo is preoccupied and was initially introduced by Linnavuori & DeLong (1976) for a deltocephalinae leafhopper genus with Napo brazosellus Linnavuori & DeLong, 1976 as the type species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Thus, the genus Napo Shaw, 2012 is a junior homonym of the genus Napo Linnavuori & DeLong, 1976. According to Article 60 of the ICZN (2015), we propose the new replacement name Yanayacu nom. nov. for Napo Shaw, 2012. The resulting nomenclatural changes are summarized below.

A review of the leafhopper tribe Hyalojassini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Iassinae) with description of new taxa.

The morphologically diverse leafhopper tribe Hyalojassini is reinstated from synonymy under Iassini based on distinctive features of the male genitalia and a key to the Oriental genera is given. The previously monotypic genera Hyalojassus Evans and Coriojassus Evans are revised and redescribed based on study of the type species. The following new genera and species are described from Thailand and China and placed in Hyalojassini: Kanchanaburiassus maculatus gen. nov. & sp. nov. from Kanchanaburi, Thailand; Lamelliassus chaingmaiensis gen. & sp. nov. from Chaingmai, Thailand; Siamiassus constanti gen. & sp. nov. from Loei, Thailand ; Decliviassus gen nov. with D. bipunctatus sp. nov., D. maculatus sp. nov., and D. nudus sp. nov., from Thailand; Trocniassus gen. nov. with T. shaanxiensis and T. henanensis sp. nov.; Hyalojassus elongatus sp. nov. and H. punctulatus sp. nov. from Thailand and H. yunnanensis sp. nov. from China; Coriojassus loeiensis sp. nov. from Thailand, C. yunnanensis sp. nov. and C. zhejiangensis sp. nov. from Yunnan and Zhejiang, China, respectively, the latter representing the first records of the genus from China. Sinojassus Dai et al. 2010 (nec Zhang 1985) is a junior homonym, thus a new replacement name, Siniassus nom. nov., is proposed, the genus is transferred to Hyalojassini, and the following new combinations are made: Siniassus loberus (Dai, Zhang & Zhang, 2010), Siniassus aspinus (Dai, Zhang & Zhang, 2010), Siniassus compressus (Dai, Zhang & Zhang, 2010) and Siniassus webbi (Dai & Dietrich, 2010). Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations for all new taxa are provided. The following New World genera share the diagnostic morphological features of Hyalojassini and are newly placed in this tribe: Absheta Blocker, Aztrania Blocker, Baldriga Blocker, Bertawolia Blocker, Betawala Blocker, Comanopa Blocker, Daveyoungana Blocker & Webb, Derakandra Blocker, Donleva Blocker, Gargaropsis Fowler, Garlica Blocker, Gehundra Blocker, Goblinaja Kramer, Grunchia Kramer, Jivena Blocker, Julipopa Blocker, Maranata Blocker, Mogenola Blocker, Momoria Blocker, Neotrocnada Krishnankutty & Dietrich, Penestragania Beamer & Lawson, Redaprata Blocker, Stragania Stål, Torenadoga Blocker, and Webaskola Blocker.

Two new species of the superfamily Phthiracaroidea (Acari, Oribatida) from the Seychelles and the USA with notes on other ptyctimous mites from diverse countries

Two new species of the family Phthiracaridae, Arphthicarus paratinctus sp. n. from the Seychelles, and Atropacarus (Atropacarus) paraclavigerus sp. n. from California, USA are described and figured. A comparison of morphological similarities with the most closely related species is presented. Additional descriptions, morphological remarks and taxonomical notes for seven ptyctimous species: Arphthicarus sculptilis (Niedbala, 1988), Austrophthiracarus diazae (Ojeda, 1985), Mesoplophora (Mesoplophora) parabacilla Niedbala, 2006, Notophthiracarus lienhardi Mahunka, 1996, N. stenotus Niedbala et Corpuz-Raros, 1998, Plonaphacarus semiaciculatus (Mahunka, 2008), and Steganacarus (Rhacaplacarus) brasiliensis (Perez-Inigo et Baggio, 1980) were added. In total, 105 species of ptyctimous oribatid mites were determined in material of 1910 specimens from 15 countries – Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Galapagos, Gough Island, Indonesia (Irian), Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Reunion, Seychelles, Tanzania and the USA. Fauna of ptyctimous mites of Bangladesh, Colombia and Gough Island was studied for the first time. New records of ptyctimous mites for Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Jamaica, Malaysia, New Guinea (Indonesia, Irian), Reunion, Tanzania and the USA are also presented. A replacement name for the junior homonym Austrophthiracarus longisetosus Niedbala et Starý, 2015, A. longisetus nom. n. is proposed.

Ladies in stripes: taxonomic confusion in a potential mimicry complex among Wallacean Coccinellidae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).

Two species of ladybird beetles, one belonging to Phrynocaria Timberlake (Coccinellni) and the second to Chilocorus Leach (Chilocorini) collected by R.A. Wallace in the Maluku Islands (Indonesia) have identical body size and colour pattern with longitudinal stripes on elytra. Their external features were so similar that G.R. Crotch included both of them in the type series of Chilocorus wallacii Crotch, 1874. The specimen designated as the lectotype of Chilocorus wallacii belongs to Phrynocaria. Coelophora wallacii Crotch, 1874 is also transferred to Phrynocaria (new comb.) and becomes senior homonym and Phrynocaria crotchi new name is proposed for the secondary junior homonym. Chilocorus crotchi sp. nov. is described for the taxon misidentified as Chilocorus wallacii Crotch.

Dakotaseps gen. nov., a replacement name for the lizard genus Dakotasaurus Nydam 2013, a junior homonym of the ichnotaxon Dakotasaurus Branson and Mehl 1932.

Dakotasaurus gilletorum Nydam 2013 was erected for two partial mandibles of a paramacellodid-cordylid grade scincomorphan lizard from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of southern Utah (Nydam 2013). However, the genus name Dakotasaurus is a junior homonym of the ichnofossil Dakotasaurus Branson and Mehl 1932. Under Article 23.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) Branson and Mehl’s (1932) name has priority.

Morphological and molecular study of the genus Nitokra (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) in a small palaeochannel in Western Australia

A combined approach was used to study the diversity, distribution and variability of the ameirid genus Nitokra in the uppermost reaches of the Carey palaeochannel, as very little is known about habitat invasions of stygofauna in general and inland dispersal of this predominantly marine genus in particular. A 70-km-long stretch of several disconnected calcrete subterranean habitats, known as Yeelirrie, has previously shown to harbour up to ten sympatric and parapatric congeners of the miraciid genus Schizopera and six allopatric congeners of the parastenocaridid genus Kinnecaris, in addition to 11 other species of copepods. The diversity of the genus Nitokra is much smaller, with only two allopatric species in the entire area. Nitokra esbe sp. nov. is a short-range endemic, recorded in a single bore in the most downstream part of Yeelirrie. In contrast, both molecular and morphological data indicate that Nitokra yeelirrie sp. nov. is widespread here, showing one of the largest distribution ranges of any subterranean copepod in Yeelirrie. Phylogenetic analysis of Nitokra populations based on the COI gene shows N. esbe as a sister clade to other Nitokra sequences, which does not exclude the possibility of an ‘active upstream’ dispersal model, proposed for other copepods of marine origin here. High levels of COI sequence divergence (∼10 %) among specimens of N. yeelirrie collected 8 km apart suggest the potential for considerable population differentiation or restricted gene flow within an apparently single large calcrete body. A table of the most important morphological characters for all 79 valid world species of Nitokra is presented, and replacement names are provided for four junior homonyms. An overview of the conservation status of the entire Yeelirrie stygofauna was also provided.

Hydroids of the families Kirchenpaueriidae Stechow, 1921 and Plumulariidae McCrady, 1859 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected in the Western Pacific Ocean by various French Expeditions

This publication is the third in a series of accounts on large collections of Plumularioidea McCrady, 1859 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) obtained during several French expeditions to the Philippines region, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, and the Marquesas Islands. Additional material from Mozambique was also examined and is discussed. A total of 17 species, belonging to the families Kirchenpaueriidae Stechow, 1921 (two species) and Plumulariidae McCrady, 1859 (15 species), are scrutinized and illustrated in the present report. Three new species of the genus Plumularia Lamarck, 1816 are described (Plumularia bathyale n. sp., Plumularia contraria n. sp., Plumularia pseudocontraria n. sp.). The name Plumularia milsteinae n. nom., is proposed for Plumularia spiralis Milstein 1976, a permanently invalid junior homonym of Plumularia spiralis Billard, 1911. Polyplumaria kossowskae (Billard, 1911) is recorded for the first time since its original description. Two species of Plumularia are identified only to the genus level. Type materials of Plumularia habereri Stechow, 1909 and Dentitheca hertwigi Stechow, 1909, and the syntypes of all varieties of Plumularia habereri described by Billard (1913), have also been examined.

Four small-celled Planothidium species from Central Europe proposed as new to science

Abstract Four small-celled taxa are presented and described — Planothidium werumianum, P. pumilum, P. rhombiculum and P. rostratoholarcticum. Planothidium werumianum, P. pumilum and P. rhombiculum are proposed as new to science and P. rostratoholarcticum as a new name for Achnanthes lanceolata var. rostrata Hustedt 1911. The latter, coming from Germany, is transferred to Planothidium in the species rank. The new name — P. rostratoholarcticum — is necessary to avoid a junior homonym, i.e., Planothidium rostratum (Østrup) Lange-Bertalot 1999, a species described from tropical Thailand. The new taxa were compared to several other, more or less similar small-celled Planothidium spp., such as P. rostratum (Østrup) Lange-Bertalot, P. minutissimum (Krasske) Lange-Bertalot, P. granum (Hohn & Hellerman) Lange-Bertalot, P. daui (Foged) Lange-Bertalot, P. frequentissimum (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot and P. engelbrechtii (Cholnoky) Round & Bukhtiyarova. Significant differences could be found through light- and electron microscopic fine structure analysis. Planothidium pumilum and P. rostratoholarcticum occur mainly in eutrophic alkaline rivers and lakes with medium to high conductivity, likewise in estuaries, lagoons, and backwater of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Planothidium werumianum and P. rhombiculum were found in small carbonate-rich rivers originating from medium altitude mountains.

Taxonomy, morphology, shell structure and early ontogeny of Pelmanotreta nom. nov. from the lower Cambrian of Siberia

The new generic name Pelmanotreta is proposed under the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to replace Cryptotreta Pelman, 1977 (Brachiopoda), a junior homonym of Cryptotreta Blanc & Foote, 1961 (Arthropoda). This poorly known brachiopod genus and its type and only species, Pelmanotreta neguertchenensis (Pelman, 1977), from the early Cambrian of Siberia is redescribed. The family-level taxonomy of Pelmanotreta and other “cryptotretid” brachiopods is uncertain. In Pelmanotreta, dorsal valves vastly outnumber ventral valves in all collections but new specimens of the poorly known ventral valve reveal a possibly septate and poorly mineralized apical region. A prismatic hexagonal shell structure comparable to that of Salanygolina is described. P. neguertchenensis preserves the earliest known record of a larval shell in brachiopods.

The pupae of the biting midges of the world (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), with a generic key and analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between genera.

The pupae of species in each of the 45 genera of Ceratopogonidae known in this stage are diagnosed and described. A standard set of terms is provided, with a glossary, for all pertinent structures of the pupal stage within a context of other Culicomorpha. The variety of terms provided by previous authors are synonymized. Some pupal structures are directly related to developing adult structures and these are discussed. A key to the genera (and to the subgenera of Forcipomyia Meigen) allows for their identification. Pupation and pupal behaviour is summarized. A table of all previous descriptions of each stage of the immatures (egg, larva, pupa) is provided, showing that 13% of all validly named extant Ceratopogonidae are known as pupae. This study examined 45% of these species. All species known as fossil pupae are discussed. A phylogenetic analysis based primarily on pupal characters confirms the relationships between the subfamilies as well as the relationships between the genera in Leptoconopinae, Forcipomyiinae and Dasyheleinae. The question of the monophyly of the Culicoidini remains unresolved. Results confirm the paraphyly of the Ceratopogonini and, for the first time, the Sphaeromiini sensu lato, which is divided into Hebetulini (new tribe), Johannsenomyiini Crampton (new status) and Sphaeromiini sensu novum. Sphaeromiini sensu novum includes Sphaeromias Curtis, Leehelea Debenham, Homohelea Kieffer and Xenohelea Kieffer and forms the sister group of the Palpomyiini. Other genera in Sphaeromiini sensu lato not known as pupae are discussed. The genus Mallochohelea Wirth is shown to be polyphyletic and one group of species is therefore recognized as members of the new genus Anebomyia (type species = Mallochohelea atripes Wirth). A number of species previously placed in Stilobezzia Kieffer are shown to belong to Schizonyxhelea Clastrier. Study of the type species of the monotypic genus Nemoromyia Liu and Yu showed it to be a member of the Palpomyia distincta species group and the generic name is therefore a new junior synonym of Palpomyia. Examination of pupae showed that the following species were misplaced and are now in other genera as follows: Schizonyxhelea brevicostalis (Das Gupta & Wirth), 1968: 28 (Stilobezzia) new combination, Schizonyxhelea bulla (Thomsen), 1935: 289 (Stilobezzia) new combination, Schizonyxhelea caribe (Lane & Forattini), 1958: 208 (Stilobezzia) new combination, Schizonyxhelea diminuta (Lane & Forattini), 1958: 209 (Stilobezzia) new combination, Schizonyxhelea obscura (Lane & Forattini), 1958: 216 (Stilobezzia) new combination, Schizonyxhelea panamensis (Lane & Forattini), 1958: 218 (Stilobezzia) new combination, Schizonyxhelea thomsenae (Wirth), 1953: 83 (Stilobezzia) new combination, Schizonyxhelea scutata (Lane & Forattini), 1961: 92 (Stilobezzia) new combination, Pellucidomyia geari (de Meillon & Wirth), 1981: 547 (Macropeza) new combination, Dibezzia prominens (Johannsen) 1932: 435 (Johannsenomyia) new combination, Nilobezzia theileri (de Meillon & Wirth, 1981:552) (Sphaeromias) new combination, Anebomyia atripes (Wirth, 1962: 281) (Mallochohelea) new combination, Anebomyia fluminea (de Meillon & Wirth), 1981: 550 (Mallochohelea) new combination, Anebomyia siricis (de Meillon), 1961: 50 (Sphaeromias) new combination, Anebomyia texensis (Wirth), 1962: 283 (Mallochohelea) new combination, Anebomyia yunnana (Yu & Zou), in Yu et al. 2005: 1503 (Mallochohelea) new combination, Bezzia goezii (Schrank), 1803: 72 (Tipula) new combination (also a nomen nudum), Palpomyia nemorosa (Liu & Yu), 1991: 26 (Nemoromyia) new combination. Bezzia xanthogaster (Kieffer), 1919: 130 (Probezzia) is a junior homonym of Probezzia xanthogaster (Kieffer), 1917: 329 (Bezzia) and is here given the new name Bezzia gilvigaster Borkent. The fossil genus Paraculicoides Pierce, 1966: 94 and its type species Paraculicoides rouseae Pierce, 1966: 94 are removed from the Ceratopogonidae and likely belong in the Psychodidae.

Revision of the taxonomy of Polycirrus Grube, 1850 (Annelida: Terebellida: Polycirridae).

The large polychaete genus Polycirrus (Terebellida: Polycirridae) is revised based on a morphological study of the type material of most of the approximately 74 nominal species; 59 species, including a new species, P. coibensis n.sp., from the Pacific coast of Panama, are accepted as valid. All characters are reanalysed and discussed in the light of recent phylogenetic studies of terebellomorph taxa, and a standard set of characters is developed. Most of the 59 accepted species are redescribed and illustrations provided in order to facilitate future identifications of members of the genus. We designate a neotype for the type species of the genus, Polycirrus medusa Grube, 1850, and a lectotype for P. elisabethae McIntosh, 1915, in order to stabilize the concept and type locality of these taxa. A replacement name is proposed for Polycirrus kerguelensis McIntosh, 1885, which is a secondary junior homonym of Ereutho kergulenesis McIntosh, 1885, viz. Polycirrus macintoshi new name. Two species are newly synonymised: Polycirrus insignis Gravier, 1907 (senior synonym P. antarcticus (Willey, 1902)) and Polycirrus habitats Carrerette & Nogueira, 2013 (senior synonym, P. clavatus (Kinberg, 1867)). In addition, several previously synonymised species are reinstated. All available names in the genus are tabulated with type species and type localities and their taxonomic status is assessed. A key to all valid species is provided.

A review of genus-group names in Diptera (Insecta) that J.C. Fabricius "borrowed" from other dipterists and proposed as new in his systematic works from 1775 to 1805.

It is shown that a total of eight pre-existing genus-group names in Diptera were "borrowed" and deliberately given new identities in the systematic works of J.C. Fabricius: Bibio Fabricius, 1775, Ceria Fabricius, 1794, Hirtea Fabricius, 1798, Mulio Fabricius, 1798, Scatophaga Fabricius, 1805, Sicus Fabricius, 1798, Thereva Fabricius, 1798 and Voluccella Fabricius, 1794. These names are reviewed from the standpoint that they are nomenclaturally available as intentional homonymous proposals of names for new genus-group taxa. New type-species designations are made for Bibio Fabricius, Mulio Fabricius, and Scatophaga Fabricius. Bibio Fabricius, 1775 is recognized as a senior synonym of Thereva Latreille, 1797, syn. n., but is invalid as it is a junior homonym of Bibio Geoffroy, 1762. Scatophaga Fabricius, 1805 is recognized as a junior synonym of Psila Meigen, 1803, syn. n. The nominal species Musca suilla Fabricius, 1794 has been misinterpreted as a species of Scathophaga Meigen, 1803 by subsequent authors. Scathophaga spurca Meigen, 1826 is revived as the valid name for Scathophaga suilla auct. nec (Fabricius, 1794), stat. rev. A lectotype is designated for Musca suilla Fabricius and it is shown to belong to the scathophagid Norellisoma spinimanum (Fallén, 1819), syn. n. In order to maintain stability of nomenclature and prevailing usage, reversal of precedence is invoked to declare Cordylura spinimana Fallén, 1819 as a nomen protectum and Musca suilla Fabricius, 1794 as a nomen oblitum.

Sinaithyris, a New Name for the Middle Jurassic Terebratulid Brachiopod Cooperithyris Feldman, Radulović, Hegab, and Radulović, 2012 Preoccupied by Cooperithyris Tchorszevsky, 1988

Feldman, Radulović, Hegab, and Radulović (2012) established the genus Cooperithyris for an upper Bathonian terebratulid brachiopod from Gebel Engabashi, northern Sinai, based on the type species C. circularis Feldman, Radulović, Hegab, and Radulović, 2012. Recently, Professor Fernando Alvarez, (Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain) informed us of the existence of the homonym Cooperithyris Tchorszevsky, 1988, from the Pliensbachian–Toarcian of the Transcaucasus. In accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999, articles 53 and 60), we herein propose the replacement name, Sinaithyris, for the junior homonym. The new name is in reference to the Sinai Peninsula on which Gebel Engabashi is located and from which the specimens were collected.

Case 3657 stenoderini Selander, 1991 (Insecta, Coleoptera): proposed emendation of spelling to stenoderaini to remove homonymy with stenoderini Pascoe, 1867 (Insecta, Coleoptera); and stenoderini Pascoe, 1867: proposed precedence over syllitini Thomson, 1864

The purposes of this application, under Articles 23.9.3 and 55.3 of the Code, are to conserve the usage of the family-group name stenoderini Pascoe, 1867 (Insecta, Coleoptera, cerambycidae) by giving it precedence over the senior but unused name syllitini Thomson, 1864, and to emend the family-group name stenoderini Selander, 1991 (Insecta, Coleoptera, meloidae), a junior homonym of stenoderini Pascoe, 1867, to stenoderaini, thereby removing the homonymy between the two names.

The ant genus Carebara Westwood (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): synonymisation of Pheidologeton Mayr under Carebara, establishment and revision of the C. polita species group.

In this paper the genus Pheidologeton Mayr, 1862 is synonymized under Carebara Westwood, 1840 and the Carebara polita group is established and revised. This species group currently includes six species from the Afrotropical region (C. madibai, C. nicotianae, C. perpusilla, C. polita, C. silvestrii, and C. villiersi) and two species from the Neotropical region (C. brevipilosa and C. urichi). The polita group clearly links Carebara and Pheidologeton, and, due to a lack of autapomorphic characters for the latter, a separation of the two genera is no longer justified. As a result Carebara is presented as a monophyletic and better defined genus that can be separated from other genera with more confidence. We present an overview of the distribution and biology of Carebara as well as images from the various genera currently in synonymy under Carebara, and discuss the characters they share. The polymorphism present in Afrotropical and Malagasy Carebara is discussed and one new species from Africa, C. madibai sp. n., is described. The subspecies Carebara perpusilla arnoldiana syn. n., Carebara perpusilla concedens syn. n., and Carebara perpusilla spinosa syn. n. are new synonyms of Carebara perpusilla. Oligomyrmex politus nicotianae is re-elevated to species level and transferred into Carebara, C. nicotianae comb. n., stat. rev.; C. punctata is a new synonym of C. silvestrii comb. n. and C. pygmaea albipes comb. n., syn n., C. pygmaea bugnioni comb. n., syn. n., and C. simularensis syn. n. are new synonyms of C. pygmaea comb. n.. The following names are transferred from Pheidologeton to Carebara as new combinations (with the species epithets adjusted to female endings where necessary): aberrans, affinis, affinis javana, affinis minor, affinis spinosior, affinis sumatrensis, ceylonensis, dentiviris, diversa, diversa draco, diversa ficta, diversa laotina, diversa macgregori, diversa philippina, diversa standfussi, diversa taprobanae, diversa tenuirugosa, diversa williamsi, hammoniae, hostilis, kunensis, latinoda, maccus, mayri, melanocephala, melasolena, nana, nanningensis, obscura, petulens, pullata, pungens, pygmaea, rubra, rugiceps, rugosa, schossnicensis, silena, silvestrii, solitaria, transversalis, trechideros, varia, vespilla, volsellata, yanoi, and zengchengensis. Three new combinations are creating secondary junior homonyms and are here replaced with new names: C. mayri (Santschi, 1928) = C. gustavmayri nom. n., C. rugosa (Karavaiev, 1935) = C. rugoflabella nom. n., and C. silvestrii (Wheeler, 1929b) = C. luzonensis nom. n. Two new combinations are creating secondary junior homonyms among species already in Carebara: C. taprobanae (Forel, 1911a) = C. sinhala nom. n., and C. nana Santschi, 1919 = C. pumilia nom. n.

Sinaithyris, a New Name for the Middle Jurassic Terebratulid Brachiopod Cooperithyris Feldman, Radulović, Hegab, and Radulović, 2012 Preoccupied by Cooperithyris Tchorszevsky, 1988

Feldman, Radulović, Hegab, and Radulović (2012) established the genus Cooperithyris for an upper Bathonian terebratulid brachiopod from Gebel Engabashi, northern Sinai, based on the type species C. circularis Feldman, Radulović, Hegab, and Radulović, 2012. Recently, Professor Fernando Alvarez, (Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain) informed us of the existence of the homonym Cooperithyris Tchorszevsky, 1988, from the Pliensbachian–Toarcian of the Transcaucasus. In accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999, articles 53 and 60), we herein propose the replacement name, Sinaithyris, for the junior homonym. The new name is in reference to the Sinai Peninsula on which Gebel Engabashi is located and from which the specimens were collected.

On the sharpshooter Versigonalia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellini): Versigonalia lentiginosa nom. nov., redescription of V. vermiculata comb. nov., and key to species of the genus

Syntypes of Tettigonia vermiculata Signoret, 1855 were studied and redescribed, including the first description and illustration of the male and female genitalia of this species. Based on this study, this Brazilian species, previously placed in Molomea (Proconiini), is herein transferred to Versigonalia (Cicadellini). This transfer resulted in a secondary homonymy and its junior homonym from Argentina, Versigonalia vermiculata Young, 1977 is considered invalid. Thus, we propose a new name, V. lentiginosa nom. nov., for the latter. A taxonomic key to all three species of Versigonalia is also given.

Taxonomic study of the genus Glyphipterix Hübner (Lepidoptera: Glyphipterigidae: Glyphipteriginae) from Mainland China<br />

The genus Glyphipterix Hübner is reviewed in mainland China, with eight species and one subspecies treated. Glyphipterix semicircularis sp. nov., G. liui sp. nov., and G. miniata continentalis ssp. nov. are described as new to science. Glyphipterix gamma Moriuti et Saito, 1964, G. regula Diakonoff et Arita, 1976, and G. gemmula Diakonoff et Arita, 1976 are firstly recorded from mainland China. The male of G. rhinoceropa Meyrick, 1935 is described for the first time. Glyphipterix aritai nom. nov. is proposed for a junior homonym G. affinis Arita, 1995. Photographs of adults and genitalia are provided, along with keys for the identification of all the Glyphipterix species in mainland China and a checklist of the Chinese Glyphipterix.