Jojoba Liquid Wax Research Articles

Physical Characteristics of Tetrahydroxy and Acylated Derivatives of Jojoba Liquid Wax in Lubricant Applications.

Jojoba liquid wax is a mixture of esters of long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols mainly C38:2–C46:2. The oil exhibits excellent emolliency on the skin and, therefore, is a component in many personal care cosmetic formulations. The virgin oil is a component of the seed of the jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) plant which occurs naturally in the Sonora Desert in the United States and northwestern Mexico as well as in the northeastern Sahara desert. The seed contains 50–60% oil by dry weight. The plant has been introduced into Australia, Argentina, and Israel for commercial production of the jojoba oil. As a natural lubricant, we are seeking to explore its potential as a renewable industrial lubricant additive. Thus, we have chemically modified the carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil structure in order to improve its already good resistance to air oxidation so as to enhance its utility as well as its shelf life in nonpersonal care applications. To achieve this goal, we have hydroxylated its –C=C– bonds. Acylation of the resulting hydroxyl moieties has generated short-chain vicinal acyl substituents on the oil which keep the wax liquid, improving its cold flow properties and also protecting it from auto-oxidation and rancidity.

Response of Rooted Simmondsia chinensis Cuttings to Foliar Fertilizers at Different Times of Year under Green-and-Shade House Conditions

The importance of jojoba plants comes due to its multi uses and unique features. It is a desert plant, drought tolerant, salty resistant and adapts well in different types of soil. Jojoba plants produce liquid wax which meets global demand owing to its use in cosmetics and other important aspects of life. Production of high quantities of the jojoba liquid wax needs elite and active plants in the growth. Thus, the objective of these present investigations was to study the effect of fertilizers and time of spray on the vegetative growth of rooted jojoba cuttings. Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse and shade house using rooted jojoba cuttings and different types of fertilizers such as macronutrients and micronutrients additional to some of sea algae extract either individually or in combinations at four times of year with 30 day intervals under greenhouse and shade house conditions. The results pointed out significant effect by the spray of micronutrient fertilizers compared to other type of fertilizers in both greenhouse and shade house in terms of height of plant and number of shoots and leaves per plant. The fourth spray of fertilizers gave the highest values of the different parameters studied. The interaction between time of spray and type of fertilizers did not differ significantly. Greenhouse condition was more favorable for growth of jojoba rooted cuttings than shade house. This study created an importance of foliar fertilization of jojoba plants by micronutrient fertilizers.

Enhancing antimicrobial activity for chitosan by adding Jojoba liquid wax

The purpose of the present study is to enhance the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. For this reason, thin films of chitosan incorporated with different concentrations of Jojoba liquid wax (JLW) were prepared by using the casting technique. The agar disc diffusion method was used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the films against two different microorganisms namely Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillis subtilis. The results indicated that as the concentration of JLW increases the antimicrobial activity for S. aureus and B. subtilis increases. Moreover, it is found that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for both systems decrease by increasing the amount of the antimicrobial agent Jojoba with chitosan. In conclusion, the data obtained reveal that chitosan has a great potential to improve its antimicrobial activity by incorporating with antimicrobial agent.

Wound healing properties of jojoba liquid wax: An in vitro study

The wound healing properties of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) liquid wax (JLW) were studied in vitro on HaCaT keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts, which are involved in wounded skin repair. JLW cytotoxicity was evaluated by the crystal violet staining and the neutral red uptake endpoint. Induction of wound healing by JLW was assessed by scratch wound assay on cell monolayers. The involvement of signaling pathways was evaluated by the use of the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA and of kinase inhibitors, and by Western blot analysis of cell lysates using anti-phospho antibodies. Collagen and gelatinase secretion by cells were assayed by in-cell ELISA and zymography analysis, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays showed that the toxic effects of JLW to these cells are extremely low. Scratch wound experiments showed that JLW notably accelerates the wound closure of both keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The use of inhibitors and Western blot revealed that the mechanism of action of JLW is strictly Ca(2+) dependent and requires the involvement of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and of the p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs. In addition, JLW was found to stimulate collagen I synthesis in fibroblasts, while no effect was detected on the secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinases by HaCaT or fibroblasts. Taken together, data provide a pharmacological characterization of JLW properties on skin cells and suggest that it could be used in the treatment of wounds in clinical settings.

Synthesis and characterization of tetrahydroxyjojoba wax and ferulates of jojoba oil

The new crop oil from jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis) is a skin-softener similar to sperm whale oil. In an effort to find new uses of this oil, we have converted jojoba liquid wax into two new products in mild chemical processes. Tetrahydroxyjojoba wax (THJF) is a colorless, stable, low-melting solid and jojoba ferulate, an ultra violet (UV) absorbing species by esterification of the tetrahydroxy wax with trans-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid. The tetrahydroxyjojoba wax like the parent oil has no UV radiation absorbing property, but it is an excellent emollient. In contrast, the jojoba ferulate is a good UV absorber. Differential scanning calorimetry of the ferulate, its precursor, the tetrahydroxyjojoba wax, and the acetylated jojobaferulate derivatives indicate very stable properties from ambient to 100 °C temperature range.

Anti-inflammatory effects of jojoba liquid wax in experimental models

Jojoba [ Simmondsia chinensis (Link 1822) Schneider 1907] is an arid perennial shrub grown in several American and African countries. Jojoba seeds, which are rich in liquid wax, were used in folk medicine for diverse ailments. In the current study, the potential anti-inflammatory activity of jojoba liquid wax (JLW) was evaluated in a number of experimental models. Results showed that JLW caused reduction of carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema in addition to diminishing prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) level in the inflammatory exudates. In a test for anti-inflammatory potential utilizing the chick’s embryo chroioallantoic membrane (CAM), JLW also caused significant lowering of granulation tissue formation. Topical application of JLW reduced ear oedema induced by croton oil in rats. In the same animal model, JLW also reduced neutrophil infiltration, as indicated by decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In addition, JLW ameliorated histopathological changes affected by croton oil application. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in air pouch in rats, JLW reduced nitric oxide (NO) level and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of JLW in combating inflammation in several experimental models. Further investigations are needed to identify the active constituents responsible for the anti-inflammatory property of JLW.

Chemical binding of jojoba liquid wax to polyethylene

AbstractJojoba wax was chemically bonded to polyethylene—in film or hollow fiber form—via a stable sulfonamide bond. The jojoba‐bonded polyethylene was obtained by binding allyl amino jojoba derivatives to chlorosulfonated polyethylene. The amount of jojoba added to the polymer ranged from 9 to 98% (w/w), depending onthe reaction conditions. Swelling of the polymer in the reaction solvent was the major factor affecting the efficacy of the chemical binding of the jojoba amino groups to the chlorosulfonyl entities of the polymer. The double‐bond regions in the bound jojoba wax were preserved, i.e., they were shown to be reactive in a bromination reaction. These modified membranes can find application in separation processes, such as metal ion separation and pervaporation.

Functionalization at the double‐bond region of jojoba oil. 7. Chemical binding of jojoba liquid wax to polystyrene resins

AbstractJojoba wax was chemically bonded to a polystyrene matrixvia a stable C‐C covalent bond. This was achieved by binding allyl‐brominated jojoba derivatives to lithiated crosslinked polystyrene‐2% divinylbenzene or XAD‐4 polymeric beads via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The double‐bond regions in the jojoba wax were preserved. A side reaction that accompanied the nucleophilic substitution was HBr elimination, which produced diene and triene systems in the bound jojoba. Phosphonation and sulfur chlorination at the double bonds of the jojoba wax, bonded to the polystyrene matrix, were also performed.

Functionalization at the double‐bond region of jojoba oil. 8. Chemical binding of jojoba liquid wax to a polymer matrixvia an amine “spacer”

AbstractJojoba wax was chemically bonded to a polymer matrixvia stable C‐N covalent bonds. The polymer matrix was prepared by amination of several types of styrene‐divinyl benzene or styrene‐vinylbenzylchloride‐divinylbenzene copolymers with diamines or polyethylene imines (polyamines). The jojoba wax was attached to the aminated polystyrene matrix by reacting an allyl‐brominated derivative of jojoba with the matrix to form a C‐N bond between the matrix and the jojoba wax. The amount of bound jojoba wax added to the polymer was in the range of 20–70% (w/w), depending on the type of polymer matrix and reaction conditions. The double‐bond regions in the jojoba wax bonded to the matrix were preserved, and they were subsequently functionalized by phosphonation and sulfur‐chlorination reactions.

Differential scanning calorimetry index for estimating level of saturation in transesterified wax esters

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of fatty esters can give valuable information on melting characteristics and heats‐of‐fusion enthalpy (ΔH). A series of jojoba liquid wax esters was constructed by transesterifying native jojoba oil with 5–50% completely hydrogenated jojoba wax esters. This series, when subjected to a standardized DSC tempering method with heating/cooling cycles, exhibited an excellent correlation for level of saturation based on area changes in endothermic ΔH. Endothermic events were recorded for native (ΔHA) and completely hydrogenated (ΔHC) jojoba wax esters. A third endotherm, ΔHB, was observed when they were transesterified. Based on a multiple regression program, the best fit (R2=0.98) using ΔH data was: % saturation=16.847–0.162 (ΔHA)+0.209 (ΔHB)+0.600 (ΔHC). Standard errors for predictions were approximately 1.045 at 0% saturation, 0.770 at 25% saturation, and 1.158 at 50% saturation. Endothermic events A, B, and C each represent the respective diunsaturated, mounounsaturated, and saturated contents of wax esters in the transesterified blends. This was verified by measuring the dropping points for both the native and completely hydrogenated wax esters. These findings provide an index which can predict the degree of saturation in transesterified wax ester blends and serves as a research tool in process and product developments.

Nonprotein nitrogen content of defatted jojoba meals

AbstractExtraction of defatted jojoba meals with 0–5 M triehloroacetic acid solutions revealed a minimum solubility of nitrogenous compounds in the range of 0.5–2 M. This minimum was assumed to correspond to the nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) fraction. Trichloroacetic acid concentrations of 0.8–1.0 M were found to be optimal for NPN determination. NPN values for laboratory‐prepared meals ranged from 21 to 29% of the total nitrogen for undecorticated (with seed coat) meals and from 21 to 30% for decorticated (without seed coat) meals. Commercial presscakes and presscake fines ranged from 15 to 20% of total nitrogen as NPN. These lower values apparently reflect heat treatments received by the presscakes during commercial expelling of the jojoba liquid wax esters, In aqueous dispersions of unheated jojoba meals, nitrogenous compounds exhibited a minimum solubility of 23–45% of total nitrogen at pH 3–4, the apparent isoelectric region of the storage proteins. In some meals NPN comprised up to 100% of the nitrogen soluble at this minimum; thus, low yields of recoverable meal nitrogen in the form of protein isolates are predicted. The NPN fraction was characterized by amino acid analysis and gel electrophoresis and found to contain free amino adds, peptides, and polypeptides of 6–10 kDa. Simmondsin and its derivatives are estimated to make up about one‐third of the NPN.

In Vitro Production of Jojoba Liquid Wax by Zygotic and Somatic Embryos

Abstract Zygotic embryos of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link) accumulated liquid wax in vivo from 10 mg dry weight to maturity (800 mg dry weight) with relatively constant proportions of 36 to 46 carbon length wax esters. Immature zygotic embryos (initial dry weight, 1.6 ± 0.5 mg se), cultured on a semisolid basal medium supplemented with 15% sucrose for 10 weeks, reached 64.7 ± 20.5 mg se dry weight and produced 50% wax, an efficiency twice that of in vivo zygotic embryos of the same size. Somatic embryos (initial dry weight, 0.3 mg) cultured on semisolid basal media containing 9% sucrose for 12 weeks averaged 92.5 ± 32.7 mg se dry weight with 20% wax, 74% of the efficiency of zygotic embryos in vivo of the same size. The proportion of wax esters accumulated by zygotic and somatic embryos produced in vitro was similar to that of in vivo-produced wax.

Jojoba oil analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

AbstractTwo analytical procedures for determining com‐positions of jojoba liquid wax esters are described and compared. One, the more tedious, involves separation of wax ester homologs by high pressure liquid chro‐matography followed by determination of the acid and alcohol moieties from each homolog. The second allows rapid determination of wax ester composition by gas Chromatographic separation of hydrogenated jojoba wax esters according to chain length, followed immediately by ancillary mass spectrometric identifi‐cation of the acid and alcohol moieties. Double bonds in the alkyl chains in jojoba liquid waxes were almost exclusively (98%) ω‐9, when examined by gas chro‐matography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ozonolysis/GC/MS.