Month Of July Research Articles

Air quality modeling intercomparison and multiscale ensemble chain for Latin America

Abstract. A multiscale modeling ensemble chain has been assembled as a first step towards an air quality analysis and forecasting (AQF) system for Latin America. Two global and three regional models were tested and compared in retrospective mode over a shared domain (120–28° W, 60° S–30° N) for the months of January and July 2015. The objective of this experiment was to understand their performance and characterize their errors. Observations from local air quality monitoring networks in Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador and Peru were used for model evaluation. The models generally agreed with observations in large cities such as Mexico City and São Paulo, whereas representing smaller urban areas, such as Bogotá and Santiago, was more challenging. For instance, in Santiago during wintertime, the simulations showed large discrepancies with observations. No single model demonstrated superior performance over others or among pollutants and sites available. In general, ozone and NO2 exhibited the lowest bias and errors, especially in São Paulo and Mexico City. For SO2, the bias and error were close to 200 %, except for Bogotá. The ensemble, created from the median value of all models, was evaluated as well. In some cases, the ensemble outperformed the individual models and mitigated extreme over- or underestimation. However, more research is needed before concluding that the ensemble is the path for an AQF system in Latin America. This study identified certain limitations in the models and global emission inventories, which should be addressed with the involvement and experience of local researchers.

Glacier Cover Estimation: a Multitemporal Retrospective Analysis of the Uruashraju Snow-capped Mountain (Ancash)

Objectives: To estimate the evolution of the glacier cover of the Uruashraju snow-capped mountain (Áncash, Peru) between the years 2014 and 2024, Theoretical framework: The research is framed in the context of climate change, specifically in the reduction of tropical glaciers. Andean glaciers are key indicators of global warming, and their retreat affects the availability of water resources, impacting sectors such as agriculture, human consumption and local biodiversity. Method: A cartographic analysis of satellite images obtained through the "Landsat 8-9 OLI/TIRS C2 L2" mission for the years 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2022 and 2024 was used. The images were downloaded from the USGS Earth Explorer platform and selected from the months of July to maintain temporal homogeneity. The spatial resolution used was 30 meters in visible, near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands. Results and discussion: The results reveal a significant reduction of 37.28% in the glacier surface of the Uruashraju snow-capped mountain between 2014 and 2024. Despite some periods of temporary stabilization, the general trend is one of retreat due to climate change. This phenomenon affects water availability and poses risks for essential activities such as agriculture. Implications of the research: The research highlights the urgent need to take measures to mitigate the effects of climate change on Andean glaciers, since their loss compromises the water and economic security of local communities that depend on glacial resources. Originality/Value: This study offers a detailed and updated analysis of the evolution of glacier cover on the Uruashraju snow-capped mountain, providing relevant data for water resource planning and climate change adaptation strategies in the Andean region.

Assessing the Nexus Between Landscape Degradation and Flooding in the Niger River Catchment, Southeastern Nigeria: A 40‐Year Geospatial Dynamics (1992–2022)

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the relationship between landscape degradation and flooding in the Niger River catchment of Onitsha, Nigeria, over a 40‐year period (1992–2022), focusing on changes in land use and land cover characteristics. Satellite images were preprocessed and classified using Anderson's classification technique. Erdas Imagine GIS software was adopted to carry out change analysis for each of the classes generated. The Landsat images for all the years (1992, 2002, 2012, and 2022) were acquired for the months of July (wet season) and December (dry season) and analyzed. The trends in seasonal changes in land use and land cover characteristics were prominent in the wet season. This was significantly seen in changes for water body and vegetative area. Built‐up areas and open spaces indicated a decrease during the wet season compared to the dry season. The notable changes occurred in water bodies and vegetation across the studied years, peaking in 1992 with 1628.82 ha for water bodies and 8993.79 ha for vegetation. In 2012, these values were 2040.93 and 8977.5 ha. The largest seasonal shifts were in vegetative areas in 2012 and built‐up in 2022. After analyzing the geospatial data according to the classifications, the study uncovers a notable link between landscape degradation and increased flood susceptibility. Notably, the findings highlight that shifts in these landscape features during the wet season significantly impact flood occurrence, emphasizing the critical role of landscape degradation in exacerbating flood risks in the region.

Residential exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and risk of childhood hematological malignancies in Switzerland: A census-based cohort study.

Still little is known about possible environmental risk factors of childhood hematological malignancies (CHM). Previous studies suggest that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is associated with a lower risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children. We investigated the association between solar UVR exposure and risk of CHM in Switzerland, a country with greatly varying topography and weather conditions. We included all resident children aged 0-15 years from the Swiss National Cohort during 1990-2016 and identified incident cancer cases through probabilistic record linkage with the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. We estimated the overall annual mean UV level and the mean level for the month of July during 2004-2018 at children's homes using a climatological model of the midday (11 am-3 pm) UV-index (UVI) with a spatial resolution of 1.5-2 km. Using risk-set sampling, we obtained a nested case-control data set matched by birth year and fitted conditional logistic regression models (virtually equivalent to analyzing full cohort data using proportional hazards models) adjusting for sex, neighborhood socio-economic position, urbanization, air pollution, and background ionizing radiation. Our analyses included 1446 cases of CHM. Estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HR) per unit increase in UVI in July were 0.76 (95% CI 0.59-0.98) for leukemia and 0.74 (0.55-0.98) for ALL. Results for annual exposure were similar but confidence intervals were wider and included one. We found no evidence for an association for lymphoma overall (HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.59-2.19 for annual exposure) or diagnostic subgroups. Our study provides further support for an inverse association between exposure to ambient solar UVR and childhood ALL.

Climatic Effects on the Growth of Fagus sylvatica L. in Mixed Stands with Pinus sylvestris L. in Lithuania

Climate change and warming will potentially profoundly affect forest growth and yield. However, climate change is not only a threat but also an opportunity for tree species to be more productive or colonize new territories where previously they were fragmented or absent. European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a dominant and significant tree species in European forests with a pronounced ability to grow on a great variety of sites and to form mixtures with other tree species due to its shade tolerance. So far, only a few studies have analysed its growth and reaction to changing climatic conditions outside its natural gradient in the north. The aim of this study was therefore to clarify the main growth patterns and tree ring formation characteristics of beech (outside their natural distribution) in mixed stands with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) The analyses were carried out in two-layered stands in the western part of Lithuania with tree-ring data measured on stem disks collected at 1 m height that were available from shelter-cut thinning activities in a number of forest stands in the region. Our results show that higher temperatures during the summer months of July and August generally inhibited the radial growth of beech under given site conditions. In contrast, warmer late-autumn and cooler early-winter periods together with warmer springs positively affected the radial increments. Above-average precipitation during the vegetation period contributed to the beech producing additional amounts of radial increments. The increasing temperature trends of the summer months and decreasing monthly amounts of precipitation during the vegetation period in recent decades tend to have adverse effects on the ecological conditions for beech growth and vitality in Lithuania. Despite these results, the European beech successfully grows in the sample region and has produced 200 m3 ha−1 in the analysed stands.

Improving indoor air quality and cooling efficiency: Indirect dew-point evaporative cooling in South China summers

The escalating impact of global warming and the increase in respiratory illnesses have heightened the demand for fresh air systems. However, the substantial power consumption and environmental harm associated with traditional air conditioning systems conflict with current international aspirations for carbon neutrality. To address these issues, a high-performance and compact counterflow indirect dew-point evaporative cooler have developed. This innovative design eliminates the U-turn of the working air seen in conventional M-cycle coolers, resulting in reduced pressure drop and enhanced energy efficiency. This study evaluates the performance of the newly developed dew-point cooler and explores its potential use in providing cool and fresh air for indoor spaces during the sub-tropical summer season in Zhenjiang city, Jiangsu province, China. The results indicate that despite the relatively low fan efficiency (ranging from 5% to 36%), a high cooling coefficient of performance (COP) between 5.2 and 9.3 was achieved. The cooler has demonstrated its effectiveness in improving both thermal comfort and air quality indoors. In Zhenjiang, the cooler can function as a standalone cooling device in June. However, during the hotter months of July and August, it is more suitable as an efficient pre-cooling device when used in conjunction with a conventional air conditioner. The developed cooler exhibited highly stable performance over a three-month test period, consistently maintaining effective cooling and fresh air supply. This study confirms the potential of the counterflow indirect dew-point evaporative cooler as a sustainable and efficient solution for improving indoor air ventilation and thermal comfort.

Effect of Age on the Body Parameters, Scrotum, Seminal Characteristics, Spermatozoa Integrity and Sexual Behavior in Ganjam Buck

Background: Bucks raised for breeding purposes receive no special attention and are raised at random without following the correct selection process. Besides, the fertility of the male bucks is never addressed. Goat breeders have noted a sharp decline in the reproductive efficiency of Ganjam goats, associated with a lengthened kidding interval, fewer successful pregnancies and decreased twining frequency. The measurement of male fertility parameters is crucial for estimating the breeding performance of any species since males contribute 50% of the reproductive efficiency. Methods: Six Ganjam bucks of age 1.5(B1), 2(B2), 2.5(B3), 3.5(B4), 4(B5) and 4.5(B6) years procured after selection on the basis of their body morphometry and sexual behaviour were maintained under optimum management practice. They were trained for semen collection. For study on effect age on the semen qualities, they were classified into two age groups and ejaculates were collected during two phases. Bucks of age below 3 were considered under Age group I and bucks older than 3 years were assigned Age group II. Twelve ejaculates from each buck were collected, six ejaculates between the month of July to August and six ejaculates during October to November. The total of 72 ejaculates was evaluated for the study of seminal characteristics. Besides, the external body parameters, scrotal parameters and sexual behaviour of the bucks were also recorded before each semen collection. Result: The bucks of age group II were found to be having significantly higher (p less than 0.01) body weight, mean body length and average value of chest girth than age group I bucks in the present study. The mean value of scrotal width of the bucks of age group II was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) as compared to that of age group I. The mean value of abnormalities of the bucks of age group II was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than that of age group I. The mean value of acrosome integrity and MBRT of the bucks of age group II was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) to that of age group I. The present study will be helpful in the selection of Ganjam buck at appropriate age for breeding purpose basing on their body parameters, scrotum, seminal characteristics, spermatozoa integrity and sexual behavior.

Energy efficient design of buildings in hot climates through cooling of the envelope

The building envelope can afford many enhancements for lowering the cooling load in hot regions. In this paper, an active upgraded model utilizing an evaporative system to cool the envelope will be tested in the relatively humid climate of the coastal area of the Arabian Gulf. A couple of buildings were erected for this purpose. One was fully enclosed by a secondary structure around it, and the gap between the two was cooled using an evaporative cooler. This was compared to the second, which was insulated according to Dubai Municipality standards. A third comparison was also performed, which concerned the standalone secondary envelope with no evaporative cooling. The interior of all three cases was cooled using DX window-type air conditioners, and the power consumption measured. Thermal simulations were performed on similarly designed models using Ecotect 5.5 to see how each system would perform in full-scale functioning buildings. The measured tests on the building models showed a reduction of electrical consumption in both upgrades compared to the regulation insulated reference. The secondary envelope provided savings of 40 % and 47.3 % in the hot months of June and July, while the evaporative solution saved 52.1 % and 53.7 %, respectively. The simulation of a full-size building over the entire year showed the secondary envelope saving 48.9 % and the evaporative assisted 57.15 %.

Rainfall characteristics under changing climate in Sundergarh district of Odisha

Most pronounced signal of warming world is the increase in intensity and frequency of extremeevents worldwide. Many researchers have reported the nature of these events in coastal district of Odisha, but forSundergarh district which comes under North-western Plateau Agro-Climatic Zone, it still needed to be studied. Thepresent study was conducted with an objective to study rainfall characteristics - rainfall climatology, rainy days, trend -their deviation and resulting meteorological drought in Sundergarh district of Odisha at block level using 34 years ofdaily rainfall data (1988-2022). IMD classification for rainy days was adopted to determine the frequency of rainy days indifferent categories. SPI was computed using Climpact to determine the occurrence and severity of meteorologicaldrought and identify episodes of dry and wet events during the study period for each block. MK test and Sen’s slopeestimator was used for detecting trend in rainfall (annual and seasonal) and rainy days at 95% significance level. Longterm rainfall analysis reveals that the mean annual rainfall of the district is 1290 ± 314 mm, most of which is receivedduring SW monsoon (86%) followed by post-monsoon (6.2%), pre-monsoon (5.7%) and least during winter (2.1%).Rainfall received in the months of July and August together accounts for more than 50% of the total. Spatial distributionof rainfall indicated that mean annual rainfall varies from 1071 mm (Subdega) to 1578 mm (Bonai). Annually, rainfall isdependable in most of the blocks. However, during pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and winter, CV is very high, so therainfall is not dependable. Bulk of annual rainfall received in the district is contributed by rain events of light to moderatecategory. Direction and magnitude of the trend of rainfall amount and rainy days varies a lot in different blocks. SPI values calculated for the district as a whole shows that frequency of occurrence of these drought events were: mild (34% of months); moderate (7.6% of months); severe (3.3% of months) and extreme (3.2% of months). The present study provides pertinent information on the rainfall climatology and its trend under climate change over the Sundergarh district of Odisha. Finding of the study suggests that there is an urgent need to raise awareness about the climate resilient society, train personnels about sustainable development approaches and highlight the necessity of water harvesting techniques at community level.

Temporal dynamics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in hospital wastewater

Hospital wastewater is a reservoir for the environmental spread of clinically relevant antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. The aim of this study was to quantify total Escherichia coli, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, and carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs) and perform whole-genome sequencing-based characterization of these bacterial isolates in hospital wastewater samples collected bimonthly in Japan from January to November 2021. Total E. coli counts were 8.1 × 103–8.8 × 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. ESBL-producing E. coli were detected in the sampling months of January, March, May, and July, with the ratio of ESBL-producing E. coli to total E. coli being remarkably highest (95 %) in July. In contrast, DHA-1 Ambler class C β-lactamase (AmpC)-producing E. coli was detected in September and November, accounting for 28 % and 3 % of total E. coli counts, respectively. All 140 ESBL-producing E. coli isolates harbored the blaCTX-M genes, with blaCTX-M-14 being the most common genotype (94.3 %), the vast majority of which were associated with the human virulent B2-O25b: H4-ST131-fimH30R/non-Rx. In September, E. coli clade I-O8:H33-ST3910-fimH1074 was primarily associated with blaDHA-1. Among 26 representative CPO isolates, Aeromonas caviae (34.6 %) and A. hydrophila subsp. hydrophila (30.8 %) were dominant. The most frequently detected carbapenemase gene was blaIMP-1 (57.7 %), followed by blaGES-24 (34.6 %) and blaGES-4 (7.7 %). Estimated bacterial counts of CPOs ranged from 4.0 × 10−1 to 4.7 × 103 CFU/mL over the six sampling months. blaIMP-1-positive A. hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ST860, which was repeatedly detected over the five sampling months, accounted for the highest total number of this bacterial clone (79 %).Overall, this study provides insights into the overwhelming presence and persistence of E. coli B2-O25b:H4-ST131-H30R/non-Rx with blaCTX-M-14 and Aeromonas spp. with blaIMP-1 in hospital wastewater, and the change in the dynamics of resistance gene prevalence from blaCTX-M-positive E. coli to blaDHA-1-positive E. coli.

First record of leaf miner, Phyllocnistis unipunctella (Stephens, 1834) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) infesting Populus deltoides Marsh (Salicaceae) in Jammu and Kashmir, India

The study reports infestation of leaf miner Phyllocnistis unipunctella (Stephens, 1834) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) on Populus deltoides Marsh (Salicaceae) in the UT of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The serpentine mining of leaves by larvae caused the leaves to dry out and turn brown, which lead to premature leaf drop, especially in severe infestations. Large populations rendered a silvery hue to the appearance of infested poplars when viewed from a distance. Pupation occurred inside the mine within a silken cell. Adults emerged after a period of 10-14 days. The infestation by this moth on poplars in the field was observed from the month of July to September.

Forecasting thermal stress for sports tourists at the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

This study explores thermal stress conditions (i.e. heat, humidity, sunlight exposure) sports tourists can expect when attending the 2026 FIFA World Cup. Sports tourism's growth is driven by international mega-events like FIFA World Cups and Olympic Games. With planning ongoing for the 2026 FIFA World Cup football (soccer) tournament, what remains unstudied are the heat conditions spectators can expect at the 16 host stadiums in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. The inquiry is important considering (1) the tournament is taking place in warm-weather months of June and July, (2) thermal stress contributes to heat-related illnesses like heat stroke, and (3) many destination-bound tourists will be at elevated risk to heat. Accordingly, we report historical and forecasted thermal stress levels documenting expected conditions at each host stadium. Notably, forecasts indicate worsening thermal stress compared to long-term means, providing support for the study's methodology. Practical implications and limitations are provided.

Feasibility Study of Marigold as Intercrop in Drumstick Cultivation for Interim Income Generation

Drumstick (Moringa oliefera Lam.) PKM-1(Annual) is an important perennial vegetable crop present cultivating in India not only as vegetable and for moringa leaf powder. India is the main producer of drumstick in the world because higher contribution is due to favourable temperature during flowering and fruit development stages. Even though encountered several production hurdles resulting greater yield loss due to existing climatic conditions during fruit developmental stages. But this crop gave them perfect assurance in giving good income in an average about 2-3 Lakhs rupees over a period of 2 years. Based on weather conditions farmers were being come forwarded by training programmes conducted by our KVK from 2017-till date, we have documented the farmers results by growing intercrops mainly marigold crop. Which gives good yield and good income to the farmers before pod formation of drumstick. Marigold is 110 days crop where drumstick gives first yield after 7 months. In between marigold crop not only giving accountable benefits to the farmers and it reduces the nematode problems in the field as well explained by Steiner, 1941 Marigold (Tagetes erecta) is one of the most widely studied plant genera due to its allelopathic potential against PPNs. Marigolds’ repressive impact on nematodes has been documented for over 50 years and some studies said that spiral (Helicotylenchus multicinctus) nematodes are responsible for yield losses of 30–60% in many banana-producing countries in the tropics (Davide, 1995, Speijer and Kajumba, 1996, Kashaija et al., 2004) . The partner crops of the intercropping system share space, water, and nutrients making the most efficient utilization of available resources (Xu et al., 2020). Earlier farmers were paddy growers where they didn’t see profits by selling paddy in IKP centers or as individual sales. So We conducted trails in Huzurabad Division and Errabelli villages of Karimnagar District (Old Karimnagar District), got successful results by doubling the farmer’s income. Raised marigold seedlings in KVK during June month and supplied to the farmers. Transplanted marigold and Drumstick in July month with 60cm x60cm and Drumstick spacing was 3mx3m where 444 plants were accommodated in one acre area, Intercropping is an agricultural system that improves land use efficiency through simultaneous cultivation of more different crops in the same field using functional complementarity to increase resources utilization, increase the productivity of crops and nutrient-use efficiency (Chifflot et al., 2006; Zhan and Li, 2003) Even went through many hurdles in marigold and drumstick crops in rainy season due to paddy growing soils and water logging conditions. In this, observed positive effects on soil carbon and nitrogen of intercropping found in previous intercropping studies (Makumba et al., 2007), [1]. Results are as follows we harvested 36.80Q per acre in 8 pickings and after drumstick pods harvested from February up to June 134 pods per tree. It shows C: B ratio as drumstick (PKM1) contribution 1:11.7 and marigold (Tanindo (Yellow and Orange) contribution 1:4.3 to the farmers. The demonstration plots reported that yield of marigold and drumsticks are 38.6Q and 49.58Q per acre. Farmers got good income Rs. 2, 74,160.00 through two crops in one acre area with Marigold as inter crop in Drumstick plantation. Based on this success story of the farmers, NABARD bank started giving loans to the farmers and they published this success story in their credit linkage plan 2018-19.

Sociodemographic, Educational and Psychological Characteristics in First-Time Consultants of Psychological Care Service

Objective: The purpose of the research was to compare the sociodemographic, educational and psychological characteristics in first-time consultants from university psychological care service after the COVID 19 pandemic. Theoretical Framework: Research has identified the need to characterize the population that receives psychological care as a priority. Method: It was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational design. The sample consisted of 119 people (76.5% women and 23.5% men), who requested the service between the months of February and July 2023. The Anxiety Scale (BAI), the Beck Depression Scale (BDI) were used., in addition to a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results and Discussion: It was found that the population that requested the service was made up mostly of women (76.5%, n=91) of 11-21 years. “Emotional instability” (27.73%) was found as the main reason for consultation, followed by “anxiety symptoms” (17.64%) and “depressive symptoms” (9.24%). Regarding the levels of depression, it was found that 41.2% of the sample is at a moderate level, followed by a severe level in 26.9%. Regarding the levels of anxiety, it was found as mild as moderate degree in 36.1% while 21% of the consultants were at a severe level. According to the Chi Square test, it is concluded that neither depression nor anxiety depend on sex. Research Implications: The data obtained makes it possible to demonstrate the impact on mental health that the pandemic has had on university populations. Originality/Value: The results favor the possibility of developing effective care strategies according to the characterizations found.

Analyzing Trends in Saharan Dust Concentration and Its Relation to Sargassum Blooms in the Eastern Caribbean

This study investigates the temporal trends and correlations between Saharan dust mass concentration densities (DMCD) and Sargassum concentrations (SCT) in the tropical North Atlantic. Average DMCD data for June, July, and August from 1980 to 2022, alongside SCT data for the same months from 2012 to 2022, were analyzed using Mann–Kendall tests for trends and lagged regression models to assess whether higher Saharan dust levels correlate with Sargassum outbreaks in the region. A comprehensive analysis reveals a significant upward trend in Saharan dust quantities over the study period, with the summer months of June, July, and August exhibiting consistent increases. Notably, 2018 and 2020 recorded the highest mean DMCD levels, with June showing the most significant increasing trend, peaking in 2019. These findings are consistent with previous studies indicating a continuous elevation in Saharan dust concentrations in the tropical atmosphere of the North Atlantic. Simultaneously, Sargassum concentrations also show a notable increasing trend, particularly in 2018, which experienced both peak SCT and elevated DMCD levels. Mann–Kendall tests confirm statistically significant upward trends in both Saharan dust and Sargassum concentrations. Simple linear regression and lagged regression analyses reveal positive correlations between DMCD and SCT, highlighting a temporal component with stronger associations observed in July and the overall June–July–August (JJA) period. These results underscore the potential contribution of elevated Saharan dust concentrations to the recent surge in Sargassum outbreaks in the tropical North Atlantic. Furthermore, the results from forward stepwise regression (FSR) models indicate that DMCD and chlorophyll (CHLO) are the most critical predictors of SCT for the summer months, while sea surface temperature (SST) was not a significant predictor. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring Saharan dust and chlorophyll trends in the Eastern Caribbean, as both factors are essential for improving Sargassum modeling and prediction in the region. This study provides valuable insights into the climatic factors influencing marine ecosystems and highlights the need for integrated environmental monitoring to manage the impacts on coastal economies.

Japanese encephalitis in swine in San Jose, Tarlac, Philippines

ObjectivesA systematic review of multidisciplinary studies on Japanese encephalitis (JE) in the Philippines indicated that endemic foci may be found in all 17 administrative regions in the country. MethodsTo establish the etiology of the disease, virus detection and seroprevalence surveys in 198 pigs were conducted in 2010–2011 in four barangays (villages) in the Municipality of San Jose, Tarlac. Prior to the present study, JE virus genotype III (JEV GIII) was recovered from the mosquito, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, in the same municipality where backyard hog-raising and wet rice cultivation were common practices among households located within 1 km radius from the paddies. ResultsJEV GIII was detected from serum and nasal swabs from pigs, 3 to 5-month-old, from barangays Pao, Moriones, and Villa Aglipay. Immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in pigs < 4 to > 8 months old, with an overall total of 17.2 % and 62.1 %, respectively. The presence of these antibodies in all pigs during four observation periods indicated year-round transmission starting with the rainy season, which encompasses the months of July and September 2010. IgM represented new infections. IgG increased correspondingly with age with repeated infections in older pigs. IgG levels remained high in all barangays. The number of households with any one of the markers: IgM, IgG, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction averaged out at 82.5 %, reflecting as it were, vulnerability to JE in barangays where all 198 pigs were examined. This report contributes to knowledge on JE, whereby incidence in humans may be linked to its epizootic spillover from pigs. ConclusionsThe study has shown that four barangays, representing a rice-farming community, supported the enzootic cycle of JE in swine, with mosquitoes previously found to be infected with JEV GIII in San Jose. Thus, infected pigs, rainfall, and proximity of human habitation to breeding sites of vector mosquitoes constituted the risk factors for JE, as it were in other endemic countries in Asia. The finding of viral RNA in nasal swabs suggests the possibility of direct transmission among pigs via the oronasal route. From the standpoint of public health, JE immunization of children and periodic surveillance of swine are recommended.

A tale of two generations: Justice in cities for a low-carbon world

According to the greenhouse gas (GHG) protocol for cities, GHGs are responsible for an estimated 75 per cent of global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. This represents a key opportunity to tackle climate change. With the year 2023 and, in particular, the month of July delivering record-breaking temperatures, this demonstrates a clear need to accelerate decarbonisation and, in this context, to reduce the carbon footprint of cities. Further, acting on urban development addresses a number of key United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). Many cities, however, are struggling to break away from a reliance on carbon and some are economically dependent on it. This paper seeks to investigate, through an energy justice lens, some first considerations of how to secure just and sustainable urban regeneration. It posits that energy justice, and its five core principles, is a useful analytical tool for considering the justice and development concerns related to the transition to a low-carbon world. The cities examined in brief in this comparative study are Bordeaux in France, Venice in Italy, Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam and Bangkok in Thailand. The research posits that despite different trajectories, cities can play a leading role in ensuring justice and sustainability in our low-carbon world.

Nursing Care For Patients With Stroke Victims: An Integrative Review

The study aims to analyze the nursing care offered to patients who have suffered a stroke; identify the main risk factors and forms of prevention; describe the main conducts adopted by the nursing team to patients suffering from a stroke. As a method, it is characterized as an integrative literature review study. The search was carried out during the months of July and August 2024, in the databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Online System (Medline), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences ( Lilacs ), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Nursing Database (BDENF), National Library of Medicine (NLM/ PubMed ) and ScienceDirect . Using the combination of descriptors contained in the Health Sciences Descriptors ( DeCS ), the following descriptors were used in English, Portuguese and Spanish: “Stroke Vascular Accident” AND “Nursing Care” AND “Cerebrovascular Accident” in conjunction with the Boolean operator OR. Ten articles were selected. As a result, three categories were highlighted according to thematic similarity: Stroke (CVA) and risk factors; nursing care offered to patients who are victims of Stroke and the conduct adopted by the nursing team in the care of patients with Stroke. Finally, it is of great relevance to highlight the assistance to patients affected by Stroke, thus emphasizing that the nursing area is composed of professionals dedicated to offering assistance and care that aim at both the prevention of the disease, treatment, cure, and the rehabilitation of patients, providing quality assistance, applying conducts based on scientific knowledge

A tale of two generations: Justice in cities for a low-carbon world

According to the greenhouse gas (GHG) protocol for cities, GHGs are responsible for an estimated 75 per cent of global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. This represents a key opportunity to tackle climate change. With the year 2023 and, in particular, the month of July delivering record-breaking temperatures, this demonstrates a clear need to accelerate decarbonisation and, in this context, to reduce the carbon footprint of cities. Further, acting on urban development addresses a number of key United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). Many cities, however, are struggling to break away from a reliance on carbon and some are economically dependent on it. This paper seeks to investigate, through an energy justice lens, some first considerations of how to secure just and sustainable urban regeneration. It posits that energy justice, and its five core principles, is a useful analytical tool for considering the justice and development concerns related to the transition to a low-carbon world. The cities examined in brief in this comparative study are Bordeaux in France, Venice in Italy, Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam and Bangkok in Thailand. The research posits that despite different trajectories, cities can play a leading role in ensuring justice and sustainability in our low-carbon world.

Heat wave resilience in open Spaces: A case study of a Self-Sufficient cooling shelter

Climate change intensifies urban uninhabitability due to increasingly frequent heat waves. To alleviate it, climatic shelters emerge as an initiative for the research community, which should deepen the integration of technologies that use natural resources for cooling. This work aims to evaluate a novel climatic shelter by characterizing its thermal behavior through an experimental study at a bus stop. It has the capacity to alleviate the thermal stress of its occupants thanks to cooling modules. The results allow to determine the capacity of the natural water-cooling system and the level of thermal storage, allowing to quantify the impact on the citizen by means of the COMFA comfort index. It is corroborated that the chilled water temperature reduces the surface temperature by 15 °C. The installation reduces overheating caused by solar radiation by 75 % compared to traditional shelters. It also demonstrates energy and electrical self-sufficiency even during high intensity heat waves. The shelter maintains daytime water temperature between 18 and 25 °C, even in heat waves exceeding 7 days and 45 °C air temperature. The COMFA index has been reduced to values between 70 and 120 W/m2 in 90 % of the worst weather conditions in Csa climates by Köppen Geiger, for the months of July and August 2023.