Journal Of Infectious Diseases Research Articles

A 32-year global analyses on dynamic trends and geospatial visualization of genital tuberculosis and female infertility: A scientometric study

IntroductionGenital tuberculosis (GT) is an infection that can affect the female reproductive system, including the uterus, cervix, and ovaries. ObjectiveTo perform a scientometric exploration to analyze the spatiotemporal trend, evolution, and emerging patterns of scholarly output on GT and female infertility. MethodsAn observational, descriptive, retrospective study employing a scientometric methodology was carried out. Metadata from scholarly articles spanning the years 1990–2022 were extracted from the Web of Science. The metadata from the chosen articles, totaling 172 manuscripts, were exported on May 17, 2023, in plain text format, which will allow the analysis and integration of the data in the software used. ResultsWe found at 111 sources and found 172 documents on tuberculosis and female infertility. We observed an average annual growth rate of 7.46 %, and the average age of the documents was 10.4 years. The dual overlay map showed the distribution of scientific publications on tuberculosis and female infertility. Journals on the left side of the map are cited mainly in the journals on the right. We found that Clinical Infectious Diseases and Lancet journals condensed patterns and trends in 1995, while the Indian Journal of Tuberculosis did so in 1996. Dheda K., Joubert JJ., and Wang Y. were the authors who had India, Iran, and China as their main affiliation, respectively, and they mainly published their studies in the "American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine" and "Tropical Doctor," among others. ConclusionsThis bibliometric study examined different sources and found an average annual growth rate of 7.46 %. Each article received an average of 16.48 citations. Different collaborative networks between countries were observed. In addition, there was a steady growth in published research in the field of tuberculosis and female infertility.

Meta-analytic review on the impact of factors that affect performance of malaria rapid diagnostic test in Africa

Timely, accurate diagnosis and treatment has improved malaria case management. Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (mRDT) kits are largely used in malaria diagnosis. Their performance is compromised by factors related to gene deletions, parasite density, quality of the kit, poor storage conditions and end-user inefficiencies hence diagnosis gives either positive, negative, false negative (FN) or false positive (FP) which defines consequent management strategies. This review assessed reports on prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein 2/3 (Pfhrp2/3) gene deletions in malaria infected populations in Africa and the risk of mRDT failure to identify malaria positive cases. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement was used for data collection. Literature search was done using Google and Mendel search for data published in a malaria journal, Journal of infectious diseases, scientific reports, Annals of Ibadan postgraduate medicine, and BMC journals published between 2019 and 2023. Fifty eight reports were identified were screened and tested for eligibility. 
 Majority of studies described the consistent use of Pfhrp2/3 mRDT for malaria diagnosis in rural health facilities in Africa and nine reports met inclusion criteria for review. Five of them certified the world health organization’s sample criteria of ‘more than 350 sample’ to estimate the prevalence of Pfhrp2/3 gene deletions leading to declaration of false negative results of which one study posted FN outcome resulting from these deletions. Four out of nine studies did not meet this WHO criterion. This review affirmed presence of Pfhrp2/3 gene deletions challenges in Africa though other countries recorded the converse. Data was pooled using random effect models with Odds ratio and 95% confidence limit. The prevalence of the gene deletions was heterogeneous, ranging from 0% to 78.1%. The review found that an average prevalence of Pfhrp2/3 deletion as 26.2%. This was above the WHO standard recommended declaration value of 5%.; a factor that demonstrated setback to the use of mRDT in malaria endemic regions. Therefore alternative methods should be used where aspersions are cast on outcome of mRDT for 
 it will help improve malaria treatment, tracking and management.

Bibliometric analysis of neonatal sepsis from 2002 to 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to visualize the knowledge structure and research trends in neonatal sepsis research through bibliometric methods. Articles and reviews regarding neonatal sepsis from 2002 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. CiteSpace software was used to visualize the knowledge network of countries/regions, institutions, authors, journals, keywords, and references in this field. Altogether, 2314 publications were identified. During the study period, the number of publications increased yearly. The USA is the leading country in neonatal sepsis research. Duke University was the most prolific institution, with Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal and BASU S being the most prolific journal and author in the field, respectively. Pathogen, diagnosis, and management were the main topics of research, and future studies may concentrate on novel diagnostic biomarkers and judicious use of antibiotics. In summary, the results of our bibliometric analysis revealed views on the current situation and trends of neonatal sepsis research for the first time. This study may provide guidance for promoting research on neonatal sepsis.

Which Topics Drive Dissemination? Alternative Bibliometrics Analysis of the Highest-Ranking Articles in 3 Infectious Diseases Journals Before COVID-19.

Dissemination of research is paramount to improving patient care. Historically, dissemination is reported in conventional bibliometrics. However, with the increased utilization of digital platforms for communication, alternative bibliometrics describe more real-time dissemination of information. This study documents dissemination of publication topics in infectious diseases journals prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prevalence of Hypersensitivity Reaction in Patients Attending Selected Diagnostic Centers NOVA/SOMLAB in Benadir Region, Somalia

Background: The immune system plays a crucial role in maintaining health and protecting the human body against microbial invasions. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence of hypersensitivities reaction in allergic patient attending selected diagnostic centers. Methodology: This cross- sectional was performed at selected hospitals. The study was carried out from 01st August 2023 to 30th November 2023 at the Immunology department of Nova Diagnostic and Research Institute, Somalia. There 300 samples were included in this study. Questionnaire and investigation (Sample Testing) was used as the main instrument for collecting patient socio-demographic profile and laboratory test were done at Nova diagnostic center. Results: A total 300 participants were enrolled in this study. Among the 300 the predominant the prevalence of respondents was high which was 273(91%) cases and most of the participants were Banana allergic which was 215 (71.7%) cases. Maximum cases were from age group of 2-20 years (48%) and followed by 21-39 years (22%), 40-58 years (17.67%) and >58 years (12.33%). There was a statistically significant correlation between allergic status and education (P=0.003), but not between allergic status and age group (P=00.219) or gender (P=0.456). Conclusion: The study revealed a significant correlation between allergic status and education, indicating that the majority of participants were allergic to bananas. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2023;10(2):85-91

Laboratory Diagnosis of Genital Tuberculosis: A Narrative Review

Genital tuberculosis is a leading cause of infertility in high tuberculosis burden countries like Bangladesh. Diagnosing this condition can be challenging due to the diverse ways it can present, which requires a physician to have a high level of suspicion. The fallopian tubes are mainly affected, and the endometrium in 50% of cases1. Diagnostic modalities usually include histopathology, microscopy, solid and liquid culture tests, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests, immunohistochemistry tests, radiology imaging and laparoscopic and hysteroscopic procedures.
 Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2023;10(2):92-100

Microbiologists M.R. Sharipova and A.M. Mardanova are Talented Students and Teachers

The history of the formation and development of the microbiological discipline at the Imperial Kazan University began in the middle of the XIX century. Then the first attempts were made to control infectious processes in the Kazan province (cholera, influenza, smallpox). With the advent of the microscope, university researchers have gained a new opportunity to observe microorganisms. At the end of the 19th century, the issues of medical and general microbiology were widely discussed in the scientific community of the city. At the very beginning of the twentieth century, the Bacteriological Institute was opened at the Faculty of Medicine, which became the flagship of these studies. However, microbiological research began to develop at other faculties of Kazan University already under Soviet rule (the work of A.P. Ponomarev and his student S.I. Limanova-Kolosova). They mainly dealt with issues of ecological and geological microbiology. At the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the University Laboratory of Microbiology was headed by M.I. Belyaeva, who in 1969 achieved the opening of the Department of Microbiology as part of the Biology and Soil Faculty of Kazan State University named after V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin. She was the founder of a new modern direction — the study of enzymes of microorganisms. Her students, who later became professors, R.P. Naumova and I.B. Leshchinskaya, have already educated their talented followers. This article is devoted to a review of the scientific and pedagogical activities of professors M.R. Sharipova and A.M. Mardanova, employees of the Department of Microbiology of Kazan Federal University. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2023;10(2):104-109

Localization of a Retro Rectal Hydatid Cyst: A Rare Case Report

Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide zoonotic infection caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. It has a widespread distribution in the human population of Tunisia.The liver hydatid cysts are the most commun abdominal site. However, other rare intra cavity location, can occur. We report the case of 56 year old patient with surgical history for liver hydatid cyst. Ten years after surgery, he was presented with chronic abdominal pain and constipation. The imaging results were all in favor of a retro rectal hydatid cyst. A total resection of the hydatid cyst was executed good outcomes. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2023;10(2):101-103

Comparison of Complication and Post-Operative Infection Rate Between Application of Carbetocin and Oxytocin during Management of Post-Partum Hemorrhage after Caesarean Section

Background: Adverse effects can be produced by carbetocin and oxytocin during management of post-partum hemorrhage after caesarean section. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare the adverse effects among women with post-partum hemorrhage after caesarean section. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2015 to December 2015 for a period of six months. Pregnant women diagnosed on the standard criteria admitted in BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh were selected as study population by consecutive type of sampling. Randomization was performed according to computer generated simple random sampling method. An Uterotonic was an agent used to induce contraction or greater tonicity of the uterus. Then the patients were monitored per operatively and post operatively. All the information was recorded in data collection sheet. Main outcome variables were estimated blood loss. Results: A total number of 96 pregnant women were recruited for this study of which 48 cases were enrolled in group I and the rest of 48 case were enrolled in group II. The mean age with SD of the group I and group II were 24.4±4.7 years and 24.7±3.7 years. In blood transfusion of the study patients, 2(4.2%) patients need blood transfusion in group I and 5(10.4%) in group II (p>0.05). One (2.1%) patients had anaemia in group I and 5(10.4%) in group II. Forty-six (95.8%) patients had average menstrual flow in group I and 40(83.3%) in group II (p>0.05). Considering the side effect, 1(2.1%) patients had nausea in group I and 4(8.3%) in group II. Two (4.2%) patients had vomiting in group I and 5(10.4%) in group II. One (2.1%) patients had headache in group I and 4(8.3%) in group II. Four (8.3%) patients had infection rate in group I and 5(10.4%) in group II (p>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion blood transfusion, anaemia, vomiting and infection rate are found less in group I than group II. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2023;10(2):59-64

Innovative Approaches for Ecological Monitoring Disease Outbreaks Carried by Horseflies (Diptera, Tabanidae): A Systematic Review

Background: The spread and adaptation of horseflies to new habitats, driven by global climate change, threatens not only animal health but also human well-being. Objective: This article addresses the significant health risks posed by horseflies, which are known carriers of multiple pathogens causing up to 25 different infectious, parasitic, and viral diseases, including anthrax, tularemia, leptospirosis, and anaplasmosis. Methodology: The study provided an overview based on an extensive literature review from 1929 to 2022, analyzing both Russian and English publications. Results: The 2011 tularemia outbreak in Norway, linked to lemming population surges, and the higher susceptibility among men in Slovakia's annual tularemia cases highlight the role of animal reservoirs and gender in disease transmission. Leptospirosis, prevalent globally except in cold regions, is influenced by climate events, with significant public health impacts observed in various regions, including Russia and the Philippines following natural disasters. Anaplasmosis, transmitted by insects and ticks and more prevalent in warmer months, remains under-researched, with its rising threat exemplified by the growing ixodes tick population in Belarus. Conclusion: In conclusion, understanding the epidemiology and sources of these diseases, along with recognizing the environmental and anthropogenic factors that influence their transmission, is vital. The study underscores the importance of ongoing surveillance, research, and preventive measures to mitigate the impact of these infectious diseases on public health. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2023;10(2):77-84

Effect of Silymarin on Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Background: As oxidative stress is an important factor in producing nephrotoxicity by a variety of drugs and chemicals; so, it may be assumed that agents having antioxidant property may protect the kidney from oxidative damage and can improve renal function. Objective: In the present study the ameliorative effect of silymarin was determined in a gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic model of rat. Methodology: This experimental animal study was carried out in the Department of Pharmacology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2014 to January 2015 for a period of one year. In this study nephrotoxicity was induced by administering gentamicin (80 mg/kg/day for 7 days) intraperitoneally. Silymarin was administered (500 mg/kg/day for 14 days) orally concomitantly with gentamicin (7 days) and sacrificed on 15th day. To determine nephrotoxicity and amelioration of nephrotoxicity as well as the status of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation; serum creatinine, serum urea, renal cortical reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde levels were estimated. Changes in renal architecture were estimated by histopathology of renal tissues. Results: Group (II) rats were injected gentamicin intraperitoneally for 7 days and sacrificed on 15th day showed significant (P< 0.001) increase of serum creatinine and urea level while there was significant (P< 0.001) reduction of renal cortical glutathione and increase (P< 0.001) in malondialdehyde concentration when compared to the control group (group I). This was supported by histological observations of H&E and PAS stained transverse section of renal cortex which suggested significant (P< 0.001) level of structural damage of renal cortex as evidenced from glomerular atrophy, tubular degeneration, presence of desquamated cellular debries and cast in the tubular lumen, mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration. Statistically significant amelioration was observed in all the biochemical parameters which were supported by histology of renal cortex in silymarin treated group. Conclusion: The results from biochemical and histological observations of the present study indicate that silymarin was probably effective to ameliorate the signs of toxic damage to the renal cortex. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2023;10(2):71-76

Perception and Attitudes towards COVID‑19 Vaccination in Bangladesh: A Cross-sectional Analysis

Background: Vaccination is now considered the most effective measure to prevent the harm resulting from the SARS-CoV-2. Mass vaccination has been started in different regions of the world, including Bangladesh. Objective: The present work has been done to discover the Bangladeshi people’s attitude, perception towards COVID-19 vaccines, and their willingness to be vaccinated. Methodology: This cross-sectional analysis was performed from the online survey data collected from 01 August 2021 to 17 august 2021 from Bangladeshi people over 21 years old at the Department of Pharmacy, Northern University Bangladesh. Results: Among the total participants (517), the majority (60.74%) gave a positive response for being vaccinated. The reasons for unwillingness to be vaccinated were listed as adverse effects of the vaccine (46.04%), complex procedures of vaccination (18.32%), doubtfulness about the vaccine’s efficacy (15.35%), reduced risk perception about COVID-19 (15.35%) and needle phobia (4.95%). Conclusion: It is revealed from the current study that education and media can motivate a person's attitude towards vaccination. To bring mass people under the vaccination program, it is necessary to broadcast proper and authentic information about vaccines. Besides, the procedure of getting vaccines should be simpler. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, December 2023;10(2):65-70

The top 100 most-cited studies on monkeypox: a brief bibliometric analysis

Background: A plethora of monkeypox papers have been published; however, pinpointing key and pivotal studies can be challenging amongst the ever-expanding literature. Bibliometric analyses are helpful in identifying the most influential articles and their impact pertinent to this field, which has helped mould the recognition and management of monkeypox. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) was searched on 27 October 2022. The top 100 most-cited articles on monkeypox were identified and evaluated by author, country, institution, type of articles, theme, journal of publication, keywords, and citations. Results: The top 100 most-cited studies were published between 1997 and 2022, and the 5-year period with the largest number of articles was 2007–2011. The median number of citations among the top 100 most-cited articles was 78.23. Of the top 100 most-cited studies, 91 were original articles, and nine were reviews, the median of annual citations was significantly higher in the review group than the original group, 7.86 (4.20–13.80) versus 4.50 (3.07–7.59; P=0.023). The 100 articles were classified into different research theme, with the top three being Immunology (31%), Infectious Diseases (30%), and Virology (26%), respectively. The keywords with the highest co-occurrence frequency were “monkeypox”, “smallpox,” and “smallpox virus.” The largest number of articles in the top 100 were published in Emerging Infectious Diseases (n=13), followed by Journal of Virology (n=11), Journal of Infectious Diseases (n=5), and PLoS One (n=5). The authors identified 711 different authors from 195 institutions and 28 countries in the top 100 most-cited articles, with the majority based in the USA. Conclusion: The top 100 most-cited studies provide an important insight into the historical developments of monkeypox. The authors should strengthen the recognition and management of monkeypox worldwide and strengthen research cooperation among scholars in order to better respond to the ongoing or future outbreak.

A plagiarism paperdemic: determining plagiarism among COVID-19 articles in infectious disease journals between 2020 and 2021

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused drastic changes in the publishing framework which allowed for the quick review and rapid publication of manuscripts in order to quickly share vital information about this new viral pandemic to the general public and scientists. Alarms have been raised for the potential for misconduct in COVID-19 research. The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of plagiarism in COVID-19 papers across infectious disease journals.MethodsCOVID-19 related research and review articles published in infectious disease journals were collected. Each manuscript was optimized and uploaded to Turnitin, which is a similarity checking tool. Similarity reports were manually checked for events of true plagiarism using an 80% threshold, performed via human judgment.ResultsIn this cross-sectional study, 41.61% (n = 129) of manuscripts were deemed plagiarized out of a total of 310 papers that were analyzed. Plagiarism was identified in 35.07% of reviews (n = 47), and 46.6% of original research (n = 82). Among the plagiarized papers, the median number of copied sentences was 3 IQR 4. The highest recorded similarity report was 60%, and the highest number of copied sentences was 85. The discussion section of these articles was the most problematic area, with the average number of copied sentences in that section being 6.25 ± 10.16. The average time to judge all manuscripts was 2.45 ± 3.09 min. Among all the plagiarized papers, 72.09% belonged to papers where the similarity report was ≤ 15% (n = 93). No significant differences were found with regards to plagiarism events among the quartiles.ConclusionsPlagiarism is prevalent in COVID-19 publications. All similarity reports should be supplemented with human judgment.

An Interesting Case Report on Calcaneal Tuberculosis as a Rare Presentation of Disseminated Tuberculosis

Despite the high prevalence rate of tuberculosis infection in Malaysia, calcaneal tuberculosis (TB) is rare. In this article, we present a case of a 53-year-old Malay female who initially presented with left calcaneal swelling for 3 months. Surgical drainage was performed and affected calcaneal was biopsied for histological examination which findings reported as consistent with tuberculosis infection. Further history revealed concomitant respiratory symptoms with the diagnosis of disseminated TB is supported by positive Mantoux test, detection of Acid-Fast bacilli in sputum and CT imaging showing lung and vertebral involvement. Anti-tuberculosis medication is the first line of treatment in calcaneal TB and surgery is usually reserved for patient with severe, intractable disease. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2023;10(1):52-55

Burden of Salmonella Typhi Isolated from Bloodstream Infection from 2015 to 2020: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Bangladesh is a major contributor to the global problem of typhoid fever, which is predominantly caused by Salmonella typhi. This is due to Bangladesh’s subpar healthcare standards, inadequate cleanliness standards, and inappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics. Objective: Salmonella typhi antibiotic resistance and the current situation of typhoid fever in Bangladesh were the subjects of this systematic review. Methodology: Finding publications about Salmonella typhi in Bangladesh published between 2015 and 2020 required searching Google Scholar, PubMed, and Bangladesh Journals Online with pertinent keywords. A predetermined set of criteria determined who would be included or excluded. Results: Initially,50 articles were retrieved. Using PRISMA flow chart 5 were selected for the study. Through forest plot, the overall effect size is found 0.28 which is represented by a diamond with confidence interval of 0.06 – 0.50. Since the confidence interval does not cross the threshold of no impact, the p value is 0.00. We can conclude that the overall effect is statistically significant. Microsoft excel was used to figure out the trend of antibiotic resistance. The effect size of an article was 0.08 (95%CI 0.05 – 0.11) and weighted 20.44%. Another study was reported with the effect size of 0.07 (95%CI 0.00 – 0.14) and weighted 20.07%. Conclusions: S. typhi was shown to be quite prevalent, and there were also significant surveillance and data gaps in the research’ methodological data. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2023;10(1):3-10

Nutritional status of under-5 Rohingya Children admitted for Diarrheal Diseases at Primary Health Centers in Cox’s Bazar District of Bangladesh

Background: One of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in under-5 children is Diarrhea. Malnutrition, in association with the diarrheal disease, affect children negatively. On 2018, Bangladesh saw massive influx Rohingya people with almost 29% under-5 children. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among children admitted with acute diarrheal diseases at the Primary health Centers at Cox’s Bazar. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among the diarrhea affected under-5 Rohingya children who reported to primary health centers at cox’s bazar. The study was conducted from January to December 2018. Primary caregiver of 276 respondents were interviewed, their hospital records were reviewed. Data were collected by face-toface interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: The majority (60.1%) of the participants were male. Only 2.9% of the participants reported passing of macroscopic blood in stool. Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) was not taken by most of the participants (50.7%), prior to visit to the hospital. The mean (±SD) age was 18.54 (±12.44) months. Among the participants, 14.1% had severe underweight (<-3 WAZ score) and 27.2% had moderate underweight (-3 to <-2 WAZ score). No death was reported, and 97.1% were discharged with advice from the hospital. Statistically significant relationship was found between age of the participants and underweight (p<0.05) with a Moderate effect size (Φ=.21). Conclusion: The study findings would be helpful to identify the need for raising awareness among Rohingya caregiver and help healthcare providers to become more cautious in treating diarrheal patients. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2023;10(1):31-37

Multi-drug Resistant Mannheimia hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in Pneumonic Sheep in Bangladesh

Background: Pneumonia in sheep is a complicated multicausal disease which affects the respiratory system causing increased morbidity and herd mortality rate. The members of Pasteurellaceae family are one of the prime causes of bacterial pneumonia in ruminants. Once infected by these organisms, antimicrobial therapy becomes obligatory. In Bangladesh, causation of pneumonic pasteurellosis and their antibiogram is unknown in sheep which insists the veterinarians to choose empirical antimicrobial therapy. Objectives: This study was undertaken to identify multidrug resistant Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia hemolytica in sheep suspected with pneumonia. Methodology: The samples of nasal swab and the lungs were collected aseptically. After overnight incubation in Brain Heart Infusion broth, the samples were streaked onto 5.0% sheep Blood Agar to obtain pure colony with characteristic features which were subjected to biochemical tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and antibiogram study against eight antibiotics. Results: A total number of 140 samples were collected of which 120 nasal swabs and 20 lungs were collected aseptically. In total, 16.7% pneumonia cases in sheep were found to be caused by Pasteurella species. Out of 140 samples, 43.57% (61/140) were positive for Mannheimia hemolytica (68.85%) and 19.67% for Pasteurella multocida. The mixed infection by both organisms was 11.48%. The Mannheimia hemolytica (MH) was predominant in lungs (100.0%) and nasal swab samples (18.3%) than Pasteurella multocida (PM) which were 15% and 7.5% respectively. All the isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant where resistance against Penicillin and Ampicillin was 100% for all isolates. The resistance of Mannheimia hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida towards sulfonamide, ceftriaxone, oxytetracycline, gentamicin, and streptomycin were 63.33%, 49.44%, 44.44%. 16.67%, 11.11% and 78.22%, 45.46%, 45.45%, 36.36%, 27.27% respectively. Among all antibiotics tested, Chloramphenicol stands out to be the most effective one (100% sensitive). Conclusion: This study states the first molecular identification of Mannheimia hemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from sheep suspected with pneumonia in Bangladesh and their antibiogram pattern against commonly prescribed antimicrobials. Due to their commensalism nature and wide host coverage, these MDR pathogens warrant judicious use of antibiotics in small ruminants to reduce veterinary public health hazard. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2023;10(1):16-23

Efficacy and Safety of Three Doses of Ceftriaxone and Metronidazole as Prophylactic Uses during Acute Non-Perforated Appendicitis Surgical Operation: A Randomized Control Trial

Background: This study compared the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics with seven days of conventional antibiotics. Objective: This present study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of three doses of prophylaxis with ceftriaxone and metronidazole. Methodology: This parallel arm, randomized control trial was conducted among fifty patients, consisting of 25 cases and 25 controls, with acute appendicitis admitted at Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Popular Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, and Ad-din Barrister Rafique Ul-Haq Hospital, Dhaka, during the period of November 2021 to April 2022. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of three doses of combined prophylactic antibiotics, ceftriaxone and metronidazole, in acute non-perforated appendicitis cases. The patients in the control group were treated with seven days of conventional antibiotic therapy to compare the efficacy with three doses of prophylactic antibiotics. Results: Among 9 wound infections (15%), 4 patients were in the control group (36.5%), and 5 (40.5%) were in the case group in the study group with combined surgical prophylaxis of ceftriaxone and metronidazole (P=0.001). One patient develops both a wound infection and an intra-abdominal abscess. The study also found that amount to patient (3.3%) with intra-abdominal abscess formation 01 (50%) in control group and 01(50.0%) in combined prophylaxis group (ceftriaxone and metronidazole) (P>0.3). Conclusion: In conclusion no significant difference could be found between the patients who received combined three doses of ceftriaxone and metronidazole and the control groups with regard to age, sex, distribution of symptoms before admission, preoperative temperature, duration of surgery, hospital stay, and concomitant diseases both overall and within each of the three groups of appendiceal examination. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2023;10(1):11-15

Covid-19 and Therapeutic Options for its Clinical Management: A Narrative Review

COVID- 19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 was declared a pandemic by the WHO on 11th March 2020. In Bangladesh, confirmed COVID-19 cases were detected on March 8, 2020 and since then, Bangladesh is also facing the toll of this highly transmissible viral infection. Though the main strategy to handle the pandemic is containment by isolation of cases, quarantine of contacts, physical distancing of people, wearing masks and sanitizing hand and other sources of contamination, the potential severity of the disease and its deadly complications require effective clinical management as well. In addition to optimized supportive and symptomatic therapy, drugs targeting the pathogenesis of this viral infection at different levels can be proved efficacious in COVID-19. Keeping this in mind, different anti-viral drugs which had been found effective in some pre-clinical and clinical studies against other viruses have been used against SARS-CoV-2. Immunomodulatory and anti-thrombotic agents have proved their own place in treating COVID-19 targeting SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm and hypercoagulability. Some drugs used mainly against protozoal infection have also been used by the virtue of their additional antiviral property. Use of vitamins and minerals to boost up the immunity is also widespread. This review provides an overview of current COVID-19 status, its ways of transmission and clinical presentation. Discussing the pathophysiology, the review explores how drugs used for the purpose of treating COVID- 19 can modulate various stages and factors resulting beneficial outcome. Categorization of COVID-19 cases and their severity-wise management in perspective of Bangladesh have also been discussed. Drugs using worldwide and in Bangladesh have been overviewed in this review justifying their recommendation against SARS-CoV-2. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2023;10(1):38-51