Jojoba Genotypes Research Articles

Response of Growth, Yield, and Phytochemical Behavior of Jojoba Genotypes to Azolla filiculoides Plant Extract.

A unique storage lipid wax found in jojoba seeds can be employed as a chemical feedstock. Alternative safe and natural sources of plant nutrients are constantly sought to preserve both human health and the environment. As a result, EAI1, EAI2, and EAI3 jojoba genotypes’ growth, yield, and phytochemical behavior in response to Azolla extract at concentrations of 0, 10, and 30% were studied. Maximum productivity was found with EAI1, followed by EAI3 then EAI2 across all Azolla extracts. In relation to the Azolla extract concentrations in the two seasons, the concentration of 30% delivered the most pronounced results across all the studied genotypes. During the two seasons, administration of a combined treatment of the EAI1 jojoba genotype with 30% Azolla extract produced the highest mean values of growth, flowering, and fruiting, as well as chemical composition parameters. This means that the treatment of EAI1 genotype with 30% Azolla filiculoides Lam. plant extract yielded the highest significant seed yield (3748 and 3839 kg ha−1) and oil yield per hectare (1910 and 2002 L ha−1). The combination treatment of the EAI1 jojoba genotype with 10% Azolla extract yielded the highest proportion of gadoleic fatty acid (49.83%).

Assessment of the Genetic Diversity of Some Female Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) Genotypes Growing in the Semi-arid Highlands of Sudan using ISSR Markers

The knowledge of genetic diversity of a crop like Jojoba, a commercially grown plant to produce unique liquid oil from its seed, is essential in a breeding program aiming to the development of elite genotypesfor large-scale production. This study was carried out to evaluate the genetic diversity of 25 female jojoba genotypes growing in Arkaweet Area, East Sudan, using ISSR Markers. Genomic DNA was extracted from leaves of thestudied genotypes and quantified for PCR amplification. Five ISSR primers were used for PCR amplification to investigate the genetic diversity among the female jojoba genotypes. ISSR primers showed high polymorphic pattern and produced a total of 54 polymorphic bands with an average of 10.8 polymorphic bands per primer. The average of polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.37 indicates moderate polymorphism. The geneticdiversity ranged from 0.01 to 0.85. The results indicate the effectiveness of using ISSR molecular markers to reveal genetic variability among the studied female jojoba genotypes, a finding that could be used for development ofelite jojoba genotypes, which provide potential for large-scale jojoba production in Sudan.

Asexual propagation of most promising genotypes of jojoba Simmondsia chinensis

Propagation of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) by direct seeding has genetic heterogeneity and about half of the seedlings may be males. Plantation with asexual propagules, though expensive, but it saves time to replant plants of known sex with high production. Vegetative propagation through layering, grafting, cuttings, tissue culture are even successful in jojoba. The current study was initiated to find out appropriate time of grafting and most responsive jojoba genotypefor asexual propagation.The female plants of five promising jojoba genotypes i.e. BRJ-5, BRJ-10, BRJ-22, BRJ-24 and BRJ-46 propagated through grafting, in the months of September and March during the year 2015-16 and 2016-17. The pooled analysis of the data revealed that the grafting practiced in the month of September performed better than in the month of March. The September grafting resulted in longer sprouts (18.49 cm) with more grafting success (74.43%) than that practiced in March. However, sprouts from March grafting took fewerdays to sprout (52.56) than that of September grafting (57.35 days). As far as the genotypeswas concerned, BRJ-22 surpassed theothers in taking minimum days (41.45) to sprout; attaining maximum sprout length (21.49 cm) and giving maximum success percentage (82.35). The study indicated that the optimum time of grafting for jojoba is the month of September and BRJ- 22 is the best suited strain for grafting.

SRAP and SSR marker-assisted genetic diversity, population structure analysis and sex identification in Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)

Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider, commonly known as Jojoba is a woody, dioecious shrub, cultivated all over the globe mainly for its commercially important seed oil (liquid wax ester). Investigations were carried out to analyze genetic diversity and population structure of 57 Jojoba genotypes belonging to 3 different eco-geographical regions of India (Gujarat, Jodhpur, and Jaipur) employing sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. SRAP markers produced higher mean values of polymorphic bands (6.22), polymorphism information content (PIC: 0.47), effective multiplex ration (EMR: 5.36) and marker index (MI: 2.59) compared to SSR markers (5.87, 0.38, 5.26 and 2.23 respectively). Higher % polymorphism (86.30%) and resolving power (RP: 8.76) were detected by SSR markers than SRAP markers (82.30% and 8.71 respectively). Total genetic diversity (Ht) and genetic diversity within populations (Hs) in Jojoba genotypes were found to be very high (0.47 and 0.45 respectively). AMOVA analysis also revealed higher genetic variation within populations (77%) than among populations (23%). Very low genetic differentiation (Gst: 0.04) and high gene flow (Nm: 10.57) among different populations were observed. The Jojoba population of Gujarat region was observed to be highly diverse (h: 0.48), and that of Jaipur was least polymorphic (h: 0.40). Jojoba male genotypes were found to be more polymorphic (h: 0.46) compared to females (h: 0.44). UPGMA, Neighbor-Joining tree, and population structure analysis divided Jojoba populations into two main clusters, first comprising of Gujarat and Jodhpur populations and second including Jaipur population. Genetic diversity in different Jojoba populations was found to be strongly negatively and significantly correlated with the longitude factor. For sex identification in Jojoba, one SRAP primer combination, 'Em14/Me10' amplified a DNA fragment of 396 bp specific to male genotypes of Jaipur population. This male-specific marker was further positively validated on different genotypes growing in Jodhpur and Gujarat regions and sequenced.

DNA Fingerprinting of Sex in Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Grown under the Semi-arid Conditions of Sudan

Abstract Jojoba cultivation and production face the challenge of establishing ways to identify the sex at early stage of plant growth. The present study was carried out to identify sex of jojoba at the seedling stage under Sudan condition. Two DNA markers, ISSR (UBC807) and RAPD (OPG-5), were used for sex identification of jojoba genotypes: two known male and females genotypes and four unknown genotypes. ISSR marker, UBC807 was successfully amplified a unique male-specific band at 1200 bp, while RAPD marker, OPG-5 could not amplify a unique band within jojoba sex. The result clearly indicates that ISSR-UBC807 marker can be used for sex identification of jojoba at seedlings stage, a finding that could make the commercial cultivation and production of jojoba possible in Sudan.

Evaluation of Some Female Jojoba Genotypes under Sandy Land Conditions

This investigation was carried out on female Jojoba (Simmondsia Chinensis, (Link) Schneider) shrubs in a private orchard at Hackstep, Zone, Cairo Governorate to evaluate 15 female shrubs, about 8 years old during two successive seasons of 2014 and 2015. The shrubs growing in sandy soil in 4 lines at distances 3 × 3 meter apart and irrigated with drip irrigation system. Through the rigorous assessment of female selected jojoba trees through the measurements of vegetative growth, floral measurements, productivity and the percentage of oil in their seeds. The study recommends the following: Firstly: the strongest shrubs were No. (1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 12 and 15), secondly: the shrub number No 4 was the earliest one in the flowering date in both first and second seasons. Thirdly: the highest yield recorded for female shrubs No. (5, 10, 12 and 15) in the first season, while in the second one were No. 9 and 12 per the branch. Fourthly: the female shrubs No. (2, 5, 7 and 13) gave the highest oil content in the first season, while in the second one, the female shrub No. 11 was the best. Fifthly: genetic fingerprint of different species was made using 15 primers and it resulted in 5 positive primer and unaffected 10 then, when using ISSR marker the results showed that there are differences between breeds. It is clear from the foregoing that the shrubs No. 5,4,12, and 11, 13) were the best in the strength of growth, early harvest, production and oil content percentage and can be more vegetative and cultivated. As for a high value of genetic similarity was No. 8 and 6 and also, the highest similarity value (0.875) was found between the strains (T8 and T6) followed by 0.792 between (T5 & T15, T8 & T13 and T11 & T14), respectively. Generally, genetic similarity value was low among the investigated genotypes and the study.

Characterization of Male and Female Jojoba Plants Employing Antioxidants, Lipid Peroxidation and Physiological Studies

AbstractJojoba, [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] is a commercially important dioecious, desert shrub which is mainly cultivated for liquid wax (oil) present in its seeds (40–60 %). The oil is being utilized by the cosmetic, pharmaceuticals, and other industries for certain formulations. In this study, gender based differences in biochemical and physiological parameters were examined in relation to natural drought conditions. The amount of protein, proline, cysteine, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and enzymatic activities were evaluated in leaves of male and female Jojoba genotypes. Significant differences between genders were found which was attributed to higher drought tolerance of males than females. Males showed higher contents of protein (113.05 ± 0.88 mg g−1 FW), proline (95.13 ± 2.33 µmol g−1 FW), cysteine (42.47 ± 2.69 µmol g−1 FW) than females (proteins: 70.77 ± 0.52 mg g−1 FW, proline: 66.61 ± 1.75 µmol g−1 FW, cysteine: 17.84 ± 3.00 µmol g−1 FW). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was lower in male genotypes (18.29 ± 0.53 µmol g−1 FW) than female genotypes (23.02 ± 0.70 µmol g−1 FW). Higher activities of catalase (CAT) [0.088 ± 0.005 nkat mg−1 protein], guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) [0.006 ± 0.001 nkat mg−1 protein], glutathione reductase (GR) [9.02 ± 0.04 nkat mg−1 protein], ascorbate peroxidase (APX) [4.28 ± 0.08 nkat mg−1 protein] and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [151.75 ± 3.58 nkat mg−1 protein] were found in males compared to females [CAT: 0.007 ± 00 nkat mg−1 protein, GPX: 0.003 ± 00 nkat mg−1 protein, GR: 6.40 ± 0.06 nkat mg−1 protein, APX: 3.08 ± 0.06 nkat mg−1 protein, SOD: 52.51 ± 1.73 nkat mg−1 protein]. Chlorophyll b content was also higher in males than females.

Genetic diversity analysis among male and female Jojoba genotypes employing gene targeted molecular markers, start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism and CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers

To detect genetic variations among different Simmondsia chinensis genotypes, two gene targeted markers, start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism and CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) were employed in terms of their informativeness and efficiency in analyzing genetic relationships among different genotypes. A total of 15 SCoT and 17 CBDP primers detected genetic polymorphism among 39 Jojoba genotypes (22 females and 17 males). Comparatively, CBDP markers proved to be more effective than SCoT markers in terms of percentage polymorphism as the former detecting an average of 53.4% and the latter as 49.4%. The Polymorphic information content (PIC) value and marker index (MI) of CBPD were 0.43 and 1.10, respectively which were higher than those of SCoT where the respective values of PIC and MI were 0.38 and 1.09. While comparing male and female genotype populations, the former showed higher variation in respect of polymorphic percentage and PIC, MI and Rp values over female populations. Nei's diversity (h) and Shannon index (I) were calculated for each genotype and found that the genotype “MS F” (in both markers) was highly diverse and genotypes “Q104 F” (SCoT) and “82–18 F” (CBDP) were least diverse among the female genotype populations. Among male genotypes, “32 M” (CBDP) and “MS M” (SCoT) revealed highest h and I values while “58-5 M” (both markers) was the least diverse. Jaccard's similarity co-efficient of SCoT markers ranged from 0.733 to 0.922 in female genotypes and 0.941 to 0.746 in male genotype population. Likewise, CBDP data analysis also revealed similarity ranging from 0.751 to 0.958 within female genotypes and 0.754 to 0.976 within male genotype populations thereby, indicating genetically diverse Jojoba population. Employing the NTSYS (Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system) Version 2.1 software, both the markers generated dendrograms which revealed that all the Jojoba genotypes were clustered into two major groups, one group consisting of all female genotypes and another group comprising of all male genotypes. During the present investigation, CBDP markers proved more informative in studying genetic diversity among Jojoba. Such genetically diverse genotypes would thus be of great significance for breeding, management and conservation of elite (high yielding) Jojoba germplasm.

Improve Shoot Proliferation of Nodal Segments of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Schneider) Genotypes by Growth Regulators Combinations

Improve Shoot Proliferation of Nodal Segments of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Schneider) Genotypes by Growth Regulators Combinations

Effects of Growth Regulators and Sucrose on in vitro Nodal Segments and Shoot Tip Culture of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Genotypes

The responses of four jojoba genotypes to in vitro nodal segments and shoot tip culture under different growth regulators combinations and sucrose concentrations were investigated. All experiments were laid out in Completely Randomized Blocks (CR) design using 5 replicates. The results revealed that the jojoba genotype ‘Al-Maddenah’ conveyed the highest response to nodal segments, with MS culture medium supplemented with BAP (3 mg) alone and BAP (3 mg), in combination with IAA (7 mg). Modifying sucrose concentration in the culture medium (20 g, 40 g, 50 g and 60 g) enhanced shoot formation of nodal segments of the genotype ‘Hada Al-Sham”. Concerning shoot tip culture, explants of the genotype ‘Hada Al-Sham’ were cultured on MS+BAP (5 mg)+IAA (5 mg) produced the highest percentages of bud sprouting and shoot formation. Increasing sucrose concentration from 20 g to 60 allowed the genotype ‘Hail-B’ to produced the highest percentage of bud sprouting and shoot formation.

Genetic Variation and Chemical Traits of Selected New Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) Genotypes

AbstractSeeds from six selected jojoba genotypes were used in this study. Seed samples were analyzed for oil, protein, total carbohydrate, and simmondsin contents. The genetic relationships among jojoba genotypes were also determined. Highly significant differences among the genotypes were found for oil, protein, total carbohydrate and simmondsin contents. Genotype MD 8 recorded the highest oil content (54.95%), whereas genotype HD 6 had the lowest oil content (47.17%). However, the highest protein content (16.98%) and the highest carbohydrate value (33.97%) were found in genotype HB 6, which differed significantly from all the other genotypes. The significant variations in the studied characteristics observed among the genotypes might reflect, in part, their different genetic backgrounds. The inter‐simple sequence repeat ISSR‐derived data were evaluated to calculate the genetic similarity (ISSR‐GS). The genetic similarity coefficient varied between 0.60 and 0.90. Cluster analysis was conducted to generate a dendogram to elucidate the relationships among jojoba genotypes. The dendogram generated using pooled ISSR data divided the jojoba genotypes into two main clusters. Genotypes HB8 and MD8 were found in the same sub‐cluster using ISSR primers. These genotypes also had almost similar values for most chemical traits.

Comparative Assessment of ISSR and RAPD Marker Assays for Genetic Diversity Analysis in Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider

A collection of male and female plants of ten Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] genotypes was analyzed with 50 RAPID and 55 ISSR markers to compare the efficiency and utility of these techniques for detecting genetic polymorphism. RAPID and ISSR analysis yielded 442 and 566 scorable amplified products, respectively, of which 60.7 and 69.3% were polymorphic. ISSRs revealed efficiency over RAPDs due to high EMR (effective multiplex ratio), DI (diversity index, mean PIC per primer) and MI (marker index) values. Jaccard similarity matrices among male plants, among female plants and between male and female plants of the ten jojoba genotypes varied between 0.705-0.784. Dendrograms generated by cluster analysis (UPGMA, NTSYS-pc) supported by bootstrap values using RAPID and ISSR datasets led to grouping of most of male and females genotypes in separate clusters. While pattern of clustering remained more or less same, the two dendrograms did differ with respect to the grouping of a few male and female genotypes. The value of the Mantel test shows poor correlation (r = 0.41) between ISSR and RAPID marker datasets.

STUDIES ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF JOJOBA [Simmondsia chinensis (LINK) SCHNEIDER] UNDER EGYPTION CONDITIONS.

Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] is a long-lived desert shrub, native to the arid zones of Arizona, California and North-Western Mexico. The unique wax in their seeds could be a substitute for the oil of the endangered sperm whale. The plant in its natural habitat tolerates high temperature , soil salinity , soil alkalinity and may classified as a true xerophyte. Jojoba shrubs has been introduced to Egypt in 1991 and first orchard planted at EL-Ismailia district on nearly 20 feddans by seeds from USA. The total cultivated area of jojoba has reached over 762 feddans that produce 180 tons of seeds according to IJEC (2008). The study was conducted during seasons of 2006 and 2007 to investigate the variations among different genotypes established by seeds at El-Ismailia to define the extent of differences among them and try to use the morphological parameters obtained in the field for evaluation and propagation of the desirable genotypes. A total of 24 Jojoba genotypes, among them eleven being considered as commercial genotypes are being morphologically studied. Considerable variability was found among the genotypes in all parameters, i.e. height and volume of shrubs , shoot length , internode length and thickness , number of internodes , number of leaves , average of leaf surface area , leaf area/1m of vegetative growth , shape index of leaf , node density per shoot , flowers density per shoot , seed length and width , weight of 100 seeds in addition to shape index of seed. The natural degree of variability appeared enormous, that gives a plant scientist a huge range of possible gene combinations for future selection and improvement of jojoba as a new-industrial and commercial crop.

In vitro propagation of some promising genotypes of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)

Nodal segments (1.5 - 3.0 cm long) of six promising jojoba genotypes were cultured in vitro on solidified MS medium supplemented with BA in combination with different concentrations of NAA, IAA or IBA for shoot formation. The plant growth regulators combination of 5.55 iM BA + 7.1 iM IAA proved the best for shoot initiation and subsequent growth. Some explants of the jojoba genotypes, PKJ-3 and PKJ-6, developed thick rootlets when BA (5.55 iM) was used in combination with IBA (6.1 iM) or NAA (6.7 iM). Many explants developed callus on the medium containing BA (11.1 iM) in combination with NAA (13.4 iM), IAA (14.3 iM) or IBA (12.2 iM). In vitro derived shoots were rooted by culturing on solidified MS medium containing IBA (6.1 iM), IAA (7.1 iM) or NAA (6.7 iM). The plantlets which developed roots in response to IBA had the maximum survival percentage (63.33) during acclimatization in greenhouse. However, survival of the plantlets in field conditions was independent of the genotypes and the time of planting. Among the genotypes, PKJ-3 performed the best in all the parameters studied.

Genotype- and Sex-Specific Protocols for in vitro Micropropagation and Medium-Term Conservation of Jojoba

Nodal explant cultures from field-grown five jojoba genotypes (EC 99690, EC 99692, EC 99692, EC 267779 and EC 171284; male and female plants), could be established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The nodal explants of different genotypes as well as sex elicited differential requirements of N6-benzyladenine (BA) for optimum shoot regeneration and medium-term conservation. Female nodal explants of EC 99692 produced maximum shoots (10 shoots per explant) followed by male of EC 171284 (9.3 shoots per explant) on MS + 10 μM BA. The pulse treatment of 50 μM indole-3-butyric acid for 20 min caused in vitro rhizogenesis in 44 – 67 % cultures of various genotypes tested. A significant difference was observed for the conservation period of male and female cultures of all the genotypes. MS + 10 μM BA supported the shoot cultures of EC 99690, EC 99691 and EC 267779 for maximum conservation period, while MS + 5 μM BA proved to be optimum for conserving the shoots of EC 99692 and EC 171284. Generally, the female shoot cultures of genotypes survived for longer period than male ones.

Flower Bud Dormancy, ABA Concentration, and Survival during Frost of Jojoba Genotypes under Water Stress

Flower bud dormancy and anthesis patterns, ABA concentration, and bud survival following frost were studied in eight jojoba [Simmondsia shinensis (Link) Schneider] clones grown under two irrigation regimes (water stress and well irrigated). Several clones broke dormancy in the autumn. Anthesis in the field before winter occurred only in one clone (a male) in the well-irrigated treatment. Buds on water-stressed plants broke dormancy earlier than those on well-watered plants, but anthesis in the field occurred later in the year. Buds on water-stressed plants were less affected by a severe frost than those on control plants (43% vs. 10% survival). There were large differences among clones in the amount of frost damage. ABA levels did not correlate with dormancy patterns or with the amount of frost damage. Chemical name used: S-(Z,E)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid (ABA).