Junior Golfers Research Articles

주니어 골프선수들의 마인드셋, 그릿, 운동몰입 및 운동수행능력의 구조적 관계

주니어 골프선수들의 마인드셋, 그릿, 운동몰입 및 운동수행능력의 구조적 관계

A Study of Characteristics of Musculoskeletal Injury in Female Elite Junior Golfers

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the group differences in musculoskeletal injury and rehabilitation and physical exercise according to the level of handicap for female elite amateur golfers.METHODS We sampled 191 female golfers (mean age 17.61, SD=1.50) and examined individual and golf-specific characteristics, and medical history. Subgroups with different handicaps (<0, 0–3, 4-6, 7-9, >10) were compared using one-way analysis of variance and frequency analysis tests.RESULTS In the sub-group divided by handicap level, there were significant differences between the groups in terms of career, scoring average, and greens in regulation, and in the injury-related questions, they responded in the order of muscle pain, blisters, and ligament rupture. The response rate for the body parts of injury was high in the order of wrist, lower back, and shoulder, and statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of fracture and shoulder, hand, and lower back. In the questionnaire on warm-up, stretching and practice swing showed significant differences between groups, and cool-down exercise showed significant differences only in practice swing. Finally, Fitness training time showed a significant difference between groups.CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the purpose of this study is to provide data for understanding golf injury and prevention of injury, and the results of this study can help inform further research on preventing injuries in golfers' most frequent injury areas and further establishing injury prevention management strategies.

Effects of two-step golf swing drills on rhythm and clubhead speed in competitive juniors

ABSTRACT Vertical and horizontal rhythms are crucial aspects of a dynamic golf swing, and the two-step swing drills (TSSD) were specifically designed to promote rhythmic unloading and loading of the legs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a TSSD training session on the swing rhythm and clubhead speed (CHS) among competitive junior golfers (3.1 ± 4.4 hcp). The driver swings (7 swings each) of 10 competitive junior golfers (aged 15–18) were captured before and after a TSSD session consisting of four stages (lasting less than 45 minutes). Post-TSSD training, there were significant increases in CHS (p < .001), maximum unweighting (p = .006), the trail-side push (p = .009), the horizontal motion ranges of the body and pelvis (p = .005–.031), the upward/downward motion range of the body in the backswing (p = .042/.024), and the backswing/downswing angular velocity peaks of the axle-chain system (p < .033). The stepping-like leg actions primarily facilitated horizontal motion rhythm over vertical motion and unweighting over push in terms of ground interaction. These findings suggest that TSSD can serve as an effective method for developing a rhythmic and dynamic motion pattern while increasing CHS.

Twelve Weeks of Progressive Resistance Training Positively Improves Physical Fitness and Golf Swing Performance in Talented Youth Golfers.

Shaw, J, Gould, ZI, Oliver, JL, and Lloyd, RS. Twelve weeks of progressive resistance training positively improves physical fitness and golf swing performance in talented youth golfers. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1103-1110, 2024-This aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week resistance training program in talented junior golfers. Eighteen talented youth golfers were pair matched by maturity status and handicap, and subsequently allocated to an experimental (EXP) or control group. During the 12-week intervention, both groups continued with their normal golf practice while the EXP group also completed a progressive twice-weekly resistance training program. At baseline, subjects performed multiple trials of an isometric midthigh pull (IMTP), countermovement jump (CMJ), standing long jump, golf movement screen (GMS), and isometric plank hold. Club head speed (CHS) and carry distance for a 6-iron and driver were also measured using a commercial launch monitor. When controlled for maturity offset, there were significant ( p < 0.05) interaction effects in favor of the EXP group for absolute ( g = 1.29) and relative ( g = 2.06) peak force for the IMTP, CMJ absolute ( g = 0.73) and relative ( g = 0.66) peak power, jump height ( g = 1.05), modified reactive strength index ( g = 1.30), lateral ( g = 0.48-0.88) and horizontal jump distance ( g = 1.20), and GMS total score ( g = 1.07). Significant interaction effects were also reported in 6-iron and driver CHS and carry distance in favor of the EXP group ( p < 0.05; g = 0.41-1.64). These findings indicate that twice-weekly resistance training in combination with regular golf practice can stimulate increases in measures of strength, power, and movement competency in youth golfers, which should contribute to enhanced golf swing performance.

Do the Pelvic and Thorax Movements Differ between the Sexes and Influence Golf Club Velocity in Junior Golfers?

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in golf swing execution in terms of the parameters of the pelvis and thorax movement between the sexes in junior golfers and their relation to the golf club velocity. Elite female and male players (age: 15.4 ± 1.0 and 15.8 ± 1.7 years, respectively) performed 10 golf swings with a driver under laboratory conditions. Pelvis and thorax movement parameters and golf club velocities were measured using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Statistical parametric mapping analysis of pelvis-thorax coupling revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between boys and girls during backswing. Analysis of variance showed a significant effect of sex on the parameters of maximal pelvic rotation (F = 6.28, p = 0.02), X-factor (F = 5.41, p = 0.03), and golf club velocity (F = 31.98, p < 0.01). No significant relationship was found between pelvis and thorax movement parameters and golf club velocity in the girls. We found a significant negative relationship between the parameters of maximal thorax rotation and golf club velocity (r = -0.941, p < 0.01) and between X-Factor and golf club velocity (r = -0.847, p < 0.05) in the boys. We suggest that these negative relationships in males were caused by the influence of hormones during their maturation and biological development, where there is decreased flexibility (lower shoulders rotation and X-factor) and growth of muscle strength (higher club head velocity).

Development of body composition, lower body physical characteristics and clubhead speed in skilled junior golfers.

The physical characteristics of golfers have a strong relationship with the clubhead speed (CHS), which is the main indicator of energy produced during a golf swing. However, perennial observations of development in CHS, physical characteristics, and body composition, and their long-term effects on CHS are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the lower body physical characteristics and body composition parameters and their relationship with clubhead speed during one and over a two-year period in junior golfers. Nineteen skilled, male, junior golfers participated in this study. A significant positive relationship (P<0.05) was found between improvement in CHS and increase in the body height (r=0.56), increase in peak power of the countermovement jump (r=0.55), and squat jump (r=0.52). A near-significant positive relationship was found between improvement in CHS and increases in the fat-free mass (r=0.42; P=0.06) and peak torque of the knee extensor at an angular velocity of 60° s-1 (r=0.44; P=0.07). Thus, we recommend that golf coaches work on muscle strengthening and conditioning with their players, focusing on: 1) the increase of the active muscle mass as opposed to the total body mass in relation to the acceleration of CHS; and 2) exercises to develop the muscle power (vertical jumping) and maximum lower limb strength (knee extension).

Exploring English Youth Academy Footballers’ Experiences through Role Strain Theory

Throughout adolescence and early adulthood, talented athletes must dedicate increasing personal resources to their sport. Recent empirical research found that applying Role Strain Theory (RST) was useful to contextualise international junior golfers’, acrobats’, gymnasts’ and Australian Rules footballers’ experiences of how they combined and coped with the competing role demands of sport and education. Findings demonstrated how role strain (RS) severity and regularity fluctuated during their youth careers but subsided during the latter teenage years. Surprisingly, limited research exploring how youth academy footballers simultaneously combine sport, education and social demands exists. This study determined the extent to which RS was experienced by six high performing male youth footballers who each had between four and five consecutive years’ experience within the foundation and youth development stage squads at an English professional football academy. Implications for most effectively supporting elite level youth players during crucial developmental and transitional career stages are provided.

Fore! A 10-year Analysis of Golf-related Facial Fractures.

Background:Over 30 million people in the United States play golf, which, while considered a low-impact sport, involves balls and clubs moving >100 miles/h (>160.93 km/h), creating potential for a significant facial trauma. The objective of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of golf-related facial fractures in the United States.Methods:The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, which records injuries from approximately 100 US emergency departments, was queried for golf-related facial fractures from 2009 to 2018. Entries were tabulated for mechanism of injury and fracture location. Age, gender, seasonality of injury, type of fracture, and injury mechanism were analyzed using SPSS. Because of the different nature and management of pediatric fractures, we looked at pediatric patients as a distinct subgroup.Results:There were 114 reported cases of golf-related craniofacial fractures in patients 2–91 years of age with male predominance (73.7%). This rate extrapolates to an estimated 3,850 ED presentations. Although accounting for about 10% of total players, patients under 18, commonly referred to as “junior golfers,” comprised 55.3% of the cohort. Nasal fractures (25.4%), skull fractures (23.7%), unspecified facial fractures (17.5%), and mandible fractures (10.5%) predominated, which most commonly result from clubs (63.2%), balls (23.7%), and falls (11.4%).Conclusions:Facial fractures resulting from golf clubs and balls may not be as common as in other traditionally identified “high-impact sports,” but they affect pediatric patients disproportionately and with a greater morbidity. Parents and children engaging the sport should be aware of the risk of head trauma, especially with any form of off-course participation.

Correcting for bias in hot hand analysis: An application to youth golf

This paper illustrates the problems that arise with traditional tests for the hot hand and proposes instead using a consistent dynamic panel data estimator, which corrects for these problems and is easy to implement. The issue is demonstrated by performing regression analysis on a sample of simulated data for junior golfers that does not include any dependence in a golfer’s performance across holes. The traditional regression analysis finds evidence of both hot and cold hand effects, even though the data is known to have no such effects. We resolve this problem by applying the consistent dynamic panel data estimator to a large dataset of amateur, youth golfers, to find no evidence of either hot or cold hand effects overall. When we restrict attention to the most-amateur of the golfers in our data, we do see weak evidence of a small hot hand. Thus, casual athletes may experience small hot hands, but the effect does not persist among more serious athletes. This may give insight into why the belief in the hot hand in professional sports exists, even when the evidence suggests otherwise.

Effects of Four Days of Competition Modelling Followed by Six Days of Tapering on Sport Performance in Junior Golfers: a Case Study

Background. The use of competition modelling or tapering to improve sport performance in golf has not been extensively studied. Due to the specific conditions of the main competition, the simulation of competition modelling followed by tapering has been suggested as a means of improving junior golfers’ sport performance. The aim of this study was to determine the most suitable precompetition model and taper for junior golfers to optimize their performance.Methods. Two male golfers (subject A: age 17 years, height 1.75 m, body mass 62 kg, basal heart rate 60 beats⋅min –1 , handicap index 10.1; subject B: age 17 years, height 1.87 m, body mass 68 kg, basal heart rate 60 beats⋅min –1 , handicap index 11.2) participated in this study. Sport performance indicators in golf were recorded using a personal sport performance statistical protocol. Locomotion and physiological demands were recorded using the FRWD W 400 Series (Finland) device. Furthermore, tapering training programmes were recorded.Results. The simulation of four days of competition modelling followed by six days of tapering allowed the subjects to improve their performance; their scoring average at the Lithuanian Amateur Open Golf Championship 2011 was by 6.02% (subject A) and 3.77% (subject B) lower than that for the four-day competition modelling stage.Conclusions. Findings suggest the effectiveness of four days of competition modelling, which allowed the simulation of the specific conditions of the main competition, and also of the practice round held three days before the competition for junior golfers.Keywords: golf, simulation, locomotion, physiological demands, training loads.

Digital printing cotton golf apparel for junior girls: a study of prototype development

ABSTRACTThere are 2.9 million junior golfers aged 6–17 today in the United States. Although participation continues to increase, researchers have paid little attention to investigating clothing needs for this population. Polyester blends outnumber cotton blends for many forms of active wear even though cotton remains consumers’ number one choice of fabric, and junior golf apparel is no exception. Therefore, the goals of this study, funded by Cotton Incorporated, were to (a) identify the clothing needs of junior girls who play golf and (b) support the design and development of prototypes using comfortable cotton fabrics incorporating textile design by digitally designing cotton prints. A group of nine female junior golfers, ranging in age from 13 to 17, was recruited for the focus group interview. Design criteria identified from the interview were translated into garment attributes to develop prototypes that meet the needs and wants of female junior golfers.

The Relationships between Coaches’ Leadership Styles, Competitive State Anxiety, and Golf Performance in Korean Junior Golfers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether Korean junior golf coaches’ leadership styles affect athletes’ competitive state anxiety before a game as well as their performance. In the Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MML), Chelladurai and Saleh (1980) identified five aspects of leadership behavior in coaching: training/instruction, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support, and positive feedback. A survey was conducted with junior golfers participating in the 23rd Korean National Middle and High School Championship. Data from 216 questionnaires were used in the analysis. Multiple regression analyses were run on the data, revealing the following results. First, training/instruction and social support of coaches decreased cognitive anxiety before the game, whereas autocratic behavior increased it. Second, training/instruction and positive feedback of coaches increased self-confidence before the game. Third, training/instruction of coaches increased golf performance, whereas autocratic behavior decreased it. Finally, cognitive anxiety of golf athletes was found to reduce golf performance, whereas self-confidence increased it. Consequently, this study may deliver sport administrators and parents with understanding of how coaches’ leadership styles could influence on junior golfers’ psychological state and golf performance.

The Effects of Resistance Training on Junior Golfers’ Strength and On-Course Performance

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of resistance training on strength characteristics in junior golfers and observe the effect this has on golf performance. The study used a quasi-experimental design. Junior golfers (n = 30) were recruited and allocated to either an intervention (n = 20) or a control (n = 10) group for the 12-week study period. Assessments were conducted at baseline and 12 weeks. The primary outcome was change in strength over the intervention period. Effects on handicap were also assessed. No significant differences were found between groups at baseline for handicap or physical fitness variables. The intervention resulted in strength increases with all variables showing moderate to high effect sizes (d = 0.64–0.96). There was a moderate effect size for handicap (d = 0.42). Resistance-training programs can positively affect strength characteristics in junior golfers, which may influence golf performance.

Goal Orientation and Achievement of Junior in Golfers Malaysia

Sports psychology plays a vital role in contributing to the performance of an athlete. This research examined the level of goal orientation towards the performance of the Junior Golfers in Malaysia and its relationship with their achievement. Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaires (TEOSQ) was administered to measure goal orientation aspects. A purposive sample of 80 junior golfers who participated in the 2002 national junior golf circuit was employed for this study. The findings showed that Junior Golfers were more Task orientated rather than Ego oriented. There was a significant correlation between Ego Orientation and Nett Score Achievement. However, there were no correlations between Task, Ego Orientation and Gross Score Achievement as well as between Task orientation and Nett Score Achievement. The findings of this study has implications to education policy, sports trainers and athletes. It is recommended that future studies examine a larger sample of Golfers from different levels or athletes from different types of sport. Qualitative research should be conducted in addition to quantitative research to get a deeper understanding of the athletes’ thoughts during competition. A comparative study between psychological profiles of Malaysian athletes and other successful international athletes is also recommended.

Salivary Cortisol and Immunoglobulin A Responses During Golf Competition vs. Practice in Elite Male and Female Junior Golfers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress and immune responses to a competition in elite male and female junior golfers. Six male (16.2 +/- 1.4 years) and 6 female junior golfers (16.4 +/- 1.1 years) completed salivary collections during competition vs. practice rounds on 2 different days. Salivary samples were collected on 4 occasions (rest, before, during, and after rounds). Salivary cortisol and IgA were measured for stress and immune responses, respectively. Our results were as follows: (a) Salivary cortisol level was higher in competition than practice in male golfers (p = 0.009) but it was similar in female golfers. In male golfers, salivary cortisol level was higher before a round than at rest (p = 0.029), but it was higher after rounds than at rest (p = 0.016) in female golfers. (b) Salivary IgA was elevated during competition than during practice rounds in male golfers (p = 0.019), but not in females (p = 0.152). Salivary IgA was not significantly different among salivary collection times although it tended to be elevated during and after rounds for both male and female golfers. In conclusion, salivary cortisol and IgA were elevated during golf competition compared with practice in male junior golfers, but they were not in female golfers. Furthermore, salivary cortisol was higher before a round than rest in men, but it was higher after a round than rest in women. Both male and female junior golfers, however, showed similar salivary IgA responses during golf. Our results suggest that sex might play a role on stress and immune responses during a game of golf in elite junior golfers.

Goal orientation, attention styles and anxiety of junior golfers in Malaysia

Sports psychology plays a vital role in contributing to the performance of an athlete. This research examined the levels of goal orientation, attention styles and anxiety towards the performance of the Junior Golfers in Malaysia. Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaires (TEOSQ) was administered to measure goal orientation aspects, Task and Ego. Modified Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Styles (TAIS) was administered to measure six attention styles that were categorized into effective and non-effective attentions. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) was administered to measure anxiety aspects which are cognitive, somatic and confidence levels. The three questionnaires were administered on 80 junior golfers who participated in the 2002 national junior golf circuit. Purposive sampling was employed for this study. Descriptive analysis showed the junior Golfers were more orientated by Task (mean=4:07, SD=.56) rather than Ego (mean=3:42, SD=. 56). NAR attention style had the highest mean score (3.40 SD=.51), which was at high moderate level, followed by BIT attention style (mean=3.16, SD=.64) at moderate level. OET attention style had the lowest mean score (mean=2.90, SD=.60), which was at moderately low level. For anxiety, the level of cognitive aspect was moderate at a mean score of 3.13 (SD=. 97) and the level of confidence aspect was high moderate at 3.37 (SD=. 69). Somatic aspect had a mean score of 2.72 (SD=. 96) which was at low moderate level. The findings of this study has implications to education policy, sports trainers and athletes. It is recommended that future studies examine a larger sample of Golfers from different levels or different types of sport. Qualitative research should be conducted in addition to quantitative research to get a deeper understanding of the athletes’ thoughts during competition. A comparative study between psychological profiles of Malaysian athletes and other more successful international athletes is also recommended.

Psychophysiological Stress Response during Competition between Elite and Non-elite Korean Junior Golfers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stress hormone and competition state anxiety response between elite and non-elite junior golfers in competition. Six elite (Handicap: 2.67+/-0.82; 16.2+/-1.38 yrs) and six non-elite (Handicap: 7.83+/-1.17; 15.8+/-0.75 yrs) Korean junior golfers participated in this study. Physiological stress and psychological stress responses were measured on four occasions (at rest, prior to, during, after competition) by salivary cortisol and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) respectively. In salivary cortisol, no interaction was found between groups and the test occasions. However, both groups showed significantly increased levels between rest and all other occasions and between prior to and after competition. The interpretation of this finding is limited by the interaction with the diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion. In cognitive state anxiety, significant interaction was found. Elite golfers had significantly lower cognitive state anxiety scores than non-elite golfers at rest, prior to and during competition. No interaction was shown in somatic state anxiety. However, there was significant difference among occasions. Both groups had higher somatic state anxiety scores prior to and during competition than after competition. No interaction was shown in self-confidence, but elite group had significantly higher scores than non-elite group at all occasions. This study demonstrates the differences of psychophysiological response in competition between elite golfers and non-elite golfers.

Pediatric Golf-Related Ophthalmic Injuries

Source: Hink EM, Oliver SCN, Drack AV, et al. Pediatric golf-related ophthalmic injuries. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(9):1252–1256; doi:10.1001/archopht.126.9.1252Researchers from the University of Colorado and Emory University Schools of Medicine performed this retrospective study to document ophthalmic morbidity in golfrelated injuries and report specific injury patterns. The medical records of all children younger than 18 years with ophthalmic injury resulting from golf clubs or golf balls seen between 1992 and 2007 at the two institutions were reviewed.Eleven eyes of 11 pediatric patients (6 boys; mean age 10.2 years, range 714 years) were injured by golfassociated trauma. Ten patients (91%) were injured by golf clubs and one patient (9%) by a golf ball. Injuries occurred at home (6), at school (2), on a golf course (1), and at sites unknown (2). At the initial posttraumatic examination, four injured eyes (36%) had a visual acuity of 20/20, three (27%) had a visual acuity of 20/25 to 20/80, three (27%) had no light perception, and one (9%) could not be assessed due to altered mental status. Injuries included orbital fracture (11), hyphema (4), and traumatic optic neuropathy (3); separation of the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body, ruptured open globe, optic nerve avulsion, retrobulbar hemorrhage, macular chorioretinal scar, and zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture each occurred in one eye. The only injury caused by a golf ball resulted in the only ruptured open globe. Nine of the 11 patients required surgery.Followup ranged from 066 months (mean followup 12 months). Three of 11 subjects had permanent deficits. Final visual acuity at followup included two eyes (18%) with no light perception (both of these presented initially with no light perception), one eye (9%) with 20/70 visual acuity (the original exam in this case elicited no light perception), and eight eyes (73%) with 20/20 or better visual acuity (all improved or equal to visual acuity at initial presentation). The authors conclude that eye injuries related to golf, although rare in children, may result in permanent visual loss.Dr. Pujazon-Zazik has disclosed no financial relationship relevant to this commentary. This commentary does not contain a discussion of an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device.Fortytwo thousand patients per year in the US are treated for eye injuries from sportsrelated trauma and recent data indicate that this number is increasing.1Golf is an increasingly popular sport, with an estimated two million junior (age 1217 years) golfers in the US.2 The pattern of golfrelated ophthalmic injuries in pediatric patients has changed over the years. In the 1960s and 70s most ophthalmic injuries were caused by a curious child dissecting a golf ball.2 In these cases, the high pressure center of the ball would explode as the child dissected the ball. Changes in golf ball design have, fortunately, eliminated this type of injury. Most pediatric golfrelated injuries do not happen on the golf course or during supervised play; most children are injured wielding a golf club while playing at home or school. This is in contrast to adult injuries, where most are caused by a golf ball rather than a golf club.3In their joint statement on protective eyewear during sports participation, the AAP and the American Academy of Ophthalmology list golf as a moderaterisk sport for eye trauma. Furthermore, the joint statement strongly recommends protective eyewear for all participants in sports in which there is risk of eye injury. Protective eyewear should be mandatory for athletes who are functionally oneeyed and for athletes whose ophthalmologists recommend eye protection after eye surgery or trauma.Identification of injury patterns may facilitate determination of effective preventive measures and elevation of public awareness of this issue. The study by Hink, et al, suggests that close adult supervision, adequate distance between children, and protective eyewear are measures that might enable those aspiring to be the next Tiger Woods or Annika Sorenstam to fulfill their golf dreams.

Effect of Performance Level on Stress Hormone Response and Competition State Anxiety in Junior Golfers

Effect of Performance Level on Stress Hormone Response and Competition State Anxiety in Junior Golfers

To carry or to pull: A study to investigate the transport of a junior's golf bag

Summary Excessive load carrying by children and its resultant problems is not a new issue. Given the popularity of golf amongst youngsters, this study set out to examine the proportion of junior golfers who carried a bag; the weights junior golfers were carrying around the course in their bags; what type of bag and how they carried it; whether and where they experienced any pain or discomfort; and a number of other related factors. Seventy-five junior golfers responded to a questionnaire examining their carrying habits. The weight they carried was calculated using a balance and they self-reported any incidence of pain or discomfort felt and its location. Results showed that a significant proportion of juniors carried a bag, rather than pulled a trolley, that they carried an average of 18.7% of bodyweight in a bag, which falls outside acceptable recommendations, and 51% of bag carriers experienced some measure of pain or discomfort whilst carrying. The location of the discomfort was consistent with the manner in which the bag was carried. It is recommended that parents and professionals could take a greater interest in the problem and be more pro-active in encouraging youngsters to adopt alternative methods of club transport.