Joint Effects Of Type Research Articles

The Interplay of Type 2 Diabetes Status, Cardiorespiratory Fitness Level, and Sudden Cardiac Death: A Prospective Cohort Study

BackgroundTo evaluate the individual and joint effects of type 2 diabetes (T2D) status and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level with sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk. MethodsPrevalent T2D was defined based on guideline recommendations, and CRF level was assessed using a respiratory gas-exchange analyzer during exercise testing at baseline, in 2308 men aged 42-61 years. T2D status was classified as either “Yes” or “No,” and CRF level was classified as low, medium, or high. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for SCD. ResultsA total of 264 SCDs occurred during a median follow-up of 28.1 years. Comparing Yes vs No history of T2D, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for SCD was 1.79 (1.19-2.72). Comparing low vs high CRF levels, the corresponding adjusted HR (95% CI) for SCD was 1.77 (1.21-2.58). The HRs persisted when T2D status was further adjusted for CRF level, and vice versa. Compared with No-T2D & medium-high CRF level, men with No-T2D & low CRF and those with Yes-T2D & low CRF had an increased SCD risk: (HR = 1.87, 95% CI, 1.38-2.55) and (HR = 3.34, 95% CI, 2.00-5.57), respectively. No significant association occurred between men with Yes-T2D & medium-high CRF and SCD risk (HR = 1.46, 95% CI, 0.46-4.65). Modest evidence indicated the presence of additive and multiplicative interactions between T2D status and CRF level, in relation to SCD. ConclusionsAn interplay exists between T2D status, CRF level, and SCD risk in middle-aged and older men. Higher CRF levels may mitigate the increased SCD risk observed in men with T2D.

1260-PUB: Type 2 Diabetes and Congestive Heart Failure Are Mutually Independent Predictors of the Presence of Albuminuria

Albuminuria is a well-known characteristic of diabetic nephropathy and it is also present in a large portion of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the single and joint effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and CHF on albuminuria are unknown. This issue therefore was addressed in the present study. We investigated 180 patients with CHF, of whom 83 had T2DM (CHF+/T2DM+) and 97 did not have diabetes (CHF+/T2DM-) and 223 controls without CHF, of whom 39 had T2DM (CHF-/T2DM+) and 184 did not have diabetes (CHF-/T2DM-). The prevalence of albuminuria was lowest in CHF-/T2DM- subjects (8.7%). When compared to this group it was significantly higher in CHF-/T2DM+ (23.1%, p=0.010), CHF+/T2DM- (38.1%, p<0.001) and CHF+/T2DM+ patients (62.7%, p<0.001). It was highest in CHF+/T2DM+ patients, in whom it was higher than in CHF-/T2DM+ (p<0.001) and in CHF+/T2DM- (p=0.001) patients; a trend towards a higher prevalence of albuminuria in CHF-/T2DM+ patients vs. CHF+/T2DM- patients did not reach statistical significance (p=0.093). In logistic regression analysis, CHF and T2DM were mutually independent predictors of albuminuria, when adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, LDL cholesterol, history of smoking and hypertension, as well as for the use of statins and ACE inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers (OR 2.57 [95% CI 1.47-4.51]; p=0.001 and OR 4.15 [2.18 - 7.88]; p<0.001, respectively). We conclude that T2DM and CHF are mutually independent predictors of albuminuria. Disclosure M. Maechler: None. C. H. Saely: None. A. Vonbank: None. B. Larcher: None. A. Mader: None. L. Sprenger: None. B. Mutschlechner: None. A. Leiherer: None. A. Muendlein: None. H. Drexel: None.

Diabetes and body mass index in relation to risk of active tuberculosis: a prospective population-based cohort.

SETTING: Although diabetes (DM) and low body mass index (BMI) are established risk factors for active tuberculosis (TB), the joint effect of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and BMI is unclear.DESIGN: A prospective cohort of 63,257 adults aged 45-74 years were recruited from 1993 to 1998 in Singapore. Active TB cases were identified via linkage with the National TB Registry up to December 2014. Cox regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relations of T2D and BMI, independently and jointly, with TB risk.RESULTS: T2D was associated with increased TB risk (HR 2.31, 95% CI 1.93-2.78). Conversely, BMI was inversely associated with TB risk: HR for underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m²) was 2.87 (95% CI 2.15-3.82) compared to obese (BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m²) individuals. Compared to obese individuals without T2D, HR for active TB among underweight individuals with T2D was 8.30 (95% CI 4.43-15.54). There was no statistically significant interaction between BMI and T2D on TB risk (Pinteraction = 0.85).CONCLUSION: Underweight and T2D are independent determinants for active TB. This has important public health implications in Asia where prevalence of tuberculous infection is high, and T2D occurs at lower levels of BMI.

Complement Coercion: The Joint Effects of Type and Typicality.

Complement coercion (begin a book →reading) involves a type clash between an event-selecting verb and an entity-denoting object, triggering a covert event (reading). Two main factors involved in complement coercion have been investigated: the semantic type of the object (event vs. entity), and the typicality of the covert event (the author began a book →writing). In previous research, reading times have been measured at the object. However, the influence of the typicality of the subject–object combination on processing an aspectual verb such as begin has not been studied. Using a self-paced reading study, we manipulated semantic type and subject–object typicality, exploiting German word order to measure reading times at the aspectual verb. These variables interacted at the target verb. We conclude that both type and typicality probabilistically guide expectations about upcoming input. These results are compatible with an expectation-based view of complement coercion and language comprehension more generally in which there is rapid interaction between what is typically viewed as linguistic knowledge, and what is typically viewed as domain general knowledge about how the world works.

重金属胁迫对Pseudomonas alcaligenesLH7抗生素抗性的影响

从广州某养猪场废水处理系统中筛选出1株优势菌 Pseudomonas alcaligenes LH7。为了研究重金属胁迫对细菌抗生素抗性响应的影响,采用琼脂稀释法和K-B纸片扩散法,测定了重金属（Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Cr6＋）的最小抑制浓度（MIC）,及不同重金属种类和浓度胁迫下,四种抗生素（红霉素、阿莫西林、头孢拉定、四环素）的抑菌圈直径。结果表明：菌体对Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Cr6＋的MIC分别为125、125、100 mg/L,并且具有四环素、阿莫西林、红霉素和头孢拉定多重抗性。重金属与抗生素之间的交互作用对细菌的抗性有显著影响（P 〈 0.05）。重金属和抗生素间的交互作用随重金属种类和浓度的不同而改变,可分为三类：低浓度重金属与抗生素共存时表现为协同抗性,高浓度时则表现为协同杀菌,如Cr6＋或Zn2＋与红霉素,Cu2＋与头孢拉定;低浓度重金属与抗生素共存时表现为协同杀菌,高浓度时则表现为协同抗性,如Cr6＋或Zn2＋与阿莫西林;只与共存重金属种类相关的抗性组合有Cu2＋与四环素或阿莫西林或红霉素,Cr6＋与头孢拉定。环境中重金属离子的共存将改变抗生素污染物的生态危害和环境行为,并最终影响对应的污染防治技术的开发和应用。

Independent and joint effect of type 2 diabetes and gastric and hepatobiliary diseases on risk of pancreatic cancer risk: 10-year follow-up of population-based cohort.

Background:Type 2 diabetes mellitus, gastric and hepatobiliary comorbidities, and cancer share common risk factors: for example, tobacco, obesity, physical inactivity, high calorie intake, and metabolic disorders. Prior studies find type 2 diabetes and gastric and hepatobiliary comorbidities heightening risk of pancreatic cancer. Yet joint association of type 2 diabetes mellitus and gastric and hepatobiliary comorbidities on pancreatic cancer risk has not been assessed.Methods:This study rates independent/joint effects of type 2 diabetes as well as gastric and hepatobiliary comorbidity on pancreatic cancer risk for a retrospective population-based cohort of 166 850 type 2 diabetics identified in 1997–1998 and followed for 10–11 years, comparing their cancer incidence with that of 166 850 non-diabetics matched for age, gender, and locale. Time-dependent Cox's proportional hazards model evaluted joint association of type 2 diabetes and chronic conditions on pancreatic cancer risk.Results:A total of 1178 subjects were newly diagnosed with pancreatic cancer during follow-up, with incidence rates of 0.49 per 1000 person-years in type 2 diabetes and 0.26 per 1000 person-years in the non-diabetics. We observed greater magnitude of hazard ratios (HRs) of pancreatic cancer for patients with type 2 diabetes along with acute alcoholic hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, cholecystitis, and gastric ulcer compared with patients without type 2 diabetes or counterpart comorbidity (HR: 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19–1.56; 1.74, 1.23–2.45; 9.18, 7.44–11.33; and 2.31, 1.98–2.70, respectively). Main effects of type 2 diabetes were all statistically with narrow 95% CI and remained similar across risk stratification with various comorbidities: range 1.59–1.80.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates that pre-existing type 2 diabetes, acute alcoholic hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, cholecystitis, and gastric ulcer independently or jointly predict subsequent pancreatic cancer risk. Clinicians must recognise burden of these gastric and hepatobiliary comorbidities and keep clinically vigilant for their diagnosis.

Roles of guilt and culture in normative influence: testing moderated mediation in the anti-secondhand smoking context

This study simultaneously explored direct, indirect, and joint effects of types of norm messages, guilt, and culture on smokers’ behavioral intentions in the anti-secondhand smoking context. An online study among 310 smoking students in an individualistic (United States) and a collectivistic (Korea) country indicated that (1) norm messages had no conditional indirect effects on behavioral intention, (2) guilt arousal had a strong and direct impact on behavioral intention, and (3) guilt arousal and its impact on behavioral intention were stronger among Korean smokers than among US smokers.

JOINT ECONOMIC DESIGN OF MEAN AND VARIANCE CONTROL CHARTS

This paper develops an economically designed x¯ − s2 control chart and compares it to the economically designed x¯ − R control chart in terms of loss cost, power and Type I error. Specific case examples are given. The results show that the x¯ − s2 control chart has lower minimal cost and higher power than the x¯ − R control chart. The paper also presents a very good index to show, firstly, the joint effect of power and loss cost and, secondly, the joint effect of Type I error and loss cost. The numerical study also shows the x¯ − s2 control procedure is better than the x¯ − R control procedure in terms of both, power and cost, and type 1 error and cost, in most cases.