Journalistic Style Research Articles

Filologie – věc veřejná

Alexandr Stich theoretically contributed to the definition of the journalistic style in the system of functional styles, understanding it as a style primarily determined by the persuasive function. After 1989, he himself became a prominent publicist who tried to influence public opinion on matters of cultural and political importance in his texts published especially in Literární noviny, Lidové noviny and Přítomnost. In our analysis, we approach Stich’s journalism from the perspective of Hausenblas’s functional stylistics as a text complex, i.e. as a whole, which – as we show – is unified in function, style and meaning and is internally interconnected on the linguistic, thematic and compositional levels.

A Lexicon for First-Trimester US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Recommendations.

The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound convened a multisociety panel to develop a first-trimester US lexicon based on scientific evidence, societal guidelines, and expert consensus that would be appropriate for imagers, clinicians, and patients. Through a modified Delphi process with consensus of at least 80%, agreement was reached for preferred terms, synonyms, and terms to avoid. An intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) is defined as a pregnancy implanted in a normal location within the uterus. In contrast, an ectopic pregnancy (EP) is any pregnancy implanted in an abnormal location, whether extrauterine or intrauterine, thus categorizing cesarean scar implantations as EPs. The term pregnancy of unknown location is used in the setting of a pregnant patient without evidence of a definite or probable IUP or EP at transvaginal US. Since cardiac development is a gradual process and cardiac chambers are not fully formed in the first trimester, the term cardiac activity is recommended in lieu of 'heart motion' or 'heartbeat.' The terms 'living' and 'viable' should also be avoided in the first trimester. 'Pregnancy failure' is replaced by early pregnancy loss (EPL). When paired with various modifiers, EPL is used to describe a pregnancy in the first trimester that may or will not progress, is in the process of expulsion, or has either incompletely or completely passed. © RSNA and Elsevier, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. This article is a simultaneous joint publication in Radiology and American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. All rights reserved. The articles are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal's style. Either version may be used in citing this article. See also the editorial by Scoutt and Norton in this issue.

Тенденция к демократизации как предпосылка экономичности выражения смысла и ее проявление в текстах публицистического и официально-делового стиля

The purpose of the study is to systematize the trends of democratization of the modern Russian language in terms of the manifestation of linguistic economy in journalistic and official business discourses at the syntactic level. The article considers examples demonstrating the implementation of the principles of linguistic economy in texts of journalistic and official business style at the syntactic level. It has been established that language economy is important for effective communication, allowing speakers to convey their message clearly and effectively. By avoiding verbosity and unnecessary complexity, senders of communication messages can ensure that the audience understands their meaning without unnecessary cognitive effort. Syntax plays a crucial role in achieving communication efficiency and effectiveness. The democratization of syntax in a journalistic style is caused by the need to reach a wider audience and reflect the changing dynamics of media consumption. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time, based on the material of the journalistic and official business discourses of the Russian language, current trends in softening style norms are shown, which gives an idea of the dynamics of language development under the influence of extralinguistic factors. The result of this research is to establish trends in the development of stylistic norms of the modern Russian language in journalistic and official business styles.

Beyond the Classroom: Evaluating Solutions Journalism Education From the Perspective of University Graduates

This study examines how solutions journalism education translates to professional practice, through in-depth interviews with current media professionals who encountered solutions journalism when they were in college. Findings suggest that solutions journalism education resonates powerfully with students, and incorporating the practice in J-school curriculum may have the potential to reengage disenchanted students. Whereas there remain significant barriers to practicing the approach in the workplace, participants revealed that their encounters at university with solutions journalism positively affected their reporting style, interview skills, and perspective of journalism’s role in society.

STYLISTIC ROLE OF DETERMINED VOCABULARY IN PUBLICISTIC STYLE (Based on the material of Lina Kostenko’s article “The Humanitarian Aura of a Nation, or The Defect of the Main Mirror”)

This research aims to analyze the stylistic possibilities of deterministic vocabulary in a journalistic style based on the material of Lina Kostenko’s article “The Humanitarian Aura of the Nation, or the Defect of the Main Mirror”. To achieve this goal, we have carried out a continuous selection of quotes from the analyzed article using lexical units that have undergone determination; described the thematic classes of deterministic lexemes, distinguished the decisions of the functional, lexical-semantic, and traced semantic-stylistic levels, the semantic modifications of the deterministic vocabulary; revealed the stylistic role of determinations for achieving a communicative goal. The article uses several linguistic and general scientific research methods: the continuous selection method that we used to single out quotes in which the author used deterministic lexemes; based on semantic analysis, we have carried out a thematic classification of the studied material; statistical methods made it possible to reveal quantitative parameters of thematic groups of deterministic vocabulary; with the help of structural-thematic and semantic analysis, we have classified selected lexemes according to the levels of determination; we have also applied the interpretive method to reveal the semantics of deterministic lexical units in specific contexts, of analysis. We have also used descriptive, comparative, component, and deductive research methods to accomplish the article’s aim. We have singled out 167 quotations with lexical units that underwent determination and were used for different stylistic or content purposes. We have identified 146 terms of twenty-one thematic groups. The most frequently presented general scientific terms (19.2%), political science (13.8%), psychological (9.6%), and historical (8.9%) terms, the dominance of which can be explained primarily by the content features of the analyzed work. Considering the degree of loss of the signs of the term by the lexeme, 67% of determined lexemes are functional determinations that belong mainly to the groups of general scientific terms and terms of the socio-political sphere. We have established that the functional determinations reflect the features of the modern communicative space, testify to the high intellectual level of the author, and are aimed at the same educated readers. Determinations of the lexical-semantic level arise due to the modification of term semantics and the emergence of a new, universal meaning of the lexeme, usually recorded in explanatory dictionaries. Thanks to the combination of language units from different thematic fields, seven intentions are actualized, additional common language connotations are superimposed, and original imagery arises – all this contributes to the emergence of a specific expression inherent in the journalistic style of literary language. We have revealed that the term gets the semantic-stylistic level of determination when it undergoes certain semantic modifications and becomes an element of an artistic device (trope, stylistic figure). The specificity of Lina Kostenko’s creative style determines the presence of complex artistic images in the analyzed work, which combine semantic transformations and stylistic means – figures, and tropes. Usually, artistic metaphors with antitheses, oxymorons, epithets, phraseology, etc., are intertwined in one quote. Determinations contribute to the semantic accuracy, exactness, and imagery of speech and reflect the author’s subjective perception of the corresponding subject or phenomenon, strengthen the author’s assessment of what was said, and contribute to the statement’s expression.

Visual Storytelling: A Contemporary Approach to Online Journalism for the Millennial Generation

This case study examines the topic of digital visual content, information dissemination, art, and culture for local Indonesian products on the Instagram account Folkative. Folkative is a company targeting a young audience, primarily millennials. Founded to inspire, inform, and represent the diverse creative culture of Indonesian youth, Folkative accomplishes this through the creation of content and interactive online events aimed at the youth of today. The communication style of the Folkative Instagram account has a significant impact on online activities and the evolution of millennial communication patterns. This research employs a qualitative approach using the case study method. The researcher conducted in-depth interviews with 5 informants selected through purposive sampling criteria. The results of this study indicate that the form of content, quality perception, and reader attitudes support the dissemination of content through the Instagram account Folkative. Visual design, which presents the power of images, has become a suitable medium for storytelling, and it is favored by the millennial generation, particularly in the context of journalism. This transformation has shifted the style of journalism from traditional audio and text-based formats to visual art that narrates current and meaningful information for the audience, thus enhancing the literacy interests of the digital native generation.

“The journalistic licence of it all”: Crime, Fiction, and Journalism in David Peace’s Nineteen Seventy Four

This paper analyzes David Peace’s novel Nineteen Seventy Four (1999), first part of his Red Riding Quartet, to revise how the author uses the dynamics and conceptions of journalism and noir fiction to problematize the concepts of truth and fiction within the genre, on the one hand, and to reflect on the notion of historical past in relation to the present, also subordinated to the crossings between truth and fiction, on the other. By constructing a detective that in this case is embodied by an ambitious journalist in the Yorkshire County of 1974 and exploiting his sordid narrative style, the novel demands comparisons between the contemporary context and the past he fictionalizes through the presence of real-life events. Taking meticulous advantage of the precepts and expectations of noir fiction, the novel leads to a conscientious reading that exacerbates the growing instability of the boundaries between the discourses of reality and fiction in the 21st century. This analysis focuses first on the characterization of the protagonist since the construction of a reporter as the detective and narrator of a noir novel emphasizes the thematization of journalism when seen in relation to the search for truth for profit. Then, it turns to the importance of the journalistic style of the narrator and protagonist, since the narrative characteristics of the text outline very peculiar ways of reading that lead to questioning hegemonic discourses.

Освещение эскалации конфликта в секторе Газа западными СМИ: объективное отражение событий или искажение реальности?

The article provides an analysis of the Western-oriented media outlets and its coverage of the crisis in the Gaza Strip, as well the actions of HAMAS and the IDF. The paper also examines the reaction of the international community to the HAMAS attack on Israel, as well as to the IDF's retaliatory strike on the Gaza Strip and on the civilian population. The author analyzes the ways in which Western media present the conflict and their impact on public opinion. The study concludes that Western media intentionally and voluntarily use specific stylistic phrases and expressions describ-ing the actions of HAMAS, applying at the same time a neutral journalistic style with regard to the humanitarian disaster in the Gaza Strip, which results in depersonalization of Palestinian victims. The change in the news agenda is directly related to the transformation of the international community's reaction to the events in the Gaza Strip: the positions of key Western countries soften regarding the humanitarian disaster in the Gaza Strip so does Western media. The fact of depersonalization and de-humanization of the Palestinian population still remains on the news agenda, which leads to the conclu-sion that despite the claims of independence and liberality the Western media broadcast a position structure of Western states and Israel in covering the conflict in the Gaza Strip, ignoring at the same time the interpretation of the conflict by non-Western actors, including Russia.

Subjective Modality and Means of its Expression in a Journalistic Style

This article is dedicated to the study of one of the categories of the sentence — modality. Many domestic linguists define this category as the attitude of the speaker to reality. Representing a complex phenomenon,it does not have a clear definition and according to many linguists requires clarification. The article presents the main provisions from the works of V. V. Vinogradov, who compiled a voluminous list of means denoting modal meanings, and G. A. Zolotova. The definition of the concepts of objective and subjective modality is given according to the «Russian grammar» (of 1980) and the «Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary». The means of expressing subjective modality are analyzed in journalistic style texts by means of an example of online newspaper «Culture». Cases of expression are identified and considered at the level of simple and complex sentences. It is noted that the subjective modality is associated with the use of lexical repetition, phrases, introductory words, separate, interjections, words that cause desire, possibility, intention or non-union complex sentences, complex sentences, unions and allied words. It was found in the article that the subjective modality is mostly expressed by using units of lexical and syntactic levels.

Personalization of tech corporations: Examining personalized news and the media reputation of Google, Facebook, and Apple in Swiss news media

Tech corporations, such as Google, Facebook, and Apple, have increasingly become the focus of public media attention and are subject to public scrutiny due to their prominence and scandals. Often, the news media reports on the corporations’ chief executive officers and founders as representatives of the corporations to make complex company-related information comprehensible and gain more public attention. The personalization trend in the news media has turned some corporate leaders into celebrities and is linked to tech companies’ media reputations, that is, the evaluations of tech companies in the news media. However, research on personalization in corporate news is rare and conflicting, and whether and how personalization is linked to the media reputations of Big Tech corporations is not yet clear. By focusing on different personalization types, this study investigates the relationship between personalization and the evaluation of tech companies in the news. A quantitative content analysis of media articles ( N = 5234) in Swiss news outlets revealed that the news on tech companies is frequently personalized, and personalized news is more negative and more often related to the social aspects of tech corporations than non-personalized news. Our study indicates that personalization is used as a journalistic style in the news about tech corporations but is most common in negative reporting in which the role of tech corporations in society is critically assessed.

The Role of Imaging for GI Bleeding: ACG and SAR Consensus Recommendations.

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is the most common GI diagnosis leading to hospitalization within the United States. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of GI bleeding is critical to improving patient outcomes and reducing high health care utilization and costs. Radiologic techniques including CT angiography, catheter angiography, CT enterography, MR enterography, nuclear medicine red blood cell scan, and technetium-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy (Meckel scan) are frequently used to evaluate patients with GI bleeding and are complementary to GI endoscopy. However, multiple management guidelines exist, which differ in the recommended utilization of these radiologic examinations. This variability can lead to confusion as to how these tests should be used in the evaluation of GI bleeding. In this document, a panel of experts from the American College of Gastroenterology and Society of Abdominal Radiology provide a review of the radiologic examinations used to evaluate for GI bleeding including nomenclature, technique, performance, advantages, and limitations. A comparison of advantages and limitations relative to endoscopic examinations is also included. Finally, consensus statements and recommendations on technical parameters and utilization of radiologic techniques for GI bleeding are provided. © Radiological Society of North America and the American College of Gastroenterology, 2024. Supplemental material is available for this article. This article is being published concurrently in American Journal of Gastroenterology and Radiology. The articles are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal's style. Citations from either journal can be used when citing this article. See also the editorial by Lockhart in this issue.

Analysis of Russian Narratives Denying the Genocide of the Ukrainian Nation During the War, 2014-2024

Russia's information campaign against Ukraine is multifaceted and open to different interpretations. As a rule, the Russian information campaign is flexible and contextualized, and each narrative has its own style that takes into account all its peculiarities. There is no agreed-upon model that can be used to explain the current narrative of Russia's information war against Ukraine. Instead of hiding information, the Russian Federation often "floods" the media, providing a large amount of information about this or that event, skillfully combining it with disinformation. These media campaigns evoke strong emotions, promote a culture of fear and create panic. Each publication has a certain style of journalism. Some publications maintain a balanced point of view and avoid emotionalism. Others incite hatred against Ukrainians and manipulate public opinion, portraying Ukrainians as puppets of the West, traitors, criminals, fascists, extremists, separatists and other "true patriots". This article analyzes the methods of Russian propaganda in Ukraine. In particular, the main narratives of Russian propaganda are the following: Ukraine is a country that never existed; Ukraine needs regime change; there is a "third Maidan"; Ukraine revives fascist and Nazi practices and is Russophobic; the Ukrainian army is a den of criminals, and NATO soldiers fight on the side of the Ukrainian state; The Russian Federation has nothing to do with the "Ukrainian conflict"; Western countries are trying to destroy Ukraine. Russian mass media disseminate propaganda messages prepared by the Kremlin and present them in a mutually agreed upon form. Today, these practices have become particularly acute. The tactics of Russian propaganda consist in focusing on emotions, creating enemies, biased presentation of information and creating theories without empirical basis to "explain" events.

THE VERBALISED CONCEPT ‘CHALLENGE’ IN FUNCTIONALLY DEFINED VARIETIES OF ENGLISH: TERMINOLOGISATION VS. METAPHORISATION

The article examines the interaction of the functional-communicative and cognitive parameters in conceptualisation of broad-meaning lexemes with special reference to the verbalised concept ‘CHALLENGE’. The target concept has been chosen on account of its being currently in great demand, which is evidenced by a considerable number of its lexical manifestations in most representative corpora of English. The aim of the research is to identify the types of content in concept development based on the scope of represented phenomena in the functional styles of fiction and journalism. Depending on the speaker’s (writer’s) communicative purport, the vector in categorisation of reality may change, which leads to a different interpretation of the linguistic means used. Considering the lexicographic data as well as the “big” corpus data we focus on the description of how the target concept is viewed on the lexicographic and discursive levels. The research is carried out within the framework of cognitive corpus linguistics, which enables us to identify types of situations and events (frames) that represent the distributional profile of the target lexeme. The conceptual-linguistic analysis revealed that the functional style of journalism contributes to the lexeme’s specification and terminologisation, while in the functional style of fiction metaphorisation increases.

LETter To the EditoR Standards (LETTERS): Considerations for Authors, Reviewers, and Editors.

Correspondence in the form of letters to the editor serves multiple scholarly purposes, including critiquing previously published articles, engaging in discourse with other correspondents, commenting on the journal's structure or style, and contributing insights for future publications. The composition of such letters warrants meticulous attention, as they play a crucial role in fostering communication between the journal and its readership. Adherence to specific principles is essential in crafting an effective letter to the editor. These communications should be concise, lucid, and adhere to a professional tone. The content should be constructive in nature and substantiated by rigorous scientific evidence and appropriate citations. The structure of a letter to the editor typically encompasses several key components: a title, an opening section, the main body of the correspondence, a closing statement, and a list of references. This article aims to establish Letter to the Editor Standards as a comprehensive guide for authors, reviewers, and editorial boards, thereby enhancing the quality and impact of this crucial form of academic discourse.

The Work of Interpretation: Critique and the Review Form, 1946–1967

Abstract: This article examines a series of pivotal moments in the history of the postwar French journal Critique , tracing the development, refinement, and reassertion of the journal's singular style of critical practice. We present the journal's founding documents and consider editor Georges Bataille's identification of Maurice Blanchot as the guiding model for the journal. Then we examine two defining texts in the review's development: Alexandre Kojève's "Hegel, Marx and Christianity" (1946) and Alain Badiou's "The (Re)commencement of Dialectical Materialism" (1967). Kojève's celebrated article crystallised the ideals of the journal's programme; Badiou's article meanwhile tested those ideals, precipitating a minor editorial crisis.

CORE AND PERIPHERAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH THE MEANING OF CONDITIONALITY IN THE SCIENTIFIC AND JOURNALISTIC STYLES OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The study of high-frequency and low-frequency language means is of interest from the point of view of the development and preservation of the richness and variability of the language. The object of the study is complex sentences with subordinate clauses of condition, cause, purpose, concessions, consequence, combined into a common group of sentences with the meaning of conditionality. The research is based on materials of scientific and journalistic styles, which are rich in topic and scope of users. Analysis of various examples of real language use makes it possible to determine which structural models of these sentences are the most common, core, and which belong to the periphery, and what causes such variability. The study of language means of forming complex sentences includes the use of conjunctions as the main structural elements of expressing the meaning of conditionality, the order of predicative parts, as well as the modal-tense characteristics of predicates. Stabe, core structural means of the sentences under consideration have been identified, which ensure the stability of the language system. Unproductive means serve to express specific kinds of condition, cause, purpose, concession meanings and come under peripheral variants characteristic of the styles under consideration. Differences in the use of linguistic means in forming complex sentences of these types have stylistic, semantic, and communicative reasons.

Ethno-Cultural Metaphor of Daily Life as a Reflection of the National
 Language Picture of the World in the English Language

The article examines the ethno-cultural metaphor as a phenomenon of cultural studies, reflecting the process of perception of the surrounding reality by a certain ethnos. The real world is perceived by the ethnos through the prism of thinking,
 comprehended and realized in speech through language. The functional ability of the language to transmit the values of the national culture allows getting an idea of the specific and general mechanisms and ways of implementing the concepts of everyday
 life by a specific ethnic group. The relationship between language and culture determines the relevance of studying the mechanisms and methods of transmitting the national language picture of the world. The article proposes to explore ethno-cultural
 metaphors that are often encountered in everyday life. The research material was the American edition of the magazine «Cosmopolitan», the journalistic style of presentation of the magazine is close to the style of communication between people in everyday life. It was revealed that in everyday life, people endow the most common words with metaphorical meaning that convey color designation, a person's relationship with food, with natural phenomena, with everything that surrounds a person
 everywhere from day to day. The study made an attempt to structure the selected material according to everyday communication and highlight some concepts related
 to colour designation (colours), natural phenomena night – day, morning – evening, food (here eating periods like breakfast – lunch – dinner – supper can be distinguished as well as concepts food tastes), and other concepts that convey the relationship of a person with his environment.
 As a result of the analysis of the ethno-cultural metaphor of everyday life, we received confirmation that ethno-cultural metaphors are a significant element of the national language picture of the world, as they convey the value orientations of the
 ethnos and reflect the mental comprehension of the surrounding reality.

Kontekst historyczny wybranych kolokacji języka chorwackiego

The aim of the paper is to present the analysis of selected verb-noun collocations with the node ‘odluka’ – ‘decision’. The analysis was conducted on the basis of the 19th century newspaper articles published in Croatian newspapers from the period 1850–1899, collected in a digitalised format on the Stare hrvatske novine website. Historical forms are compared with the modern ones, excerpted from the HrWac Croatian language corpus. The second part of the 19th century is the time when Standard Croatian was being formed and the press was flourishing. This gave rise to the creation of the journalistic style which, alongside the administrative one, is believed to contain the greatest number of collocations, hence the choice of those two sources of data. The analysis of historical and modern forms has shown that there exist grammatical, orthographic, contextual, semantic and formal differences and these do not hinder the understanding of the text. The differences are negligent and stem from the evolution of the Croatian language, especially the shaping of the norm of the standard language.

From stark opposition to partial adaption

Alternative media are defined by their position as challengers of mainstream media and politics alike. However, recent studies suggest that they act out their opposition to mainstream media and their political partisanship in different ways. Against this backdrop, the study at hand investigates how 12 Danish alternative media construct and position themselves against the media- and political mainstream. The study identifies substantial differences regarding the outlets’ commitment to or rejection of the ethical rules and norms of professional journalism, whether they adopt or deviate from a neutral journalistic style, what ideological agendas they advocate, their political ties, and the media- and political criticism they voice. In doing so, the study adds to a growing body of research suggesting that alternative media are a heterogeneous group. Based on these findings, the study discusses the different potentials for impact that alternative media have on the media- and political systems they enter.

The relationship between Alzheimer disease and thyroiditis: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

This study aims to investigate the causal effect of Alzheimer disease on thyroiditis using medical English and the Nature journal style. Genome-wide association data for Alzheimer disease and thyroiditis were obtained from the Mendelian Randomization (MR) platform. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with Alzheimer disease were identified and used as instrumental variables (IVs) to examine the causal relationship between Alzheimer disease and thyroiditis, employing a 2-sample MR study design. Five statistical methods, including inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted median estimation, simple mode estimation, weighted mode estimation, and MR-Egger regression, were utilized. In the study, 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified to be significantly associated with Alzheimer disease (P < 5 × 10-8, linkage disequilibrium r2 < 0.001). Upon evaluation using different methods, a consistent association between Alzheimer disease and thyroiditis was observed inverse variance-weighted method [IVW]: odds ratio [OR] 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.72; weighted median estimator: OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.01-1.72; Mendelian randomization Egger regression: OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.92-1.81), indicating a positive correlation between Alzheimer disease and increased risk of thyroiditis. There was no evidence suggesting that the observed causal relationship between Alzheimer disease and thyroiditis risk could be influenced by pleiotropy (Mendelian randomization Egger intercept 0.0058, P = .88. Our MR analysis reveals causal association of Alzheimer disease and thyroiditis, despite observational studies reporting an association between Alzheimer disease and thyroiditis.