Journal Of Exercise Rehabilitation Research Articles

An exploration of the knowledge structure in studies on old people physical activities in Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation: by semantic network analysis.

Physical activity, a key component of maintaining health, is becoming an essential alternative in reducing medical expenses for the old people. This research was intended to analyze 51 research papers published in the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation (JER) through semantic network analysis. The subjects of the study were the keywords that the authors of each paper used in journal search sites from 2013 to 2019. The present researcher analyzed the frequency, density, and centrality of the keywords of the indicators through semantic network analysis and then visualized them on the basis of findings using UCINET6 and the NetDraw program. Also, the researcher classified the hidden clusters by CONCOR (Convergence of iterated Correlations) analysis, which is a kind of cluster analysis. As a result, it was found that the keyword with the highest frequency was “exercise,” followed by “cognition, “physicalactivity,” “old-women,” “Korean,” “fall,” and “training.” It was also found that most of the high-frequency keywords, such as “exercise,” “cognition,” “old-women,” “program” and “depression” had high centrality. These keywords were classified into four clusters: (a) mental health research, (b) physical health research, (c) social behavior research, and (d) leisure efficacy research. This suggests that the old people-related research papers published in the JER have derived effective methods of maintaining physical and mental health using scientific exercise programs, and especially address the effects of exercise intervention for old women.

CHRONIC LACK OF SLEEP IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SPORTS INJURY IN ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Background:Although sleep has been identified as an important modifiable risk factor for sports injury, the effect of decreased sleep on sports injuries in adolescents is poorly studied.Purpose:To ...

Suggestion to include "Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation" in Scopus.

Scopus is the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature, including scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation has been suggested for inclusion in Scopus. Currently, recent three issues–volume 11, issue 6, volume 12, issue 1, and volume 12, issue 2–of the journal are under review in Scopus. Scopus reviews five broad categories: journal policy with eight evaluation criteria, presentation of content with nine evaluation criteria, citedness with two evaluation criteria, timeliness, distribution with four evaluation criteria, and home page with three evaluation criteria. These categories are scored based on the information provided, scoring basis, and source of score; further, during review, the scores are weighted in terms of the weight of category in percentage and weighted percentile score per category. Each criterion is scored in Scopus’ scoring system. Based on the sum of these scores, Scopus evaluates a journal as one of the following: accepted journal, case of doubt, and rejection. The specific evaluation criteria under the category of journal policy include availability of an abstract in English language, language quality of the abstract, presence of cited references in articles, convincing editorial concept/policy, level of peer review, availability of editorial board, diversity in the provenance of editors, and diversity in the provenance of author. Under presentation of content, the specific evaluation criteria include originality/relevance, methodology, argumentation, conformity with the journal’s statement of aims, conformity with publication ethics, clarity of title, objective, abstract, mean length of articles, quality of language/proof reading, and illustrations/tables. For the category of citedness, both the citedness of journal and citedness of editors are evaluated. The specific evaluation criteria under distribution include major publisher, whether the journal is published by a society and covered in major bibliographic databases, and the number of subscribing libraries (WorldCat). For home page, the content available online, availability of the home page in English language, and quality of the home page are evaluated. The review results will be available presently. We hope that Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation will become the first exercise rehabilitation journal to be indexed in Scopus. Among the aforementioned evaluation criteria, convincing editorial concept/policy, diversity in the provenance of authors, conformity with the journal’s statement of aims, timeliness of publication, and citedness of journal are important in the review of Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation.

The efforts of Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation for exercise rehabilitation.

Today, modern people are suffering from metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and various psychologic disorders, such as anxiety, depression. As a result, they experience decrease of body functions due to lack of physical activity. In addition, entry into the aging society has brought a sharp rise in medical costs. Therefore, the importance of exercise for health is recognized as a social responsibility, which is in need of expansion of the government’s health-related support programs. In addition to the efforts of national policy for the health-related projects, the importance of the academic researches on the mechanisms and effects of exercise have also been suggested. In addition to the researches for the effects of exercise on the diseases, a need for the researches on the different types of exercise that can be applied to the diverse diseases has been raised. Improving social health through exercise is the answer to solve the problems of modern society. For this, we have to try to get convergence of the related studies as well as the studies for the effect on the individual. Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation is trying to use the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation (JER) as the international mean to meet these needs. JER has already acquired the status of international journal in the area of rehabilitation exercise, and JER is also trying to achieve convergence with the specialization and internationalization. Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation is also trying to develop application of exercise rehabilitation to the field through the Conference. The title of the 2016 Spring Conference is “Horse riding and academic study of exercise rehabilitation,” and it will be held at Jeju National University (Jeju, Korea), May 21 (Saturday), 2016. The title of the 2016 Autumn Conference is “Academic study on the application and effectiveness of the rehabilitation exercise programs for incurable diseases,” and it will be held in the Gachon University (Incheon, Korea), October 22 (Saturday), 2016. Through these conferences, we can develop various tools for the exercise rehabilitation with the scientific validation of the effectiveness. Maintaining the health through exercise should be able not only personal happiness practice but also the value that can make an integrated health of society. Thus, the concept of rehabilitation exercises would be pursued as a holistic health services for the prevention and recovery programs made for the purpose of physical, mental, and social health.

2015 Autumn Conference.

Autumn Conference of the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation will be held at the Sang Myung University, Seoul, Korea on October 24, 2015. The topic of the autumn Conference is “Application of exercise rehabilitation on the problems of modern society.” There were many difficulties such as acquiring sufficient funding and venue selection, however, it was possible to prepare the Conference due to the assistance of the officers. On behalf of the society, I am sincerely grateful to those companies that offered substantial support for the Conference. The pre-registers for the Conference exceeded 400 people with 2 invited lectures, 7 topic presentations, 7 research presentations, 2 special lectures for the undergraduate students, and 18 post presentations. The scale of the autumn Conference will comparatively larger than the recent Conferences. We have invited Dr. Teri Todd from California State University in USA and Dr. Henrik Oster from University of Lubeck in Germany. Dr. Teri Todd will speak about the effects of physical activity on the autism spectrum disorder and Dr. Henrik Oster will speak on the action mechanisms of circadian clock. These presentations will be helpful for the creation of academic knowledge and application of information in the aspect of exercise rehabilitation. The official journal of Korea Society of Exercise Rehabilitation, Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation (JER), switched to English since April, 2013. In addition to such change, JER went further global by getting and established a foundation as an international journal by getting listed in PubMed and PubMed Central in October, 2013. JER applied for the listing into the Scopus in March 2014, and it has been under the official evaluation since April 2015. It takes an extensive period of time to be listed in the Scopus and all the members of the society are anticipating for the positive answer. On behalf of the society and the members, I deeply wish and believe that JER becomes a Scopus-listed journal. I am confident that awaiting and anticipating for the future for the past and present efforts will be fruitful. There have been many obstacles for the society, however, the current difficulties will be the process for the joy of tomorrow. Our efforts will be the foundation for establishing the identity of the exercise rehabilitation in the near future.

The implications of multidiscipline and globalization.

The implications of multidiscipline and globalization.

Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation goes beyond.

We announce the annual meeting of Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation celebrated our tenth birthday this month. To this date, we have covered different genres of translational research, such as exercise neuroscience, rehabilitation program and physical practice, and also written about health promoting lifecycle, revitalization movement, and clinical sport medicine. We have done our best to keep our readers updated on the latest trends in rehabilitation exercise and to also taken an in-depth look in to the cutting edge of the times through popular exercise and scientific works. Simply put, there was nothing we didn’t cover at Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, the official journal of Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation. Our anniversary meeting offers four topics that summarize the hottest trends in global exercise rehabilitation today, “biokinetics, application of therapeutic recreation for brain exercise, molecular mechanism of rehabilitation on neuroplasticity, and adult neurogenesis associated with exercise.” We also focused on real practice of exercise and scientific works adopting fresh conceptual approaches on specification and function at the molecular and cellular levels, neural circuits, systems and behavioral levels. The rehabilitation spawned by real life application is changing our daily life style. We are gradually becoming addicted to seeing the boundaries between creative real application and translational scientific research that are being to blur and transcend.

The 10th anniversary conference of the korean society of exercise rehabilitation.

The “10th Anniversary Conference of the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation” will be held at “Elysian Gangchon Resort” in Chuncheon from October 31 to November 1, 2014. The topic of this Conference is “Creative application of exercise rehabilitation practice to fields”. During the last 10 yr, the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation trained professional leaders, placed Solution Center, published textbook, and held many conferences. However, we raise the questions to ourselves whether these efforts helped on real life or whether we did our social roles. In order to fulfill the social responsibility of our own, we need to perform two important things. One is the internationalization of the “Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation”. For this, we should invite excellent editorial members from many countries around the world. And correction of English in this journal is also should be conducted. Next is to open the international conference. We invited three excellent scholars to the “10th Anniversary Conference of the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation”: Professor Zeevi Dvir from Tel Aviv University in Israel, Professor Parco M. Siu from Hong Kong Polytechnic University in China, and Professor Mi-Hyeon Jang from Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in USA. This conference will be the first step for the internationalization of the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation. For the development and the responsibility of the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation, we need more studies on the theoretical background of exercise rehabilitation, and then practice of exercise rehabilitation should be applied to the field. In preparing for the future, we must hold two cups. A cup to thank for over the past to the current arrival in one hand, and a cup of anguish to prepare for tomorrow in the other hand!

Popularization of exercise rehabilitation in the information age.

As we get closer to the middle of this year, it is natural to question what lies ahead in the year 2015. Recently, the literature in the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation (JER) has focused on the future of exercise rehabilitation based on three potential scenarios arising from the ongoing information revolution that marginalizes some communities and creates new opportunities for others. The first scenario is that of rehabilitation ruled by the “general public,” where exercise is largely administered based on recommendations by consumer agglomerations. The second possibility is that of rehabilitation in which strong associations use large amounts of data obtained from the popularly used exercises to fortify their data. In the third scenario, the central associations are fundamentally weak, with markets — and the society that dominates them — providing almost all exercises or activities for the disabled and children and for recreational and psychological rehabilitation. Each of these scenarios is an extrapolation of a current trend. While all of them could be beneficial in some respects, they also have features, which if left scientifically and medically unchecked, could lead to disappointing outcomes. The Association of Korean Exercise Rehabilitation should, at this time, be implementing policies aimed at guiding trends like generalization, increasing the amount of available data, and grouping people into narrow branches often based on their relationship to the region. The goal should be to take advantage of these trends’ potential benefits, while ensuring that they do not undermine other critical aspects of exercise rehabilitation. For example, although exercise has the potential to create new treatment and preventative opportunities for potential patients, it cannot help cure actual diseases. Likewise, while the use of large amounts of general public data has a substantial problem-solving potential, important questions regarding the ownership, control, interpretation, and regulation of the use of this data or information still remain. Finally, while the most efficient way to allocate exercise rehabilitation resources in most cases is to do so based on individual choices within each region, regional branches do not develop sufficient remedial exercise programs. Indeed, there are some exercise methods that the private and regional sectors are simply unable to provide. Obviously, all of this calls for an extensive investigation. Exploring potential future scenarios, as done by the JER, is an important step in the right direction.

The <italic>Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation</italic> starts as the international journal

The Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation is listed in the PubMed Central, few months after changing to English journal. This means that the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation is crowned as the international journal. The Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation, founded 2004, has encouraged academic communication for the integrative health promotion in the social, mental, and physical areas. The Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation aims to contribute to the promotion of health, the prevention of disease, the overcome of disability, and the establishment of a welfare system. The Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation is the comprehensive vehicle for the aim of the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation. The Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation contains following 6 sections: 1) basic research on exercise rehabilitation, 2) clinical research on exercise rehabilitation, 3) exercise rehabilitation pedagogy, 4) exercise rehabilitation education, 5) exercise rehabilitation psychology, and 6) exercise rehabilitation welfare. As the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation is listed in the PubMed Central, the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation can lead to the multi-national and multi-centered research for the exercise rehabilitation. I believe that the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation will stand as the leading journal in the scope of exercise and rehabilitation. I would like to give many thanks to those who gave assistance.

The increasing role of exercise rehabilitation

The history of exercise rehabilitation comes from the human desire for health. It was first born when some physiatrists created a concept of “Sports Medicine”, the forerunner to the physical medicine and rehabilitation. Physiatrists specialize in restoring the optimal function to people with injuries to the muscles, bones, tissues or nervous system, including those with stroke in particular. Rehabilitation medicine aims to enhance and to restore the functional ability and the quality of life of patients with physical impairment or disability. Physicians who have completed training in this specialty area are called as physiatrists or specialists in rehabilitation medicine. The ‘physiatry’ was coined by Dr. Frank H. Krusen in 1938, and it was accepted by the American Medical Association in 1946 (Grabois et al., 2000). It made a great progress during the World War II to accommodate a large number of injured soldiers. In the United States, there are six formal subspecialties and these include 1) hospice and palliative medicine, 2) neuromuscular medicine, 3) pain medicine, 4) pediatric rehabilitation, 5) spinal cord injury medicine and 6) sports medicine. The next concept of rehabilitation is much broader. Diseases treated by the rehabilitation therapists include amputation, spinal cord injury, sports injury, stroke, musculoskeletal pain syndromes (e.g., low back pain), fibromyalgia and traumatic brain injury. In the cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, the attempts are made to optimize the functions in patients with heart or lung disease. The management of chronic pain is achieved through multidisciplinary approaches by psychologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, exercise therapists and anesthesiologists. This may also be accompanied, if applicable, by interventional procedures. For example, stroke patients are often treated by speech and recreational therapy, if applicable, concomitantly with conventional treatment methods. With a special focus on disease prevention and the maintenance of health, the exercise rehabilitation is a safer, more efficient modality as compared with conventional interventions. Moreover, its scope has been gradually extended to provide preventive medicine. With the increased number of aging population and the increased prevalence of chronic diseases, the exercise rehabilitation will become a hot issue; this may further have an impact on both patients and the health care system. Meanwhile, the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation will provide a forward-looking opportunity in Korea. Thus, we’ll strengthen our expertise to improve the current concept of exercise rehabilitation.

A new start

Just as a snake sheds its old skin, the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation (JER) will launch a new website in English in 2013. Thus, it is now making an effort to become one of the most renowned international peer-reviewed journals in the field of rehabilitation medicine, sports medicine, sports physiology, rehabilitation education, and rehabilitation welfare. The JER will be published as an open-access issue so that it may provide the researches with a rapid scientific communication. Moreover, its publishing policy will be based on online publication in English in an effort to promote the scientific communication between the international researchers. Furthermore, it will also contribute to providing them with a great access to the Korean data from various specialty areas such as exercise rehabilitation, disease-specific medicine and quality-of-life one. Finally, it will receive a manuscript submission from researchers from all around the world. The JER will be indexed shortly within this year in PubMed, PubMed Central, and Scopus. In addition, it will be published as an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Thus, this will eventually contribute to expanding the base of readers internationally. The online publication policy of the JER will be a useful measure of communication between the researchers in an era of social networking and smart-phones. The JER has adopted an online-first publication policy for its publications, thus providing the researchers with not only the fastest route of communication but also the latest updates on the relevant fields. Publication ethics is the most important issue at the present. Unfortunately, however, the JER could not follow “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.” But all the manuscripts submitted to the JER will be screened for plagiarism using the CrossCheck system. This will apply to the revised version of the “Information for Authors” section of the June 2013 issue. In 2013, the JER will make every effort to find the best ways to provide the researchers with novel findings in the basic and clinical research areas in the field of exercise rehabilitation. Moreover, its upcoming goal is to be indexed in Medline and as SCI or SCIE. The JER has already begun to take a forward-looking step by launching an online library with an online submission/review system and introducing some new features to the journal platform. Finally, the JER will continue to find its own way to position it as one of the most renowned international peer-reviewed journals in the field of exercise rehabilitation.

The use of outcome scores in surgery of the shoulder

The pursuit of ‘best practice’, health economic planning, the increasing awareness and expectations of patients, pressure from politicians and the media, and the emergence of league tables for surgeons are some of the reasons why orthopaedic surgeons are encouraged to adopt evidence-based

Preventing ischemic stroke in patients with prior stroke and transient ischemic attack : a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association.

Stroke, the third leading cause of death in the United States, is a leading cause of adult neurological disability and accounts for the greatest number of hospitalizations for neurological disease. Although treatment of acute stroke has the potential of reducing death and disability, it is likely that prevention will more effectively reduce the ravages of stroke. The patient who is recovering from a mild stroke or who has had a recent transient ischemic attack (TIA) is at high risk of stroke recurrence, physical and intellectual disability, long-term institutionalization, and death. There is substantial evidence from observational epidemiological studies and clinical trials that recurrent ischemic stroke can be prevented (Table 1⇓). Control of risk factors is important for prevention of a first stroke and is practical after ischemic stroke and TIA have occurred. Identification of the specific ischemic stroke mechanism, eg, TIA or minor stroke ipsilateral to a moderate or severe internal carotid stenosis, guides decision making with regard to recurrent stroke prevention therapy (Table 2⇓). A patient with symptomatic cerebrovascular disease is likely to have other cardiovascular diseases or is predisposed to develop them. Preventive measures should complement reduction in risk of atherothrombotic events in the coronary arteries and other arterial territories. Certain nonmodifiable characteristics identify persons at high risk of stroke and stroke recurrence. These include advancing age, male sex, and black and Hispanic race-ethnic backgrounds. Some risk factors, however, such as elevated blood pressure, cigarette smoking, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and physical inactivity, are modifiable. Other conditions, ie, prior cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease with angina or prior myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, increased left ventricular mass, and certain other echocardiographic abnormalities, identify persons at increased risk who may be treated with antithrombotic therapy. More recently, other modifiable risk …

Rotator Cuff Injuries: An Update

Rotator cuff injuries are a common clinical entity seen by physical therapists. The purpose of this article is to present the interrelationship between rotator cuff anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology and how these factors affect the clinical management of rotator cuff injuries. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1989;10(10):394-398.

Glucose ingestion at rest and during prolonged exercise.

Glucose ingestion at rest and during prolonged exercise.

Effect of immersion in water on vital capacity and residual volume of the lungs.

ArticleEffect of immersion in water on vital capacity and residual volume of the lungs.A B Craig Jr, and D E WareA B Craig Jr, and D E WarePublished Online:01 Oct 1967https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1967.23.4.423MoreSectionsPDF (540 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByPrediction of underwater residual lung volume in healthy men and women25 June 2021 | Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, Vol. 41, No. 5Comparison of respiratory muscle strength in individuals performing continuous and noncontinuous walking exercises in water after the 6-week program28 August 2019 | Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, Vol. 15, No. 4Breath‐Hold Diving25 March 2018Cardiorespiratory performance of coronary artery disease patients on land versus underwater treadmill tests: a comparative studyClinics, Vol. 72, No. 11Treadmill walking in water induces greater respiratory muscle fatigue than treadmill walking on land in healthy young men18 November 2015 | The Journal of Physiological Sciences, Vol. 66, No. 3Forced respiration during the deeper water immersion causes the greater inspiratory muscle fatigue in healthy young menJournal of Physical Therapy Science, Vol. 28, No. 2Cardiovascular Concerns in Water SportsClinics in Sports Medicine, Vol. 34, No. 3Influence of Different Levels of Immersion in Water on the Pulmonary Function and Respiratory Muscle Pressure in Healthy Individuals: Observational Study28 November 2013 | Physiotherapy Research International, Vol. 19, No. 3Effects of Aquatic Intervention on the Cardiopulmonary System in the Geriatric PopulationTopics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, Vol. 26, No. 2Aquatic Cross Training for Athletes: Part IIStrength and Conditioning Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3Computer simulation of human breath-hold diving: cardiovascular adjustments24 February 2007 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 100, No. 2Pool exercise for individuals with fibromyalgiaCurrent Opinion in Rheumatology, Vol. 19, No. 2Cardiorespiratory effects of warm water immersion in elderly patients with chronic heart failureClinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, Vol. 25, No. 6Effects of Partial Isothermic Immersion on the Spirometry Parameters of Tetraplegic PatientsChest, Vol. 128, No. 1Hydrotherapy: Detrimental or beneficial to the respiratory system?Physiotherapy, Vol. 86, No. 1Body Composition Measurement: A Review of Hydrodensitometry, Anthropometry, and Impedance MethodsNutrition, Vol. 14, No. 3The Physiology of ImmersionPhysiotherapy, Vol. 76, No. 9Effects of water temperature on pulmonary volumes in immersed human subjectsRespiration Physiology, Vol. 75, No. 3Effect of immersion on lung capacities and volumes: Implications for the densitometric estimation of relative body fatJournal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1Studies on the optimal temperature of flotation tanks in the management of skeletal injuries in the horseEquine Veterinary Journal, Vol. 18, No. 6Pulmonary changes associated with flotation techniques in the treatment of skeletal injuries in the horseEquine Veterinary Journal, Vol. 18, No. 6Indirect assessment of thoracic fluid balance following maximal exercise in man14 November 2007 | Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 3The Effect of Total Body Submersion on Residual Lung Volume and Body Density Measurements in Man∗25 April 2007 | Ergonomics, Vol. 21, No. 2Man in the Ocean Environment: Physiological FactorsDepth limits of breath hold diving(an example of fennology)Respiration Physiology, Vol. 5, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 23Issue 4October 1967Pages 423-5 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1967.23.4.423PubMed6053667History Published online 1 October 1967 Published in print 1 October 1967 Metrics

Interaction of physiological mechanisms during exercise.

obtained from such studies is often difficult to interpret because the precise work intensity is not known and/or the duration of the exercise is too short for cardiorespiratory function to stabilize and a “Steady state” of exercise to be achieved. WASSERMAN, KARLMAN, ANTONIUS L. VAN KESSEL, AND GEORGE G. BURTON. Interaction of physiological mechanisms during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 22(1): 71-85. rg67.-The effects of work intensity and duration on the metabolic circulatory and ventilatory response to exercise are quantitated in healthy male subjects during cycle ergometer exercise. There is a wellordered relationship between work rate and oxidatve energy sources. Steady-state time for 02 consumption (Vo,) is dependent on work intensity (the time arterial blood lactate concentration stops increasing). At moderate work, anaerobic metabolism is a very small part of credit oxidation, while at very heavy work, the pyruvate-lactate mechanism is the major creditor. The increase in gas exchange ratio (R) reflecting the production of CO2 from bicarbonate (buffering of lactic aid) is transient. After the steady state is reached, R decreases. The heart rate increase during constant-load exercise parallels the increase in vo,. Physiological dead space/tidal volume ratio decreases from .33 to .17 during exercise. The reduction is independent of work duration and only slightly reduced as work intensity increases. Arterial 02 tension does not decrease during exercise at sea level even at maximal rates of 02 transport. Arterial-end tidal CO2 tension differences suggest a fluctuation in pulmonary capillary CO2 tension of approximately 8 mm Hg during the respiratory cycle of the exercising subject. Changes in minute ventilation are best predicted from the rate of CO2 production and the extent of respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis.