Jumping Capacity Research Articles

Plyometric exercises program in lower limbs to boost the jumping capacity in female basketball players under 12

Background: The benefits of a plyometric program for the healthy athlete, have been demonstrated through studies. Plyometric exercise is one of the most efficient training methods available. Over time, it could be said it will provide the greatest transferability for its application in sports. The exercises can be used to strengthen and improve jumping in athletes of all ages. Objective: to implement a plyometric exercise program to boost the jumping ability of U12 female basketball players. Methods: the type of longitudinal analytical study, with a quantitative approach, was developed in 16 participants of the Isabel de Godin Educational Unit of Riobamba City, province of Chimborazo, Ecuador. The intervention was carried out twice a week in each of the sportswomen in the under-12 female category. My Jump 2 software was used for the initial and final evaluation, and the Wilcoxon method was used. Results: through the My Jump software, there was predominance above the average of 31.3%, the average of 62.5%, and below the average of 6.3% in the hypothesis testing of the My Jump 2 software. The p-value was p<0 (asymptotic significance) so the null hypothesis is rejected. Conclusions: it was determined that the exercise program was effective in improving jumping capacity.

Monitoring modifiable injury risk factors over an in-season mesocycle in semi-professional female field hockey players

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine changes of modifiable injury risk factors and fatigue parameters during a mesocycle (4 months of the competitive season) in semi-professional female field hockey players (Spanish 2nd Division).MethodsFourteen female field hockey players (age: 22.6 ± 4.9 years) participated in the study over 4 months of the competitive season (September–December 2019). The players were tested each month for their: maximal isometric knee flexion, hip adduction, and abduction muscle strength; passive straight leg raise and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM); countermovement jump height; and perceptual fatigue (through a perceived well-being questionnaire).ResultsStatistical differences were reported in isometric knee flexion torque in the dominant and non-dominant limb (p = < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.629,0.786 respectively), non-dominant isometric hip abductors torque (p = 0.016, ηp2 = 0.266) and isometric hip adductors torque in dominant and non-dominant limbs (p = < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.441–546). Also, significant differences were reported in the straight leg raise test (p = < 0.001, ηp2 = 0–523, 0.556) and ankle dorsiflexion (p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.376, 0.377) for the dominant and non-dominant limb respectively. Finally, the jump height measured showed significant differences (p = <.001, ηp2 = 0.490), while no differences were reported in perceived well-being parameters (p = 0.089–0.459).ConclusionIncrements in isometric muscle strength and fluctuations in ROM values and vertical jumping capacity are reported over an in-season mesocycle (i.e., 4 months of the competitive season). This information can be used to target recovery strategies to make them more efficient.

The Influence of Team Invasion Sports’ Participation in the Phase Angle of Youth Athletes

Team invasion sports are characterized as ball games, played by two opponents, aiming to score points or goals. The aim intended to verify which team invasion sport presents a greater probability to obtain a higher phase angle (PhA) value, considering the age, time of practice, vertical jump tests and handgrip strength of young athletes. A total of 248 young athletes were evaluated. After performing the correlations between the PhA and categorical variables (sport and sex) and covariables (age, time of practice- t, squat jump- SJ, countermovement jump- CMJ, and handgrip strength left or right- HGSl or HGSr), we developed an equation from a logistic regression model, aiming to better interpret the probability to obtain a higher PhA. Our findings showed a significant correlation (p&lt; 0.05) ranging from weak to moderate between the PhA and age (r=0.268), t (r =0.206), SJ (r=0.330), CMJ (r= 0.277), HGSr (r=0.537), and HGSl (r=0.523). Considering the median value of the PhA (7.7o) as a cut-off point, youth soccer players were the most likely to have 2.2 more chances to reach a higher PhA, followed by Futsal (2.13), and Rugby (2.01) players. Considering our equation, we suggested that higher PhA values predisposed the Soccer, Futsal and Rugby players to express greater jumping capacity or handgrip tests. Considering the advantage of using PhA as a marker of a healthy body composition profile, the magnitude of these probabilities to reach higher values of strength performance in young athletes may depend on the sport practiced and their exposure to specific training.

System Based on an Inertial Measurement Unit for Accurate Flight Time Determination in Vertical Jumps.

The world of elite sports has always been characterized by intense competition, where victories are often determined by minimal differences. This means that every little detail in the preparation of top-level athletes is crucial to their performance at the highest level. One of the most significant aspects to monitor is the jumping capacity, as it enables the measurement of performance, progression, and helps prevent injuries. Herein, we present the development of a system capable of measuring the flight time and height reached by the user, reporting the results through a smartphone using an Android ad-hoc application, which handles all the data processing. The system consists of an affordable and portable circuit based on an accelerometer. It communicates with the smartphone via UART using a Bluetooth module, and its battery provides approximately 9 h of autonomy, making it suitable for outdoor operations. To evaluate the system's precision, we conducted performance tests (counter-movement jumps) with seven subjects. The results confirmed the system's potential for monitoring high-level sports training sessions, as the average deviation obtained was only 2.1% (~0.01 s) in the analysis of flight time and 4.6% (~0.01 m) in jump height.

Characterization of Static Strength, Vertical Jumping, and Isokinetic Strength in Soccer Players According to Age, Competitive Level, and Field Position.

Muscular strength is strongly related to speed and agility tasks, which have been described as the most decisive actions preceding goals in the soccer game. This study aimed to characterize the players' strength indicators and to analyze the variation associated with age, competition level, and positional role. Eighty-three male soccer players from A team (n = 22), B team (n = 17), U-23 (n = 19), and U-19 (n = 25) participated in this study. Handgrip strength was assessed using a hand dynamometer (Jamar Plus+), countermovement jump (CMJ) and the squat jump (SJ) were evaluated using Optojump Next, and a Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer was used to assess the isokinetic strength of knee extension/flexion. Team A players showed increased lower-body strength compared to their peers, mainly through their increased vertical jumping capacity (i.e., CMJ and SJ; ps < 0.019), and superior performance in isokinetic assessments (i.e., peak torque, total work, and average power). Overall, older players outperformed their younger peers regarding vertical jumping, static strength, and average power in isokinetic strength (ps < 0.005). This study emphasizes the superior strength levels of professional soccer players compared with their lower-division peers, even after controlling by age. This information is of great value to sports agents and coaches, underlining the need to design and include strength-specific content during soccer training.

Effects of Separate and Combined Exposure of Cadmium and Lead on the Endochondral Ossification in Bufo gargarizans.

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments and most studies have examined the potential effects of Cd or Pb alone on aquatic organisms. In the present study, chronic effects of Cd and Pb, alone and in combination, on Bufo gargarizans were investigated by exposing embryos to these contaminants throughout metamorphosis. Significant reductions in body mass and snout-to-vent length were observed in B. gargarizans at Gosner stage 42 (Gs 42) and Gs 46 exposed to a Cd/Pb mixture. Single and combined exposure with Cd and Pb induced histological alterations of the thyroid gland characterized by reduced colloid area and thickness of epithelial cells. There was a significant decrease in the maximum jump distance of froglets exposed to Cd alone and the Cd/Pb mixture, and the jumping capacity showed a positive correlation with hind limb length and tibia/fibula. Moreover, single metals and their mixture induced reduction of endochondral bone formation in B. gargarizans. Transcriptomic and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that genes involved in skeletal ossification (TRα, TRβ, Dio2, Dio3, MMP9, MMP13, Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3) were transcriptionally dysregulated by Cd and Pb exposure alone or in combination. Our results suggested that despite the low concentration tested, the Cd/Pb mixture induced more severe impacts on B. gargarizans. In addition, the Cd/Pb mixture might reduce chances of survival for B. gargarizans froglets by decreasing size at metamorphosis, impaired skeletal ossification, and reduction in jumping ability, which might result from dysregulation of genes involved in thyroid hormone action and endochondral ossification. The findings obtained could add a new dimension to understanding of the mechanisms underpinning skeletal ossification response to heavy metals in amphibians. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1228-1245. © 2022 SETAC.

METHODOLOGY OF MILITARY-APPLIED SKILLS ASSESSMENT OF ENGINEER-SAPPER CADETS

As a result of in-depth study of the problem, the most necessary exercises were selected. And it was conducted to determine the ability of cadets to work Harvard step test. In order to determine the power it was decided to measure the press on the ground through the exercises, and as a novelty, the jumping capacity was determined by exercises high jump and log jamp. In order to determine the military applied skills exercises no.17, 18, and 21 were selected. As a result of scientific work, model scales were compiled, thanks to which it became easier to control, differentiate and improve the process of developing military-applied skills among sappers at any period of the educational process.

Perfil antropométrico en gimnastas de diferente nivel de rendimiento: un estudio comparativo

Introducción: La antropometría es uno de los principales factores de rendimiento en Gimnasia Rítmica. Existen ciertas variables que han sido relacionadas directamente con el rendimiento en competición, como la talla, circunferencia del muslo o porcentaje de masa grasa, y otras que se han relacionado con otros factores de rendimiento, como capacidad de salto o flexibilidad. Se han realizado estudios antropométricos previos comparando gimnastas de diferentes niveles, pero ninguno con muestra española. En el presente trabajo se pretende comparar dos grupos de gimnastas españolas de diferentes niveles. Material y métodos: Dieciséis gimnastas (14,1±1,2 años) fueron evaluadas y divididas en dos grupos, élite (n=4) y no élite (n=12). Se registraron: talla, peso, cinco diámetros (biacromial, bicrestal, bimaleolar de fémur y húmero y biestiloideo de muñeca), seis perímetros (brazo relajado, brazo contraído, muslo medio y máximo y pantorrilla) y ocho pliegues cutáneos (bicipital, tricipital, subescapular, supraespinal, abdominal, muslo y pierna), siguiendo el procedimiento ISAK.Resultados: Las gimnastas élite muestran menores valores en los pliegues cutáneos, los perímetros y el porcentaje de masa grasa. Destacan las diferencias en el perímetro del muslo (p=0,031; g=1,32), el pliegue subescapular (p=0,014; g=1,53) o el abdominal (p=0,001; g=1,61), así como en el porcentaje graso total (p=0,077 g=1,04). Las gimnastas de menor nivel se encuentran de media en valores endo-mesomórficos, mientras que en las de mayor nivel predomina la ectomorfia.Conclusiones: Las diferencias en el nivel competitivo de las gimnastas parecen estar más relacionadas con la composición corporal que con la masa total. Gimnastas de nivel superior muestran un somatotipo ectomórfico balanceado, mientras que aquellas de nivel inferior muestran un somatotipo endo-mesomórfico. Por tanto, los factores antropométricos entrenables (composición corporal) y no entrenables (diámetros óseos y talla), pueden condicionar y/o limitar el nivel de rendimiento.

A Short-Term Body Jump® Training Program Improves Physical Fitness and Body Composition in Young Active Women

(1) Background: Body Jump® is a novel group fitness program with musical support, which is performed rebounding in a minitrampoline. Although the number of practitioners has increased exponentially in recent years, this activity’s short-term effects on physical fitness and body composition in women have not yet been studied. (2) Methods: 27 healthy young women were randomly divided into a Body Jump® group (BJ) and a control group (CG). BJ performed three classes per week for one month. The week before and after the intervention, the anthropometric assessments were carried out to estimate the body composition, and different performance tests were performed to assess the jumping capacity (countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) tests), the muscular strength (1RM test) and the aerobic fitness (UKK test). (3) Results: VO2 max (p = 0.001), CMJ flight height (p = 0.023), SJ flight height (p = 0.003) and the 1RM value in the half-squat exercise (p = 0.009) were significantly increased in BJ. In CG, there were no statistically significant differences after the intervention period. Regarding the changes in body composition, a significant enhancement in several parameters were found in BJ, such as the sum of skinfolds (p = 0.003) and the percentage of fat mass (p = 0.002), while no changes were found in any of the anthropometric variables in CG. (4) Conclusions: carrying out the Body Jump® program three days per week for one month had positive effects on physical fitness and body composition in a group of healthy young women. This training program can be an effective option for enhancing, in the short term, these fitness parameters and the body composition of these recreational users into the fitness centers.

Horizontal and vertical dispersal capacity and effects of fluorescent marking on Lycorma delicatula nymphs and adults

AbstractThe invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is a destructive phloem feeder with a broad host range that appears to narrow as they reach the adult stage. Little is known about how this invasive insect disperses among host plants or how far they may move to reach them. Here, we measured vertical climbing and horizontal jumping capacity and evaluated the effect of fluorescent marking powders on mobility and survivorship of L. delicatula nymphs and adults. All nymphal instars climbed significantly longer vertical distances compared with adults, whereas early adults (pre‐oviposition period) jumped longer horizontal distances compared with nymphs or late adults (oviposition period) based on single jump measurements. Marking nymphs and adults with fluorescent powder had no significant effect on vertical or horizontal movement and did not affect the survivorship of nymphs or adults. Our results indicate that L. delicatula nymphs can easily move among host plants, and that marking L. delicatula nymphs and adults with florescent powder serves as an acceptable means to measure their dispersal in the environment.

Quantitative relations between droplet jumping and anti-frosting effect on superhydrophobic surfaces

Superhydrophobic surfaces have been confirmed to have the capacity for delaying the condensation frosting, and the self-propelled droplet jumping phenomenon further enhances this effect, for its contribution in the fast removal of condensates from the surface. However, only few but unclear and incomplete quantitative conclusions have been made on how the droplet jumping aid the anti-frosting. Here, standing on the shoulders of previous works, we finally elucidate this query by establishing a quantitative relation between the capacity of droplet jumping and the anti-frosting effect. Two representative parameters, including the average distance (L) and the degree of closeness (D/L) between adjacent droplets, are proposed to evaluate the capacity of droplet jumping, and the anti-frosting effect is evaluated by the frost propagation velocity (vfrost). Models based on the ice-bridge growth theory are built to deduce the mathematical relation, vfrost ∝ (1 + D/L)/L, between the droplet jumping capacity and the frost propagation, and this relation is well validated against our experiments on surfaces made by two substrate materials with different micro/nano structures. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of the substrate also relate to the frost propagation. These results pioneer in quantitatively clarifying the anti-frosting effect by the droplet jumping, which shall further promote the anti-frosting application of the superhydrophobic surface.

The comparison of acute and chronic static stretching exercises on the vertical jumping capacity

The comparison of acute and chronic static stretching exercises on the vertical jumping capacity

Morphological determinants of jumping performance in the Iberian green frog.

Predation is one of the main selective forces in nature, frequently selecting potential prey for developing escape strategies. Escape ability is typically influenced by several morphological parameters, such as morphology of the locomotor appendices, muscular capacity, body mass, or fluctuating asymmetry, and may differ between sexes and age classes. In this study, we tested the relationship among these variables and jumping performance in 712 Iberian green frogs Pelophylax perezi from an urban population. The results suggest that the main determinant of jumping capacity was body size (explaining 48% of variance). Larger frogs jumped farther, but jumping performance reached an asymptote for the largest frogs. Once controlled by structural body size, the heaviest frogs jumped shorter distances, suggesting a trade-off between fat storage and jumping performance. Relative hind limb length also determined a small but significant percentage of variance (2.4%) in jumping performance—that is, the longer the hind limbs, the greater the jumping capacity. Juveniles had relatively shorter and less muscular hind limbs than adults (for a given body size), and their jumping performance was poorer. In our study population, the hind limbs of the frogs were very symmetrical, and we found no effect of fluctuating asymmetry on jumping performance. Therefore, our study provides evidence that jumping performance in frogs is not only affected by body size, but also by body mass and hind limb length, and differ between age classes.

Predictors of vertical jumping capacity in soccer players

BACKGROUND: Vertical jumping capacity is important in modern soccer to gain advantage over opponent during the defensive and offensive activities. Predictors of jumping capacity in soccer players are not well studied. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of our study was to evaluate how isokinetic strength of t he thigh muscles is related to jump performance. METHODS: Twenty-five (N= 25) elite soccer players volunteered to participate in the study. Thigh muscle strength (concentric for hamstrings and quadriceps, and eccentric for hamstrings only) was evaluated at 60∘/sec using an isokinetic dynamometer, while jump capacity was evaluated using a bilateral force plate to measure the jump height of squat (SJ) and countermovement (CMJ) jump. Linear regression model was used to evaluate how well can isokinetic strength parameters (independent predictors) predict jumping capacity in soccer players (dependent variable). RESULTS: In a linear regression model concentric quadriceps strength has significantly explained the vertical jump height, while other parameters (hamstring concentric or eccentric strength) did not reach the significance level (p> 0.05). When left and right concentric quadriceps strength was used the model was statistically significant (F= 4.76, p= 0.02; R square 0.31), but only right concentric quadriceps strength was significant predictor (t= 2.62, p= 0.016). Strength asymmetry did not significantly influence the jump height, but was associated with lower ratio of CMJ/SJ height indicating that players without asymmetry have better jumping capacity in the terms of utilizing the stretch shortening cycle. CONCLUSIONS: Coaches should consider quadriceps strength as an important predictor of jumping capacity in top-level soccer players which is again related to sprint performance in soccer. Future studies are needed to evaluate the contributing impact of hamstring strength in this regard.

Static and Dynamic Balance in Elite Wrestlers: Is there a Meaningful Relationship with Muscle Power?

The objective of this investigation was to determine the association between reactive strength index (RSI), jumping performance and static and dynamic balance parameters in elite wrestlers. Fourteen international level male wrestlers (mean age: 17.82 ± 4.60 yrs) volunteered to participate in the study. Static balance was assessed using the standing stork balance test (SST) and dynamic balance was measured with the Y-balance test (YB). Dominant-leg unilateral and bilateral vertical (CMJ-DL, CMJ), lateral (SLJ-DL, SLJ), 5 jump (FJT) and drop jumps (DJ-DL, DJ) were conducted. Significant positive correlations were observed between the SST and bilateral vertical CMJ (r-range: 0.41 to 0.63; p<0.005) as well as unilateral vertical jump with the dominant leg (r-range: 0.58 to 0.64; p<0.005). Significant positive correlations were observed between SST and FJT and SLJ and SLJ-DL (r-range: 0.41 to 0.58; p<0.005). The composite score of the Y-balance test showed moderate correlation with DJ, SLJ or DJ-DL (r-range=0.26 to 0.36; p<0.05). However, there were moderate to large positive correlations with CMJ-DL and CMJ (r-range: 0.54 to 0.71; p<0.005) as well as with FJT (r: 0.50; p<0.005) and SLJ-DL (r: 0.71; p<0.005). Our findings are evident of an association between jumping capacity, reactive strength (i.e. RSI) and balance performance, that may imply transfer effects from balance to strength/power training and vice versa

Frog-inspired jumping robot actuated by pneumatic muscle actuators

Jumping robots can be widely applied in archeology, interstellar probe, antiterrorism, and resource exploration. This article adopts the frog as the bionic object and briefly analyzes biological features and jumping movements in a complete jumping sequence of the frog. Then an equivalent six-bar mechanism model depicting frog jumping movement is built up, and the optimizing simulation of the six-bar mechanism model is performed. On the basis of the optimized results, the robot is designed and prototype is manufactured. An adaptive cascade controller is proposed to control the robot. Proportional–integral–derivative parameters of the controller are tuned online using radial basis function neural network to deal with nonlinearities of the robot. Jumping experiment demonstrates the jumping capacity of the robot and the ability of the proposed controller in tracking the desired trajectories.

Evaluation of different jumping tests in defining position-specific and performance-level differences in high level basketball players

The importance of jumping ability in basketball is well known, but there is an evident lack of studies that have examined different jumping testing protocols in basketball players at advanced levels. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of different tests of jumping capacity in identifying differences between (i) playing position and (ii) competitive levels of professional players. Participants were 110 male professional basketball players (height: 194.92±8.09 cm; body mass: 89.33±10.91 kg; 21.58±3.92 years of age; Guards, 49; Forwards, 22; Centres, 39) who competed in the first (n = 58) and second division (n = 52). The variables included anthropometrics and jumping test performance. Jumping performances were evaluated by the standing broad jump (SBJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), reactive strength index (RSI), repeated reactive strength ability (RRSA) and four running vertical jumps: maximal jump with (i) take-off from the dominant leg and (ii) non-dominant leg, lay-up shot jump with take-off from the (iii) dominant leg and (iv) non-dominant leg. First-division players were taller (ES: 0.76, 95%CI: 0.35-1.16, moderate differences), heavier (0.69, 0.29-1.10), had higher maximal reach height (0.67, 0.26-1.07, moderate differences), and had lower body fat % (-0.87, -1.27-0.45, moderate differences) than second-division players. The playing positions differed significantly in three of four running jump achievements, RSI and RRSA, with Centres being least successful. The first-division players were superior to second-division players in SBJ (0.63, 0.23-1.03; 0.87, 0.26-1.43; 0.76, 0.11-1.63, all moderate differences, for total sample, Guards, and Forwards, respectively). Running vertical jumps and repeated jumping capacity can be used as valid measures of position-specific jumping ability in basketball. The differences between playing levels in vertical jumping achievement can be observed by assessing vertical jump scores together with differences in anthropometric indices between levels.

Functional assessment of muscle response in lower limbs of tumbling gymnasts through tensiomyography

Introduction: Jumping capacity, a distinctive technical skill of tumbling gymnasts, is associated to a successful performance in training and competition; hence the need for an individualized, precise and localized assessment of the most demanded muscle structures.Objective: To assess muscle response of the flexo-extension structure in the knee joint and the extension of the ankle joint in a sample of 12 high-performance male gymnasts.Materials and methods: An acrobatic training protocol including sets of forward somersault in tumbling track was conducted. The contraction time, delay time and deformation of muscle belly were evaluated, and the muscular response speed was calculated using tensiomyography before and after the training intervention in different periods of time.Results: Significant differences were found (p&lt;0.05) according to the muscle group involved, where rectus femoris and biceps femoris presented greater enhancement and shortening of the contraction and delay time. Major differences appeared between agonist-antagonist muscles (vastus lateralis-biceps femoris) (p&lt;0.05) due to a decrease in the contraction and delay speed in vastus medialis (p&lt;0.001).Conclusions: Tensiomyography allows estimating the states of activation-enhancing of the musculature responsible of jumping in tumblers, as well as planning the training based on the state of muscle fatigue.

Explosive power of lower limbs in rhythmic gymnastics athletes in different competitive levels

Abstract The explosive power in Rhythmic Gymnastics shows itself in the great majority of movements and elements performed by the gymnasts, particularly in the jumps, which are essential corporal movements in this sport. The training directed to the development of jumping capacity presents a large quantity of exercises which aim to improve muscular power in the lower limbs and therefore the impulsion capacity. The vertical impulsion is an important measure used to calculate the explosive power of the lower limbs and is directly connected to the success that the gymnast will be able to achieve. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the height of two jumps in the RG (stag jump and Cossack jump) in contact mat Ergojump, which calculates the jump height in connection with the flight timing, executed by national level junior gymnasts and to compare them to the results of the Junior National Team - in total 30 junior gymnasts with 13.73 ± 0.17 years old. Furthermore, to compare the levels of explosive power of preferred lower limb (PLL) and non-preferred lower limb (NPLL) of all gymnasts in the study, in order to verify eventual functional asymmetries. For the statistical analysis we used Parametric Tests (t Test) and Nonparametric (Mann-Whitney Test and Wilcoxon Test). The gymnasts of the National Team achieved superior marks in 33.3% of the tests and 83.3% of the gymnasts of our sample did not present explosive power asymmetries. We conclude that the gymnasts of the National Team did not show the expected superiority in the tests, and the most of gymnasts presented a harmonious development of explosive power for both lower limbs, since they did not show functional asymmetries.

Jumping performance in the highly aquatic frog, Xenopus tropicalis: sex-specific relationships between morphology and performance.

Frogs are characterized by a morphology that has been suggested to be related to their unique jumping specialization. Yet, the functional demands associated with jumping and swimming may not be that different as suggested by studies with semi-aquatic frogs. Here, we explore whether features previously identified as indicative of good burst swimming performance also predict jumping performance in a highly aquatic frog, Xenopus tropicalis. Moreover, we test whether the morphological determinants of jumping performance are similar in the two sexes and whether jumping performance differs in the two sexes. Finally we test whether jumping capacity is positively associated with burst swimming and terrestrial endurance capacity in both sexes. Our results show sex-specific differences in jumping performance when correcting for differences in body size. Moreover, the features determining jumping performance are different in the two sexes. Finally, the relationships between different performance traits are sex-dependent as well with females, but not males, showing a trade-off between peak jumping force and the time jumped to exhaustion. This suggests that different selective pressures operate on the two sexes, with females being subjected to constraints on locomotion due to their greater body mass and investment in reproductive capacity. In contrast, males appear to invest more in locomotor capacity giving them higher performance for a given body size compared to females.