Julian Calendar Research Articles

Artificial intelligence for predicting arctic permafrost and active layer temperatures along the Alaskan North Slope

AbstractClimate change in Arctic regions poses a threat to permafrost stability, potentially leading to issues such as infrastructure damage, altered ecosystems, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge of monitoring permafrost temperatures and identifying critical environmental factors is accentuated by the scarcity of subsurface thermal data in remote Arctic locales. To alleviate this lack of soil thermal data we set out to combine in situ observed soil temperatures with MERRA-2 reanalysis data and Machine Learning (ML) to develop local and season-specific subsurface soil temperature predictions in Alaska. First, reanalysis features are selected based on surface energy budget physics. Coupled with Julian calendar dates, reanalysis features are preprocessed and then fed to the ML prediction model. We conducted a series of computational experiments and tested the results against performance benchmarks to determine the optimal prediction models, length of look-back period of model inputs, and the training set size. Six conventional ML models (e.g., GBDT, RF, SVR) and five statistical baselines (e.g. ARIMA) using in situ time series of soil temperature data ranging from 0 - 1 m depth are considered for the prediction task. The models are trained using in situ soil temperatures at depths between 0 and 1 m, spanning 16+ years, from field sites at Deadhorse and Toolik Lake, Alaska. All prediction performances are assessed using root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Results show that locally trained ML models can estimate shallow soil temperatures with an average error of $$RMSE=1.308^{\circ }$$ R M S E = 1 . 308 ∘ C.

The process of transition of the UGCC to the new calendar

Starting September 1, 2023, the Synod of Bishops of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church will eliminate the error of the old Julian calendar and church holidays will correspond to the astronomical calendar that our society lives by. For the past 123 years, we have been living according to a calendar that lagged behind the astronomical calendar by 13 days.

Un computo astrologico in volgare del secolo XII

Abstract Now in the British Library, MS Harley 5402 is a collection of astrological treatises from different sources. It consists of two groups of texts, with the first, penned by a 12th-century professional Italian scribe, covering folios 1r-69r, and the second, added in the 14th century, running from folio 70r to 104v. Acting as a watershed between the two parts, folio 69 contains three short texts added by non-professional hands in a deplorable Latin, strongly influenced by the vernacular (Italian and Occitan). – A fourth text, in a variety of Old Italian, was inserted by yet another non-professional hand, with all elements pointing to the city of Pisa in the second half of the 12th century: this conclusion is supported by the palaeographic analysis carried out in this article. The Old Italian text, La rasione dele littere Julii inperator, discovered by professor Charles Burnett of the Warburg Institute in London, has resisted every attempt at interpretation until the present day: for instance, efforts to link this “method for calculating the letters of Emperor Julius” to the Julian calendar with its Dominical letters have proved fruitless. What is clear, however, is that we are looking at the oldest known specimen of Italian scientific prose.

Determining which date is the day of the week

This study is about determining which day of the week a day falls in history using mathematical equations. Various computer programs or some calendar tables have been prepared on this subject. This study aims to study mathematical equations covering all centuries after Christ. The Gregorian calendar used today was first used as the Julian calendar, and in 1582, it was determined that there was a small error in this Julian calendar. This error was corrected and the Gregorian calendar was created. The aim of this study is to find the equations that correspond to the days of the Julian and Gregorian calendars.

Single syntypes of Somatochlora exuberata Bartenev, 1910 (Odonata: Corduliidae), discovered in both the Milwaukee Public Museum and the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, U.S.A., with designation of the lectotype.

A male syntype of Somatochlora exuberata Bartenev, 1910, from Kavykuchi Gazimurskie village, Transbaikalia, Siberia, June 24 (in Julian Calendar, July 7 in Gregorian Calendar) 1909, was discovered in the Milwaukee Public Museum, Wisconsin, U.S.A., as received in exchange from A.N. Bartenev by Richard Anthony Muttkowski. Another male syntype with the same data later was found in the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Michigan, U.S.A. The latter specimen is designated as the lectotype of S. exuberata. The description of Somatochlora vera Bartenev, 1914, a name currently considered a junior synonym of S. exuberata, is critically evaluated.

On the History of the Monastic Movement for the Paternal Calendar on Mount Athos

The article analyzes events from the history of the Orthodox Church of the last century, which were caused by calendar transformations in the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which led to active apologetic activity in defense of the Julian (“Old”, “Paternal”) calendar by representatives of one of the most important centers of world Orthodoxy - Holy Mount Athos. This movement found wide support among the laity and clergy of the Greek Church, and subsequently caused a wide public outcry throughout the Orthodox world. However, there were many who reacted indifferently to the event, or even supported it at all. The attitude to the calendar reform was also ambiguous within the monastic circles of Mount Athos, one part of which reacted sharply negatively to this innovation, the other took a moderate position. This publication is dedicated to this little-covered episode in the history of the Church. The article shows the significant influence that Athos monasticism had on the course of events caused by the calendar reform. The history of the Orthodox Church in the XX century is filled with many dramatic events, one of which is the church calendar reform, which began in 1924 and led to a split within the Church. The confrontation between reformers and traditionalists within the Orthodox Church first manifested itself acutely in the first half of the XX century. The prerequisites for this were indicated even earlier. Eventually after all the events. Two trends have emerged in connection with innovations in world Orthodoxy, one of which expresses itself in an effort to defend traditional spiritual values, on which Orthodox Teaching is actually based, the second is to introduce novelty, to go for reforms, to harmonize the Teaching of the Church with the spirit of the times.

Archaeoastronomy and the alleged ‘Stonehenge calendar’

AbstractIn a recent Antiquity article, Darvill (2022) proposed that the mid third-millennium BC Stage 2 sarsen settings of Stonehenge (comprising the Trilithon Horseshoe, Sarsen Circle and the Station Stone Rectangle) were conceived in order to represent a calendar year of 365.25 days—that is, a calendar identical in duration to the Julian calendar. In the present article, the authors argue that this proposal is unsubstantiated, being based as it is on a combination of numerology, astronomical error and unsupported analogy.

Alignment Patterns of Romanesque Churches Dedicated to the Virgin of the Assumption in Soria, Spain

Previous studies have reported that in southern Spain some medieval churches are aligned to sunrise on the canonical equinox, independent of their dedication, and to sunrise on 15th August, for dedications to the Virgin of the Assumption. This paper aims to identify precedents of this tradition in the province of Soria (northeast Spain), where the campaign by Christians to recapture territory held by the Muslims was accomplished in the first third of the twelfth century. This Reconquista was followed by a repopulation process and the building of a large number of rural churches in the Romanesque Repopulation style until the middle of the thirteenth century, many of which are preserved. The paper studies a set of 73 parish churches dedicated to the Virgin of the Assumption in Soria, with a subsample of 44 ascribed to the Romanesque. Their azimuths were measured from georeferenced orthophotographs. The normalised sums of probability densities have been computed for azimuths and declinations, and subjected to quantitative statistical assessment by using the confidence envelope curve and total peak area methods. The results reveal that 50% of the churches in the Romanesque subsample have intended alignment patterns. About two thirds of these were aligned toward the “sol aequinoctialis”, which can be evoked by (1) true east (astronomical equinox), and (2) sunrise on 21st or 25th March in the Julian calendar, the dates of the ecclesiastical and canonical equinox, respectively. The remaining third were aligned towards sunrise on 15th August. Data allows discussion on the accuracy in the involved practical methods used for alignments and on some relevant questions on the origin and spread of this tradition.

From Communists to Rebellious

After the consultative synod at Constantinople in 1923, the Romanian Orthodox Church agreed to adopt a revised version of the Julian calendar. This meant a break with tradition that brought about a series of crises on a spiritual and political level. Dissent movements, known as Old Calendarist, started to emerge in the villages of Moldavia and Bessarabia; led by defrocked monks, these groups posed a threat for the Romanian Orthodox Church and for the newly formed state and its modernising goals. Accused of sympathising with the communist ideas, as well as of propagating them, the Old Calendarist leaders were labelled as dangerous Bolsheviks and aggressive measures were adopted by both state and church authorities in order to destroy the movements and disperse their members. Based on press articles of the time and archival documents, the present study analyses the development that the Old Calendarist movement underwent in Bessarabia, a region with a strong monastic tradition, as well as the discourse and politics of state authorities against this specific community.

Chronology of Jesus’ and John the Baptist’ Births, and Jesus’ Epiphany and Death in Maria Valtorta’s Writings

The literary work of the mystical writer Maria Valtorta (1897-1961) contains a detailed life of Jesus, without any explicit dates with respect to the Julian calendar. She sets Jesus’ birth (Nativity) on the first day of the Hebrews’ feast of Hannukah, and his age, when he was crucified, in 1737 weeks. She writes that the Passover of the year before his death fell on Saturday. All these unusual chronological data concerning Jesus’ life raise the question about their coherence and self-consistency. Astronomical and calendar analysis allows setting: 1) Jesus’ crucifixion on 23 April 34; 2) the Nativity, Epiphany and Jesus’ Baptism on January 6; 3) John the Baptist’s birthday on June 24. All these results arise the question about the origin of this hidden chronology which, unexpectedly for a mystic of Western Christian tradition, confirms the Eastern tradition about the most important dates of Jesus’ life.

Szwermicki, Szwernicki or maybe Szwirmicki? A contribution to the biography of an exile priest, parish priest in Irkutsk in the 19th century

The article is dedicated to the historically original figure of Krzysztof Szwermicki (1814-1894), a Marian priest, an exile to Siberia in the middle of the 19th century, then for many years, a parish priest in Irkutsk, who died there. On the basis of new materials - the parish books of the parish of Dauksze (today in Lithuania) - stored in the Lithuanian Historical Archive in Vilnius, the author establishes many facts, and corrects the errors in the biography of Father Szwermicki, one of the most interesting, exceptionally positive figures of the Catholic Church in Russia. The most important findings include the following: he was born on September 6, 1814 into a peasant family, to Adam and Catherine, in the village of Warnupiany, in the parish of Dauksze near Mariampol; on September 8 he was baptized with the name Krzysztof; he had the family name of Szwirmicki, which he later changed to Szwermicki, although he was also known and described as Szwernicki. He died in Irkutsk on October 31 (according to the Julian calendar), 1894, and was buried on November 3 in the Jerusalem cemetery (the grave does not exist). In historical literature he was more often spelled: Szwernicki. The author of the text argues that he should be spelled: Krzysztof Szwermicki, or more fully: Krzysztof Szwermicki (Szwernicki).

Professor Nikolai Alekseevich Bogoraz (1874–1952)

This article contains historical aspects of the life of the great Russian scientist and surgeon – Nikolai Alekseevich Bogoraz. The work is devoted to the scientific discoveries of Nikolai Alekseevich in the field of urology, operative surgery, as well as the main points of the biography of N. A. Bogoraz are described here: the path from a student of the Military Medical Academy to an outstanding Russian surgeon. Nikolai Alekseevich was born on February 1 (13 according to the Julian calendar), 1874 in the city of Taganrog, Donskoy Army region – modern Rostov region. The future famous scientist and surgeon, Nikolai Alekseevich, graduated with a gold medal at first from the Tiflis Gymnasium in 1892, and then from the Military Medical Academy in 1897, graduating with the degree of «doctor with honors». Further, N. A. Bogoraz had a long, multidisciplinary professional path. In 1920, Nikolai Alekseevich lost both lower limbs because of a traffic accident, which gives a halo of heroism to the image of the professor. However, this tragic accident did not hindered the talented surgeon from creating a monumental work that glorified N. A. Bogoraz in the world medical community, – «Reconstructive surgery» in two volumes. N. A. Bogoraz died at the age of 78 on July 15, 1952 from repeated myocardial infarction and was buried at the Vvedenskoye cemetery in Moscow.

The original of the "Interpretation of the calendar" by YovhannẼs Kozern (the problem of "What is the year?")

To conclude, we would like to note that, following our goal, in this article we presented the handwritten legacy of the famous calendar expert of the 10th-11th centuries Yovhannẽs Kozern Taronetśi, whose legacy has been preserved in the manuscripts of the Mashtots Matenadaran. We have stated that the author's "Interpretation of the Calendar" is included in eleven manuscripts of the Matenadaran. Yovhannẽs Kozern is also the author of other works: the work "Tesil", "The history of the House of Bagratuni", speeches, sermons and other interpretations. In the article we touched on the question "What is the year?" according to the work of Yovhannẽs Kozern "Interpretation of the calendar". To study the issue, we used both the already published originals and two new manuscripts that were not used in the preparation of examination and comparative originals. Once again, these manuscripts of the Matenadaran No. 5809 and No. 8716, which the researchers did not refer to, contributed to the clarification of all the figures given in the calendarial entity of "What is the year". The article also discusses the idea of the beginning of the Armenian first year. Yovhannẽs Kozern showed the correspondence of this year to 552/553 of the Julian calendar, comparing 1 Navasard with various periods of the reign of the kings and Catholicoses of Armenians. We also hope that the idea of the "immobility" of the Armenian calendar put forward by us will allow to look at various issues of the Armenian calendar from a new angle. During the research of the topic, we adopted a new calendar method, and also used historical-analytic, historical-comparative and analytic methods.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis-A long night's journey into day.

Content available: Audio Recording.

Old Calendaristsʼ Religious Minority in Romania - Contribution to the Study of the History and Cultural Heritage

For centuries, Romania has been the center of numerous national, ethnic, and religious communities, each with its own cultural and religious organizations. The Christian faith group found in this country includes legally protected religious communities, marked by specific features such as perception of time, symbolism of space, patterns, as well as beliefs, rituals, and customs. The paper presents the religious minority of old calendarists in Romania, which emerged within the Romanian Orthodox Church at the beginning of the 20th century as a result of disputes over the use of the liturgical calendar. Fundamental issues associated with the Gregorian and Julian calendars, the history of old calendarists in Romania, and the churches currently using the Julian calendar in their liturgical practice in Romania are addressed. Additionally, the article presents key artifacts of the tangible cultural heritage of old calendarists. The analysis is based on qualitative methodology, including the results of field studies conducted in Romania during the period of 2010-2020.

Grigaliaus kalendoriaus įvedimas Kaune 1582 m.

INTRODUCTION OF THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR IN KAUNAS IN 1582 The paper deals with a hitherto unexamined problem, namely, the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in Kaunas at the end of 1582. On a basis of scarce sources, the conclusion is drawn that the Gregorian Reform of the calendar was implemented at the chanceries of Kaunas municipality simultaneously, i. e., on 15 October 1582. The Julian calendar, however, was deeply implanted in the minds and memory of local scribes, therefore they discerned, to some extent, between the Gregorian calendar and the socalled old one (Calendarium vetus) in a short period of time. Nevertheless, no evidence of a discontent was found in the available sources similar to those of Vilnius, where the Ruthenian community directly opposed the Gregorian Reform, not to mention the social upheaval that erupted in Riga between 1584 and 1589. In sum, the reception of the Gregorian calendar in Kaunas did not provoke any controversies.

Analisa Pergeseran Kalender Gregorian Menjadi Kalender Dunia

The Julius calendar or also known as the Old Style calendar is a calendar pioneered by Julius Caesar as a reform of the Roman republican calendar. The Julian calendar was formed at the time of knowing a difference of about 3 months in the calendar that was in effect at that time, namely the Ancient Roman Calendar which had been replaced long ago. The Ancient Roman calendar set the length of a year at only 365 days, ignoring the remaining days of the actual solar year. This is known when the day of the harvest season coincided with a holiday among the Romans which actually fell in summer but occurred in winter, where the number of days in the Roman year was shorter than the number of days in the solar year. Therefore, Julius Caesar and assisted by a Greek astronomer named Sosigenes corrected the error of the Roman calendar system at that time by making one year 365 days. Then the Gregorian calendar was born. This calender is the Gregorian calender or it can also be called the New Style Calender reformed from the Julius calender. The Gregorian calender is the most widely used calender in the western world and is the standard for calculating international days today although initially rejected by some countries.Keywords: Julius calender, Gregorian calender, Gregorian calender rejection.

Studi Komparasi Sejarah dan Aturan Kalender Tahun Masehi: Julian dan Gregorian

The common era calendar was a calendar from the ancient Roman calendar that uses lunar system that Julius Caesar then modified on sosignes' suggestion to use the solar system as the with one year's tropical length to 365.25 days. As science progressed, Pope Gregory XIII made improvements by favoring a reference to the tropic count 365.2425 days, shorter by 0.0075 days than Julian. Gregory added new rules and corrections to Julian's calendar to keep the calendar in line with the annual movement of the sun. It also explains how dates are dated before and after the common era.Keywords: calendar, masehi, julian, gregorian, islamic astronomy

Organisation of church singing in the Church of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste in the Townof Pechora during the nazi occupation in 1941–1944

The article is devoted to the problem of organizing church services in a Russian provincial church during the Nazi occupation of 1941-1944 on the example of the Church of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste in the city of Pechora, Pskov region. Archival documents have been deposited in the church - accounting acts and books from the XVIIIth century allowed to trace its history, the organization of church life and the peculiarities of the administration of divine services. The rich library of old printed books that has been preserved allowed us to imagine in detail how the church service was organized, according to which books and notes were sung in the Pechora church in its various periods. Rich singing traditions, supported by talented regents, and a powerful large parish made it possible to preserve the male composition of the singing group, which worked through the entire occupation. Priests and regents were replaced, but the main choral group remained unchanged. The payment for the church choir has changed. Women's voices were transferred to the amateur cast, however, if possible, they were supported financially. Almost all the years of the war, worship was conducted according to the Gregorian calendar at the request of the German authorities, despite the Julian calendar adopted by the Moscow Patriarchate. At the first opportunity, the Russian parish of the Forty Martyrs switched to worship in the old style at the beginning of 1944

Sew-Sew Jokes

“WHY IS IT FLIES CAN’T SEE IN THE WINTER TIME?” —I.C. FAIRLYWELL “I SUPPOSE IT IS BECAUSE THEY LEAVE THEIR SPECS BEHIND IN THE SUMMER TIME.” Illustration of a popular pun in The Entomologists’ “Jokebook.” For a holiday that isn’t really about anything, April Fool’s Day has been around for a long time. According to some historians, the “holiday” may have originated in 1582, when the Council of Trent ordered a switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar and, in doing so, moved New Year’s Day from 1 April (give or take a week around the vernal equinox) to 1 January, ostensibly creating all kinds of confusion and possibly foolish behavior as people adjusted to the change. I “celebrated” April Fool’s Day 2022 (an otherwise profoundly unfunny year) by searching in my office bookcase of antiquarian entomological publications for a little book titled The Entomologists’ Jokebook: Humorous Writings and Comments—Wittingly and Unwittingly Written—of an Otherwise Highly Important Science by one “J.J.”