Jojoba Methyl Ester Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of lubricant properties of jatropha and jojoba methyl ester

Comparative evaluation of lubricant properties of jatropha and jojoba methyl ester

Green synthesized nanoadditives in jojoba biodiesel-diesel blends: An improvement of engine performance and emission

During past five decades, the energy requirement has been mounting steadily and researchers believe that this will increase with time. Therefore, the amount of harmful emission gases will increase and cause global warming. In this study, we have green synthesized Fe3O4 NPs from waste Ziziphus mauritiana seeds and utilized these NPs to improve the jojoba methyl ester blend properties. The chemical and physical properties of jojoba methyl ester have indicated improved potential for using it as an alternative fuel. Firstly, blending of jojoba methyl ester with diesel has proved an effective method for reducing the engine problems associated with the high viscosity of jojoba oil. On the basis of viscosity and calorific value, B15 (1.95 cp and 42.62 MJ/kg) found to be the best blend which was further modified using Fe3O4 NPs as nanoadditives in different concentration (NP10, NP20, NP30, NP40, and NP50). Secondly, engine performance and harmful gas emissions were evaluated for the use of modified jojoba methyl esters with Fe3O4 NPs. The results showed continuous increase in generated power, brake thermal efficiency and decreased concentration of released NOx, CO, HC and soot showed the suitability of Fe3O4 NPs additive jojoba methyl ester blend as an alternative fuel for diesel engine.

Effect of compression ratio on performance, combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engine fueled with jojoba methyl ester

The major challenges facing the energy sector are the cost of fossil fuel and its depletion. Therefore, the current work presents an experimental investigation on the effect of different blends of jojoba methyl ester (JME) in diesel engine performance, combustion and emissions characteristics. A numerical investigation on the effect of compression ratio (CR) on using neat JME is also presented. Thermophysical properties of JME and raw jojoba oil are measured and characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. Engine performance parameters, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics are measured for single cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine fueled with diesel and different blends of JME in diesel (5%, 10%, and 20% by volume). A comprehensive numerical setup using ANSYS FORTE code is developed and validated against new measurements. Results illustrated that by increasing CR from 18 to 23 the peak incylinder pressure is increased considerably. Additionally, increasing CR leads to higher NOx and CO, UHC concentrations for diesel and JME100. The reduction in peak in-cylinder pressure resulting from using JME100 instead of diesel could be recovered by increasing CR from 21.5 to 23. This highlights the possibility of using neat JME in compression ignition engines with less emissions and minimal losses in the output power.

Combustion, emission and performance analysis of a direct injection diesel engine using high gadoleic fatty acid Jojoba methyl ester blends as fuel

Combustion, emission and performance analysis of a direct injection diesel engine using high gadoleic fatty acid Jojoba methyl ester blends as fuel

Engine roughness and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with three biofuels

Biofuel production is seen in many countries around the world as an alternative fuel with less carbon footprint and GHG emission compared to the fossil fuels. Biofuel methyl ester is produced using transesterification process, a blend of triglycerides and alcohol that is made for running automotive engine. As the demand on biodiesel increased, more research studies needs to be done on the current diesel engine for replacing the diesel fuel by the biodiesel. Engine performance, emission, roughness are the major concerns for the automotive industry. An experimental combustion test was conducted on a Ricardo E6 single cylinder variable compression indirect injection engine, for three different liquid biofuels compared to baseline diesel fuel. The biofuels are Jojoba Methyl Ester (JME), Algae Methyl Ester (AME), and Chocolate Waste Methyl Ester (CME). Two main sets of experiments were conducted; in the first experiment, the engine load was varied from 0.5 to 15 Nm at a fixed speed, injection timing and compression ratio, while in the second fuel injection timing is varied from 20° before top dead center (BTDC) to 45° BTDC, at constant speed, load and compression ratio. The emission levels of CO, CO2, NOx, SOx and unburned hydrocarbons were measured, and the engine roughness, measured in (dP/dθ)max. JME showed an increase in pollution levels while AME decreased significantly the pollution levels.

Influence of adding aluminum oxide nanoparticles to diesterol blends on the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine

In the current article, the effects of adding aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles into Diesterol blended fuel (70% diesel+ 20% ethanol+ 10% Jojoba biodiesel) on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine were experimentally investigated. The diesel fuel and ethanol are immiscible; therefore, jojoba methyl ester was used as a mediator solvent to alleviate the phase deposition. The Al2O3 nanoparticles were added at different dose levels of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/l of Diesterol using an ultrasonic technique. These blends were examined under various engine loads and a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. The Diesterol blended fuel showed an acceptable homogeneity to be tested on the diesel engine. The consequences exhibited that adding Al2O3 nanoparticles in Diesterol enhanced the engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics compared to those of pure Diesterol. The maximum enhancement was achieved at a dose level of 75 mg/l, where the reduction in the brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) was approximately 20%, while the increase in the peak cylinder pressure was approximately 1.5%. Additionally, the maximum reduction in UHC and NOx emission was obtained at a dose level of 25 mg/l, while the concentration of 100 mg/l gave the lowest CO emission. The outcomes revealed that the dose level of 75 mg/l had the optimum improvement in the overall characteristics of engine performance and emissions.

Improving the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled by jojoba methyl ester-diesel-ethanol ternary blends

This paper describes an experimental effort for fueling a single cylinder air-cooled direct injection diesel engine with jojoba methyl ester-diesel-ethanol ternary blends to evaluate their effects on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Jojoba methyl ester-diesel-ethanol ternary blends were prepared, developed, and tested. The tests were made in three stages. Firstly optimum preparations conditions for the transesterification process of jojoba oil with methanol have been determined for the production of jojoba methyl ester (JME) with improved properties. The JME-diesel blends were evaluated and their properties were compared with fuel specifications provided by the latest biodiesel standards. Secondly, the measured performance and exhaust emissions of the diesel engine operating with the selected JME-diesel blends compared to pure diesel fuel case. B10 blend (10% JME+90% diesel fuel) was the best one of the blends substitution of the diesel fuel under variable load operating conditions and at a constant speed of 1500rpm. Thirdly, tests were performed for B10 blend at two loads to improve the engine performance and exhaust emissions by adopting various proportions of ethanol. With the same brake mean effective pressure for different blended fuels and pure diesel fuel, the engine performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperatures are measured. Exhaust emission parameters such as levels of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon, smoke and nitrogen oxides are also evaluated. The results showed that, the ternary blend of 90B10-E10 (10% of ethanol and 90% of B10 blend) by volume showed the best engine performance and improved exhaust emissions of the diesel engine as compared with pure diesel fuel.

Performance of CI engine operating with hydrogen supplement co-combustion with jojoba methyl ester

The present work experimentally investigates the performance of compression ignition (CI) engine which operates on hydrogen and Jojoba methyl ester (JME). The hydrogen is introduced by enriching air-intake manifold with hydrogen gaseous supplement at the atmospheric condition which is co-combusted in the presence of pilot flame that is initiated by jojoba methyl ester. The engine is supplied with a range of hydrogen-JME fuel mixture proportions to study the effect of hydrogen supplement on combustion and exhaust emissions. Under fixed flow rate of JME, the data shows that hydrogen supplement enhances diesel engine thermal efficiency while reducing specific fuel consumption. The gas emission results shows that as hydrogen supplement increases, NOx emission mildly increases while opacity majorly increases. Hydrogen supplement affects the internal combustion by causing an increase in internal pressure, pressure rise rate and maximum heat release rate. The experiment shows that hydrogen-JME duel fuel smoothly combust in compression ignition engine.

Engine performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on jojoba methyl ester with exhaust gas recirculation at 1600 rpm

Engine performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on jojoba methyl ester with exhaust gas recirculation at 1600 rpm

English

An experimental analysis is done on four stroke single cylinder constant speed, water cooled diesel engine which is interfaced with Engine soft software. Performance and emission characteristics are evaluated for three non-edible vegetable oils viz. thumba, jojoba, neem and jojoba methyl ester to study the effect of injection pressures viz. 205, 220, 240 and 260 bar with variation in injection timing at 23°bTDC and 28°bTDC. The performance of jojoba methyl ester improved with increase in injection pressures, maximum brake thermal efficiency of 29.72% is obtained with lower emissions compared to other vegetable oils; the reason might be low viscosity and better combustion. Further investigations were carried out with new lubricant SAE 5W-30; which improved the performance of CI engine by 1.59%. All the above investigations were fruitful and these results are expected to lead to a substantial contribution to the development of a viable vegetable oil engine.

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on diesel engine nitrogen oxide reduction operating with jojoba methyl ester

Jojoba methyl ester (JME) has been used as a renewable fuel in numerous studies evaluating its potential use in diesel engines. These studies showed that this fuel is good gas oil substitute but an increase in the nitrogenous oxides emissions was observed at all operating conditions. The aim of this study mainly was to quantify the efficiency of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) when using JME fuel in a fully instrumented, two-cylinder, naturally aspirated, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. The tests were carried out in three sections. Firstly, the measured performance and exhaust emissions of the diesel engine operating with diesel fuel and JME at various speeds under full load are determined and compared. Secondly, tests were performed at constant speed with two loads to investigate the EGR effect on engine performance and exhaust emissions including nitrogenous oxides (NO x), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and exhaust gas temperatures. Thirdly, the effect of cooled EGR with high ratio at full load on engine performance and emissions was examined. The results showed that EGR is an effective technique for reducing NO x emissions with JME fuel especially in light-duty diesel engines. With the application of the EGR method, the CO and HC concentration in the engine-out emissions increased. For all operating conditions, a better trade-off between HC, CO and NO x emissions can be attained within a limited EGR rate of 5–15% with very little economy penalty.

Reducing the viscosity of Jojoba Methyl Ester diesel fuel and effects on diesel engine performance and roughness

An experimental investigation has been carried out to test two approaches to reduce the viscosity of the Jojoba Methyl Ester (JME) diesel fuel. The first approach is the heating of the fuel to two temperatures of 50 and 70 °C as compared to the base ambient temperature and to diesel fuel too. The second approach is adding one chemical which is considered by its own as alternative and renewable fuel which is Diethyl Ether (DEE). The viscosity has been reduced by both methods to close to diesel values. The performance of a diesel engine using those fuels has been tested in a variable compression research engine Ricardo E6 with the engine speed constant at 1200 rpm. The measured parameters included the exhaust gas temperature, the ignition delay period, the maximum pressure rise rate, maximum pressure, and indicated mean effective pressure and maximum heat release rate. The engine performance is presented and the effects of both approaches are scrutinized.

Experimental study on diesel engine nitrogen oxide reduction running with jojoba methyl ester by exhaust gas recirculation

Jojoba methyl ester (JME) has been used as a renewable fuel in numerous studies evaluating its potential use in diesel engines. These studies showed that this fuel is a very good gas oil substitute but an increase in the nitrogenous oxides emissions was observed at all operating conditions. The aim of this study mainly was to quantify the efficiency of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) when using JME fuel in a fully instrumented, two-cylinder, naturally aspirated, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine. The tests were made in two sections. Firstly, the measured performance and exhaust emissions of the diesel engine operating with diesel fuel and JME are determined and compared. Secondly, tests were performed at two speeds and loads to investigate the EGR effect on engine performance and exhaust emissions including nitrogenous oxides (NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and exhaust gas temperatures. Also, effect of cooled EGR with high ratio at full load on engine performance and emissions was examined. The results showed that EGR is an effective technique for reducing NO x emissions with JME fuel especially in light duty diesel engines. A better trade-off between HC, CO and NO x emissions can be attained within a limited EGR rate of 5–15% with very little economy penalty.

Improving the performance of dual fuel engines running on natural gas/LPG by using pilot fuel derived from jojoba seeds

The use of jojoba methyl ester as a pilot fuel was investigated for almost the first time as a way to improve the performance of dual fuel engine running on natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at part load. The dual fuel engine used was Ricardo E6 variable compression diesel engine and it used either compressed natural gas (CNG) or LPG as the main fuel and jojoba methyl ester as a pilot fuel. Diesel fuel was used as a reference fuel for the dual fuel engine results. During the experimental tests, the following have been measured: engine efficiency in terms of specific fuel consumption, brake power output, combustion noise in terms of maximum pressure rise rate and maximum pressure, exhaust emissions in terms of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, knocking limits in terms of maximum torque at onset of knocking, and cyclic variability data of 100 engine cycles in terms of maximum pressure and its pressure rise rate average and standard deviation. The tests examined the following engine parameters: gaseous fuel type, engine speed and load, pilot fuel injection timing, pilot fuel mass and compression ratio. Results showed that using the jojoba fuel with its improved properties has improved the dual fuel engine performance, reduced the combustion noise, extended knocking limits and reduced the cyclic variability of the combustion.

Jojoba methyl ester as a diesel fuel substitute: Preparation and characterization

The aim of the present work is to prepare jojoba methyl ester (JME) as a diesel fuel substitute. This was carried out experimentally and its chemical and physical properties were determined. Esterification method is used to produce methyl ester from raw jojoba oil. This method is optimized to produce the highest amount of fuel using a minimum amount of methyl alcohol. To achieve the above aim, a test rig for fuel production was developed. To measure the JME burning velocity a constant volume bomb was developed. The bomb was fully instrumented with a piezoelectric pressure transducer, charge amplifier, digital storage oscilloscope, A/D converter and a personal computer. Several grades of fuel were produced but, two grades only were selected and tested as an economical alternative fuel. The chemical and physical properties of these grades of fuel are measured as well as the laminar burning velocity. It is found that JME liquid fuel exhibited lower burning velocities than iso-octane. The new fuel is found to be suitable for compression ignition engine particularly in the indirect-injection ones, while for direct-injection, and high-speed engines fuel modifications are required. The new fuel is safe, has no sulphur content and reduces the engine wear as well as lengthens the lifetime of lubricating oil.

04/00384 Combustion of jojoba methyl ester in an indirect injection diesel engine: Selim, M. Y. E. et al. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (9), 1401–1420

04/00384 Combustion of jojoba methyl ester in an indirect injection diesel engine: Selim, M. Y. E. et al. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (9), 1401–1420

Combustion of jojoba methyl ester in an indirect injection diesel engine

An experimental investigation has been carried out to examine for the first time the performance and combustion noise of an indirect injection diesel engine running with new fuel derived from pure jojoba oil, jojoba methyl ester, and its blends with gas oil. A Ricardo E6 compression swirl diesel engine was fully instrumented for the measurement of combustion pressure and its rise rate and other operating parameters. Test parameters included the percentage of jojoba methyl ester in the blend, engine speed, load, injection timing and engine compression ratio. Results showed that the new fuel derived from jojoba is generally comparable and good replacement to gas oil in diesel engine at most engine operating conditions, in terms of performance parameters and combustion noise produced.