Jung's Relationship Research Articles

Prospects for finding Junge variability-lifetime relationships for micropollutants in the Danube river.

Persistence of chemical pollutants is difficult to measure in the field. Junge variability-lifetime relationships, correlating the relative standard deviation of measured concentrations with residence time, have been used to estimate persistence of air pollutants. Junge relationships for micropollutants in rivers could provide evidence that half-lives of compounds estimated from laboratory and field data are representative of half-lives in a specific system, location and time. Here, we explore the hypothesis that Junge relationships could exist for micropollutants in the Danube river using: (1) concentrations of six hypothetical chemicals modeled using the STREAM-EU fate and transport model, and (2) concentrations of nine micropollutants measured in the third Joint Danube Survey (JDS3) combined with biodegradation half-lives reported in the literature. Using STREAM-EU, we found that spatial and temporal variability in modeled concentrations was inversely correlated with half-life for the four micropollutants with half-lives ≤90 days. For these four modeled micropollutants, we found Junge relationships with slopes significantly different from zero in the temporal variability of concentrations at 88% of the 67 JDS3 measurement sites, and in the spatial variability of concentrations on 36% out of 365 modeled days. A Junge relationship significant at the 95% confidence level was not found in the spatial variability of nine micropollutants measured in the JDS3, nor in STREAM-EU-modeled concentrations extracted for the dates and locations of the JDS3. Nevertheless, our model scenarios suggest that Junge relationships might be found in future measurements of spatial and temporal variability of micropollutants, especially in temporal variability of pollutants measured downstream in the Danube river.

Inching towards wholeness: C.G. Jung and his relationship to Judaism.

The evolution of Jung's relationship with Judaism is interpreted as reflecting aspects of the individuation journey over the course of a long life. The progress and limitations of his public positions and personal relationships are explored through his published work and correspondence. Perspectives from relational psychoanalysis and Jewish philosophy are used to amplify Jung's understanding of Jewish, and specifically Kabbalistic, text and image. Dimensions of the author's own journey toward greater acceptance of his own Jewish soul is also considered, along with the wider contemporary relevance of these themes.

Analytical Psychology and Science: Adversaries or Allies?

This article examines C. G. Jung's relationship to science as a paradigm and the relationship between the Jungian community and science. The impact of Jungian “isolation” in terms of academic dialogue, cross-theoretical influence, and absence from the public sphere is also discussed. The author examines how findings from science can enhance our functioning as analytic clinicians and improve our ability to communicate the wealth found in analytical psychology to a variety of audiences outside Jungian circles. Finally, research on analytic interaction and analytic theories of the mind/psyche is explored as well as general research that has implications for analytical psychology and psychoanalytic theory.

C.G. Jung and the indigenous psyche: two encounters

ABSTRACTIn The Lament of the Dead, James Hillman quotes Foucault as saying there are two ways to escape ‘the box of contemporary thinking’. One path lies through erudition, the other through the indigenous experience. While the history of Jung's ideas has been thoroughly explored, we understand little about his encounters with indigenous people in the American Southwest. For example, the literature on his visit to Taos Pueblo is riddled with misleading information. Part of the problem begins with Jung's own confusion regarding his contact at Taos with Antonio Mirabal. Not only did Jung wrongly believe that Mirabal was an ‘Indian chief’; he misspelled and mistranslated his Tiwa name, Ochwiay Biano. Although the encounter could be described (at one level) as superficial, Jung refers to it as one of the most important experiences of his life. This paper will explore what Jung seems to have encountered in Taos, and the ways his experience were orchestrated by the unseen presence of others (including Mabel Dodge Lujan, D.H. Lawrence, and Jaime de Angulo). Archival records and news accounts from the 1920s show that although Jung imagined he was meeting face to face with a ‘primitive' who still lived in the world of ‘participation mystique’, Mirabal was a gifted Native American impresario who later visited one American president and turned down an invitation to visit a second. I argue that the complex of colonialism surrounding Jung's relationship with Mirabal has infected subsequent encounters between the Jungian tradition and indigenous people.

Junge relationships in measurement data for cyclic siloxanes in air

In 1974, Junge postulated a relationship between variability of concentrations of gases in air at remote locations and their atmospheric residence time, and this Junge relationship has subsequently been observed empirically for a range of trace gases. Here, we analyze two previously-published datasets of concentrations of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) in air and find Junge relationships in both. The first dataset is a time series of concentrations of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) measured between January and June, 2009 at a rural site in southern Sweden that shows a Junge relationship in the temporal variability of the measurements. The second dataset consists of measurements of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and D5 made simultaneously at 12 sites in the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) network that shows a Junge relationship in the spatial variability of the three cVMS congeners. We use the Junge relationship for the GAPS dataset to estimate atmospheric lifetimes of dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), 8:2–fluorotelomer alcohol and trichlorinated biphenyls that are within a factor of 3 of estimates based on degradation rate constants for reaction with hydroxyl radical determined in laboratory studies.

The hermeneutic background of C. G. Jung

Hermeneutics has been central to the practice of Jung's psychology from the beginning, although he never fully and consistently developed a hermeneutic method of inquiry and the literature addressing this aspect of his psychology is not extensive. In this paper(1) we undertake a critical re-examination of Jung's relationship to hermeneutic thought, based on his explicit references to hermeneutics in the Collected Works and his theoretical development of the notion of archetypes. Although Jung did not consistently formulate a hermeneutic approach to inquiry, his theoretical development of archetypes is rich in hermeneutic implications. In particular, his notion of the archetype as such can be understood hermeneutically as a form of non-conceptual background understanding. Some implications of this construal of archetypes for Jungian hermeneutics as a form of inquiry are considered.

Jung and His Relationship to Judaism

Jung’s relationship to Judaism and to Jewish psychology has been a subject of great controversy. In the last two years, four books have been published that have brought to light new primary documents on Jung’s relationship to Judaism, showing a change in his view from the 1930s to one more sympathetic to the mystical traditions within Judaism. This paper discusses the four books—Kabbalistic Visions, The Red Book, Carl Gustav Jung: Avant-Garde Conservative, and The Jung-Kirsch Letters—with special reference to the correspondence between the author’s father, James Kirsch, and Jung.

The C. G. Jung-James Kirsch Letters

James Kirsch, one of the first generation of Jungian analysts and a founding member of the C. G. Jung Gesellschaft für Analalytische Psychologie in Berlin, practiced in Tel Aviv, Palestine, and went on to become a founding member of the first British Jungian group in London and then a co-founder of the C. G. Jung Institute of Los Angeles. He had a close relationship to C. G. Jung over four decades. This article discusses the correspondence and gives an overview of Kirsch’s and Jung's relationship. They discussed important political, psychological, and religious questions. In some instances, Jung was clearer about his ideas in these letters than he was in his written works. This correspondence represents an important addition to the study of C. G. Jung, analytical psychology, his relationship to Judaism, and to that difficult period of the 1930s.

Empirical Investigation of the Junge Variability−Lifetime Relationship Using Long-Term Monitoring Data on Polychlorinated Biphenyl Concentrations in Air

In 1974, Junge derived an empirical relationship between the variability of concentrations of volatile trace gases in air at remote locations and their atmospheric residence time. Here, the Junge relationship is adapted to incorporate the deposition and revolatilization of semivolatile chemicals and applied to interpret nearly a decade of data on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in air. A multimedia fate model, which accounts for deposition and revolatilization, is used to estimate the characteristic travel distance (CTD) for PCBs, where CTD serves as a measure of the effective atmospheric lifetime for semivolatile organic chemicals. Data are taken from sites of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network in the North American Great Lakes and the Alert monitoring station in the Arctic, which is operated by the Canadian Northern Contaminants Program. Five factors that may introduce variability into measured concentrations are defined. By suppressing the effect of three of these factors in the data analysis, we identified variability consistent with the Junge relationship in many of the annual data sets (62%), with the relationship showing statistical significance (p < 0.05) in 23% of these annual data sets. The more remote monitoring sites from the Great Lakes region display the highest number of statistically significant Junge-type relationships between the variability in concentrations in air and estimated long-range transport potential in air. At sites in close proximity to areas of high population density, variability in PCB concentrations in air displays patterns that are consistent with primary or secondary temperature-driven volatilization sources. Analysis of variability in long-term monitoring data, using the techniques developed and illustrated here, provides useful insights into the factors that control the behavior of persistent semivolatile chemicals in the environment.

Effects of multi-media partitioning of chemicals on Junge's variability–lifetime relationship

Junge's variability–lifetime relationship describes the relation between the tropospheric residence time of a volatile trace gas and the coefficient of variation of the tropospheric mixing ratio at a remote location. However, no unique or universal quantification of this relationship exists. It can only be derived on a case-by-case basis for consistent data sets on substances with similar source and sink patterns. Using a multi-media model of the long-range transport of organic compounds, we determine variability–lifetime relationships for volatile substances. Next, we demonstrate how the variability–lifetime relationship can be obtained for semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) with the model and we investigate typical deviations from the Junge relationship for volatile compounds that are caused by the multi-media partitioning of SOCs. One cause of deviation from this relationship is substances undergoing significant transport in water so that their distribution in air is noticeably influenced by their distribution in water. The other, wider, deviation is caused by substances with a strong tendency for deposition and re-volatilization. Finally, we address the comparison of the model results with field data. Preliminary analyses of long-term monitoring data for polychlorinated biphenyls at remote sites have shown that the identification of Junge relationships in field data is not straightforward. We discuss possible strategies for the derivation of Junge relationships from field data on SOCs.

The "Psychopathologic laboratory" at Burghölzli. Development and termination of the working relationship of C.G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler

C.G. Jung was on the staff of the University Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich ("Burghölzli"), headed by Eugen Bleuler, from 1900 to 1909; he became a senior physician in 1905. In correspondence with Sigmund Freud, Jung claimed that he had informed Bleuler about the subject of psychoanalysis and had recruited him for the movement. In fact, it can be shown that Bleuler was familiar with Freud's publications even before Jung came to Burghölzli and that he had written a very positive review of the hysteria study. Jung received his doctorate (1902) and postdoctoral qualification as university lecturer based on Bleuler's reports to the Department of Medicine and continued to give lectures on certain recurring topics, such as the theory of hysteria, until the summer semester of 1914, well after his resignation. Minutes of department meetings that have not previously been evaluated appear to indicate that the department's rejection of the founding of a "psychopathologic research laboratory," expected by Jung,was a major factor leading to his resignation on March 7, 1909. The importance of other events for Bleuler's relationship with Jung--the unsuccessful attempt at an analytical treatment of Otto Gross or Jung's relationship with Sabina Spielrein--cannot be demonstrated based on current sources.

Development and termination of the working relationship of C. G. Jung and Eugen Bleuler 1900-1909.

From 1900 to 1909, C. G. Jung was on the staff of the University Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich ('Burghölzli'), headed by Eugen Bleuler, where he became a senior physician (Sekundararzt) in 1905. Jung received his doctorate (1902) and postdoctoral qualification as a university lecturer (Habilitation) based on Bleuler's reports to the department of medicine, and he continued to give lectures on certain recurring topics, such as the theory of hysteria, until summer semester 1914, well after his resignation. Minutes of department meetings that have not previously been evaluated appear to indicate that a major factor leading to Jung's resignation on 7 March 1909 was the department's rejection of the founding of the 'psychopathologic research laboratory' that he had expected. The importance of other events for Bleuler's relationship with Jung - the unsuccessful attempt at an analytical treatment of Otto Gross, and Jung's relationship with Sabina Spielrein - cannot be determined from current sources.

Freud and Jung: The Internationalization of Psychoanalysis

Freud and Jung's relationship was characterized by initial, reciprocal idealization. Freud regarded Jung as an ideal non-Jewish representative of psychoanalysis to the wider world. For Jung, Freud was mentor, model, and quasi-therapist. After psychoanalysis was ‘internationally recognized,’ following their trip to America, Freud proposed to make Jung permanent president of the newly founded International Psychoanalytical Association. Jung was to be the virtual sovereign of psychoanalysis. Their relationship gradually deteriorated and ended in reciprocal denigration. Freud's conflicts with Jung and with Jung's divergent theories were reflected in his symptomatic fainting and his scientific writings, e.g., ‘On Narcissism’ and the ‘Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning’. This was associated with continuing self-analysis, and the analysis of ambivalence and reciprocal unconscious death wishes.

Spatial and temporal variability of nonmethane hydrocarbon mixing ratios and their relation to photochemical lifetime

The relationship between temporal and spatial variability of C2‐C8 nonmethane hydrocarbon mixing ratios and their HO lifetimes (τ) is presented for samples collected during the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) and from other urban and remote sites. The C2‐C4 alkanes, acetylene and benzene typically define a trend of the form slnx = Aτ−b where slnx is the standard deviation of the ln of the mixing ratio. The relationship extended over a wider range of hydrocarbons in winter. The exponent b ranged in value from 0.28±0.023 for winter urban data where C2‐C8 hydrocarbons defined a strongly correlated trend, to 0.56±0.15 for C2‐C4 hydrocarbons at a coastal site in Nova Scotia during NARE. The trends are significantly different from that given by the Junge relationship [Junge, 1974]. Data from the Azores do not display such a trend and were likely influenced by local emissions. Variance trends are a useful analytical tool for examining the validity of hydrocarbon measurements.

A revised study of the validity of the general junge relationship at solar wavelengths: Application to vertical atmospheric aerosol layer studies

The relationship between the Junge aerosol size parameter and the α Ångström turbidity parameter, known as the Junge relationship v = α+2, is commonly applied in aerosol studies. However, this relationship involves some approximations, therefore here the v− α relationship is established generally. A thorough analysis has been carried out taking into account the sensitivity and features of the Junge function on particle radius and wavelengths by means of the volume extinction coefficient and its cumulative values. Hence, the relationship v− α is analysed to (a) extend its validity to solar wavelengths; (b) incorporate new particle radius intervals [r 1−r 2] and (c) analyse the influence of the particle refractive index. As a consequence the applicability and limitations of the linear Junge relationship v = α+2 become apparent. The results show that the relationship between the v and the α parameters in the visible range can extend its validity in the whole solar range if the volume extinction coefficient shows a linear behaviour throughout this range. Curvatures of the extinction coefficient for particle size distribution functions with an upper limit of 1 μm or lower limit of 0.1 μm have been observed. However, due to these features dependence on the Junge values, these are irrelevant when they are applied to real cases of atmospheric turbidity.

Analysis of the relationships between Junge size distribution and Ångström α turbidity parameters from spectral measurements of atmospheric aerosol extinction

The Junge aerosol size parameter ν has been determined from visible spectral solar extinction data. Two different methods have been used: the first is based on linearizing the Ångström formula along with the well-known relationship ν= α + 2. The second, more complex, method uses the Mie scattering theory in an aerosol atmospheric model with a single attenuation layer. Different turbidity conditions have been considered. The obtained ν values from the two methods show a high level of disagreement. Therefore, a full analysis between Junge and Ångström α parameters with real and complex refractive indices and different particle radius intervals has been carried out. In this context, the applicability limits of the Junge relationship are shown in order for application under real atmospheric turbidity conditions.

A simple model for Junge's relationship between concentration fluctuations and residence times for tropospheric trace gases

A simple model for Junge's relationship between concentration fluctuations and residence times for tropospheric trace gases

The Freud–Jung relationship—the other side of Oedipus and countertransference.

The Freud–Jung relationship—the other side of Oedipus and countertransference.