John Marks Research Articles

John Marks: outspoken former chair of the BMA, campaigner, and moderniser

John Marks: outspoken former chair of the BMA, campaigner, and moderniser

Heroin addiction: the clinic system, John Marks and a timeless classic

Purpose This extended review of Stimson and Oppenheimer’s classic book Heroin Addiction aims to highlight its contribution to the literature and consider its contemporary relevance for research, policy and practice. Design/methodology/approach The review examines the core themes of the longitudinal study that the book presents by bringing it in to dialogue with a recent “living history” project on John Marks’ radical heroin prescribing in the 1980s and 1990s. Findings The three core themes explored are treatment as containment; the balance between therapy and social control; and the benefits of heroin versus methadone. Originality/value The book is a “timeless classic” that still resonates with contemporary concerns and has much to tell us about heroin addiction and its treatment.

Tony Keable-Elliott: GP who turned around the fortunes of the BMA

When Tony Keable-Elliott was BMA treasurer he increased the association’s reserves more than sevenfold, from £1.9m (€2.1m; $2.5m) in 1981 to £15.2m in 1987, converting the Great Hall and updating...

Book Reviews

Robert William Fogel and G. R. Elton. Which Road to the Past? Two Views of History. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1983. Pp. vii, 136. Cloth, $14.95. Review by Stephen Kneeshaw of The School of the Ozarks. Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie. The Mind and Method of the Historian. Translated by Sian Reynolds and Ben Reynolds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. Pp. v, 310. Paper, $9.95. Review by Richard Harvey of Ohio University. John E. O'Connor, ed. American History/ American Television: Interpreting the Video Past. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1983. Pp. 463. Cloth, $17.50; Paper, $8.95. Review by D' Ann Campbell of Indiana University. Foster Rhea Dulles & Melvyn Dubofsky. Labor in America: A History. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1984. 4th edition. Pp. ix, 425. Cloth, $25.95. Paper, $15.95. Review by Robert W. Dubay of Bainbridge Junior College. Karen Ordahl Kupperman. Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman & Allanheld, 1984. Pp. viii, 182. Cloth, $24.95; Paper, $12.50. Review by John T. Reilly of Mount Saint Mary College. Kevin O'Reilly. Critical Thinking in American History: Exploration to Constitution. South Hamilton, Massachusetts: Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School, 1983. Pp. 86. Paper, $2.95. Teacher's Guides: Pp. 180. Paper, $12.95; Kevin O'Reilly. Critical Thinking in American History: New Republic to Civil War. South Hamilton, Massachusetts: Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School, 1984. Pp. 106. Paper, $2.95. Teacher's Guide: Pp. 190. Paper, $12.95. Review by James F. Marran of New Trier Township High School, Winnetka, Illinois. Michael J. Cassity, ed. Chains of Fear: American Race Relations Since Reconstruction. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984. Pp. xxxv, 253. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Ann W. Ellis of Kennesaw College. L. P. Morris. Eastern Europe Since 1945. London and Exeter, New Hampshire: Heinemann Educational Books, 1984. Pp. 211. Paper, $10.00. Review by Thomas T. Lewis, Mount Senario College. John Marks. Science and the Making of the Modern World. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann Educational Books, Inc., 1983. Pp. xii, 507. Paper, $25.00. Review by Howard A. Barnes of Winston-Salem State University. Kenneth G. Alfers, Cecil Larry Pool, William F. Mugleston, eds. American's Second Century: Topical Readings, 1865-Present. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Co., 1984. Pp. viii, 381. Paper, $8.95. Review by Richard D. Schubart of Phillips Exeter Academy. Sam C. Sarkesian. America's Forgotten Wars: The Counterrevoltuionary Past and Lessons for the Future. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984. Pp. xiv, 265. Cloth, $29.95. Review by Richard Selcer of Mountain View College. Edward Wagenknecht. Daughters of the Covenant: Portraits of Six Jewish Women. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1983. Pp. viii, 192. Cloth, $17.50. Review by Abraham D. Kriegel of Memphis State University. Morton Borden. Jews, Turks, and Infidels. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1984. Pp. x, 163. Cloth, $17.95. Review by Raymond J. Jirran of Thomas Nelson Community College. Richard Schlatter, ed. Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing Since 1966. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1984. Pp. xiii, 524. Cloth, $50.00. Review by Fred R. van Hartesveldt of Fort Valley State College. Simon Hornblower. The Greek World, 479-323 B.C. London and New York: Methuen, 1983. Pp. xi, 354. Cloth, $24.00; Paper, $11.95. Review by Dan Levinson of Thayer Academy, Braintree, Massachusetts. H. R. Kedward. Resistance in Vichy France. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. Paper edition 1983. Pp. ix, 311. Paper, $13.95. Review by Sanford J. Gutman of the State University of New York at Cortland.

Prescribing heroin: John Marks, the Merseyside clinics, and lessons from history

The prescribing of heroin has a long and contentious history as a method for treating people with heroin problems. This paper revisits a controversial ‘experiment’ with heroin prescribing in Northwest England between 1982 and 1995, led by the psychiatrist Dr. John Marks. Marks’ work has been shrouded in myth and misinformation for many years and the paper presents an evidence-based reconstruction of this episode, drawing on archival sources, published and unpublished documents, and a small number of interviews with key informants. During this 13-year period, Marks worked across clinics in Liverpool and two neighbouring towns, founding his practice on the long-term maintenance prescribing of opiates, including injectable heroin and smokable heroin reefers. The high media profile of the work, in the context of a febrile local politics in Liverpool, a powerful British addiction psychiatry establishment and an always-heated international politics of drug control, brought immense political pressure and led eventually to the closure of the clinics. The Marks ‘experiment’ raises important challenges to the premises, practices and philosophy of heroin maintenance – particularly the questions of thresholds and criteria for access, and the purposes of intervention – as well as to the wider regime of prohibitive drug laws.

Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control. by Stephen Kinzer, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2019. 368 pp. $30.00.

<i>Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control</i>. by Stephen Kinzer, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2019. 368 pp. $30.00.

John Marks

John Marks

Transanal total mesorectal excision: full steam ahead.

The article by Araujo [1] in this month’s issue documents the dramatic climb of transanal total mesorectal excision (transanal TME) with the most comprehensive review on this topic to date and a revelation of published numbers that are approximately double what they were just 1 year ago [2]. While it may seem as if transanal TME materialized overnight, in actuality, its foundation had been quietly in development for three decades. The seeming sudden ascent of transanal TME is analogous to a building under construction. Developing a proper foundation is a time-intensive and critical first step. To naive observers of a construction site, it may appear as though no progress is underway, until the foundation is completed and suddenly a building begins to rise ten stories high, filling in the skyline with striking speed. The foundation for transanal TME began 30 years ago with the innovative efforts of Gerald Marks and later carried on with his son John Marks. In the early 1980s, G. Marks pioneered the technique of what he termed the transabdominal–transanal (TATA) operation for rectal cancers involving the distal one-third of the rectum [3], performing a meticulous dissection from below and adapting Bill Heald’s concept of TME, albeit ‘in reverse.’ This predated the era of laparoscopy and the first TATA operations were completed with an open approach before transitioning to the use of laparoscopic assistance in the 1990s [4]. For 30 years, Marks’ TATA operation laid down the foundation for modern transanal TME, spelling out very clearly why this approach was preferred for distal rectal cancer. Principally, the advantages of TATA were (a) definition of the distal margin from below, thereby assuring no tumor involvement at the line of distal division and (b) obviating the need for stapling devices for transection, which do not comply with boney constraints of— in particular—the narrow male pelvis. Even when staplers could be negotiated into pelvic confines from above, there was still the risk of inadvertently stapling across tumor, thereby irreversibly compromising the oncologic integrity of the operation. While Marks’ rationale behind TATA was perfectly on point, the technique required specialized retractors with limited exposure, and thus few were able to replicate this approach. In parallel with TATA, the transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) scope was developed by Buess [5] and considerable experience was gained with TEM for local excision of rectal neoplasia, though primarily for nonmalignant lesions. TEM was, for many, an unaffordable privilege of the elite; most colorectal surgeons, to this day, are not privy to TEM nor have they had formal training with this exquisite device. TEM’s penetration had remained limited due to prohibitive upfront costs and also the complexity it mandates from surgeons. During a recent lectureship webcast, a renowned colorectal surgeon remarked that, ‘in [the year] 2000, TEM was dead.’ This statement was not intended to discredit the otherwise precocious TEM marvel. Implicit, however, was that the technique failed to gain universal adoption by colorectal surgeons due to the reasons cited. But in the mid-2000s, an important innovation would set TATA and TEM on a collision course with one another; it would not only resurrect TEM, but it would also spawn the next generation of advanced transanal platforms. That innovation was natural orifice translumenal surgery (NOTES) [6]. Those with skepticism about NOTES asked: What for? But the innovators of the time asked: What next? It immediately set off a worldwide quest to determine what S. Atallah (&) Florida Hospital, Winter Park, FL, USA e-mail: atallah@post.harvard.edu

Looking Back after Showing Up

Negotiation JournalVolume 30, Issue 4 p. 487-495 Column Looking Back after Showing Up John Marks, John MarksSearch for more papers by this author John Marks, John MarksSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 October 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12073 John Marks was the president and founder of Search for Common Ground in Washington, DC. He remains a full-time senior advisor. His e-mail address is jmarks@sfcg.org. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume30, Issue4October 2014Pages 487-495 RelatedInformation

Author’s reply to V. Fazio’s invited comment on “Single incision laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a single surgeon experience of 102 consecutive cases”

The authors are thankful for the opportunity to address the comments made by Dr. Fazio and by Dr. Bergamaschi regarding our manuscript entitled ‘‘Single Incision Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery: A Single Surgeon Experience of 102 Consecutive Cases.’’ The authors greatly appreciate both the insightful comments offered by Dr. Vic Fazio as well as his understanding that single-incision laparoscopic colorectal surgery is in its infancy. We also agree that benefits and outcomes will prove to be at least equivalent and likely superior to traditional laparoscopy, as its superiority to hand-assist surgery has been shown by others [1]. We are now indeed in the process of defining patient selection, disease processes, and limitations of a single-port technique. Further work is in process and results are forthcoming. As far as Dr. Bergamaschi’s comments, we agree that institutional review board (IRB) approval should be mandatory for such studies and greatly appreciate Dr. Bergamaschi’s acknowledgement that this was indeed the case in our study as we consider it routine. We also agree that there is a need for innovation in surgery and that this must be implemented in accordance with the rules of evidence. However, we cannot agree with his statement that laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) is neither technically simple nor random. Given the tremendous advances in new technology (Olympus endo-eye flexible tip 5-mm camera and 5-mm energy devices to name a couple), we are now able to perform even complex abdominal operations in an even less invasive fashion. In fact, the ergonomic challenges and time constraints of traditional laparoscopy are often greatly improved with a single-port technique. LESS is nothing more than grouping the ports together and operating through a single incision. Having performed well over 1,000 laparoscopic colorectal procedures primarily through a three-port technique popularized in the United States by John Marks, MD, the transition to single-incision surgery is quite simple. This has become our routine access as it is essentially a three-trocar technique with the grouping of the ports at a single-site. The authors also agree with Dr. Bergamaschi that the goal for innovative advances in surgery should be the improvement of patient benefit as that was the sole purpose of this study while better defining the patient selection, disease processes, and optimal technique. With regard to the actual technique, single-incision laparoscopy is in its infancy while standardized techniques have not yet been defined. However, it remains a three-trocar laparoscopic procedure. As we are now quickly approaching our second 100 cases, much has been learned. With the ports arranged in a triangular configuration directed to the pathology, the camera is best placed through the apical port with a grasper in the surgeon’s right hand and the energy device in the left. The same surgical principles that pertain to open surgery and utilized for a traditional laparoscopic approach are strongly adhered to with this access technique. Again, this simplified approach is a traditional three-trocar technique with the ports bunched together and we feel that this is readily adoptable by surgeons with the appropriate skill set utilized for a traditional laparoscopic resection. To date, over 100 surgeons with advanced laparoscopic experience have been proctored and report an excellent adoption rate. While others have D. Geisler (&) T. Garrett Pittsburgh, PA, USA e-mail: dgeisler@ma.rr.com

The NHS: Beginning, Middle and End? The Autobiography of Dr John Marks

The NHS: Beginning, Middle and End? The Autobiography of Dr John Marks

Guidelines for prescribing injectable heroin and methadone

I was surprised to read that heroin prescribing was considered controversial ([Luty, 2005][1]). In the 1970s my colleague and I had no serious problems prescribing heroin and cocaine. In the 1980s and’90s Dr John Marks successfully prescribed heroin in Widnes but there was great hostility to his

French Popular Culture: An Introduction by Hugh Dauncey (review)

ii 22 Reviews French Popular Culture: An Introduction. Ed. by Hugh Dauncey. London: Arnold. 2003. viii + 22opp. ?16.99. ISBN 0-340-80882-9. Designed primarily as an introductory textbook, this slim volume, comprising an introduction and fourteen concise chapters, discusses French popular culture from 1945 to 2000, with themes ranging from radio to fashion via cyberculture and bande dessinee. The book is very much aimed, in both tone and format, at undergraduate students or those new to French Studies, with each chapter following a reassuringly standardized pattern: main body of chapter, short conclusion, suggestions forfurther thinking and reading, bibliography. While this pattern, combined with the repetition of ideas and concepts throughout the book, may prove frustrating for scholars, it is a useful strategy for an undergraduate manual as potentially difficultconcepts are reinforced, thereby making them easier to understand forstudents dealing with them for,possibly, the firsttime. The introduction provides a concise thematic history of the development of popular culture in France, discussing, among other key moments, les annees folles, the Algerian War, and May '68, and making appropriate connections between the political and economic events of the time and their influence on popular culture. Each subsequent chapter places the 'cultural product' discussed in a socioeconomic and political framework, considering, where appropriate, the genres and subgenres of the product, and explaining its development in France since 1945. The suggestions forfurtherthinking are particularly relevant forstudents today in that many of the ideas encourage first-hand interaction with the 'cultural product'. Students, forexample, are encouraged to watch French television or listen to French radio and are given practical resources to enable them to access channels and stations whether in France or in Britain. A further pedagogic tool can be found in Denis Provencher's chapter on 'Press' in the form of a case study on the October 2002 attack on Paris mayor Bertrand Delanoe. His analysis ofthe presentation ofthe attack in differentnewspapers is helpful to undergraduates as a model fortheir own analyses, which are oftena necessity of advanced language or news media courses. Furthermore, throughout the book English translations are given after all French words and terms, other than those in common usage in English; explorations ofterms that could oftenbe confused or erroneously taken forgranted by undergraduates are similarly provided; for example, John Marks explores the differences in usage and connotation between la cuisine, la gastronomie, and I'alimentation in his chapter on 'Food'. This book, then, will prove useful both as an introductory overview for students of popular culture and for those students focusing on any aspect of contemporary France, making it a valuable and welcome tool in the development of French popular culture as a valid discipline at post-secondary level. University of Leeds Kim Harrison Caribbean Connections. Ed. by Lorna Milne. (Forum for Modern Language Stu? dies, special issue, 40.4) Oxford: Oxford University Press. October 2004. ?12. ISSN0015-8518. The connections alluded to in the title of this special issue of FMLS are ostensibly those that emerge fromthe juxtaposition of its diverse range ofessays. Certainly, there is much that connects the articles, notably an interest in how Caribbean history?often theorized as a non-history?shapes and creates the cultures of the archipelago. His? tory is thus the common thread that binds and brings coherence to the project, as indeed it does to any attempt to understand the Caribbean as an entity. Behind this more obvious set of connections, however, there is, it seems, a further level of inter? relatedness that is being suggested, implied, and actualized to varying degrees in the ...

Caribbean Connections by Lorna Milne (review)

ii 22 Reviews French Popular Culture: An Introduction. Ed. by Hugh Dauncey. London: Arnold. 2003. viii + 22opp. ?16.99. ISBN 0-340-80882-9. Designed primarily as an introductory textbook, this slim volume, comprising an introduction and fourteen concise chapters, discusses French popular culture from 1945 to 2000, with themes ranging from radio to fashion via cyberculture and bande dessinee. The book is very much aimed, in both tone and format, at undergraduate students or those new to French Studies, with each chapter following a reassuringly standardized pattern: main body of chapter, short conclusion, suggestions forfurther thinking and reading, bibliography. While this pattern, combined with the repetition of ideas and concepts throughout the book, may prove frustrating for scholars, it is a useful strategy for an undergraduate manual as potentially difficultconcepts are reinforced, thereby making them easier to understand forstudents dealing with them for,possibly, the firsttime. The introduction provides a concise thematic history of the development of popular culture in France, discussing, among other key moments, les annees folles, the Algerian War, and May '68, and making appropriate connections between the political and economic events of the time and their influence on popular culture. Each subsequent chapter places the 'cultural product' discussed in a socioeconomic and political framework, considering, where appropriate, the genres and subgenres of the product, and explaining its development in France since 1945. The suggestions forfurtherthinking are particularly relevant forstudents today in that many of the ideas encourage first-hand interaction with the 'cultural product'. Students, forexample, are encouraged to watch French television or listen to French radio and are given practical resources to enable them to access channels and stations whether in France or in Britain. A further pedagogic tool can be found in Denis Provencher's chapter on 'Press' in the form of a case study on the October 2002 attack on Paris mayor Bertrand Delanoe. His analysis ofthe presentation ofthe attack in differentnewspapers is helpful to undergraduates as a model fortheir own analyses, which are oftena necessity of advanced language or news media courses. Furthermore, throughout the book English translations are given after all French words and terms, other than those in common usage in English; explorations ofterms that could oftenbe confused or erroneously taken forgranted by undergraduates are similarly provided; for example, John Marks explores the differences in usage and connotation between la cuisine, la gastronomie, and I'alimentation in his chapter on 'Food'. This book, then, will prove useful both as an introductory overview for students of popular culture and for those students focusing on any aspect of contemporary France, making it a valuable and welcome tool in the development of French popular culture as a valid discipline at post-secondary level. University of Leeds Kim Harrison Caribbean Connections. Ed. by Lorna Milne. (Forum for Modern Language Stu? dies, special issue, 40.4) Oxford: Oxford University Press. October 2004. ?12. ISSN0015-8518. The connections alluded to in the title of this special issue of FMLS are ostensibly those that emerge fromthe juxtaposition of its diverse range ofessays. Certainly, there is much that connects the articles, notably an interest in how Caribbean history?often theorized as a non-history?shapes and creates the cultures of the archipelago. His? tory is thus the common thread that binds and brings coherence to the project, as indeed it does to any attempt to understand the Caribbean as an entity. Behind this more obvious set of connections, however, there is, it seems, a further level of inter? relatedness that is being suggested, implied, and actualized to varying degrees in the MLR, 100.4,2005 1123 essays. These relations are not so much intra-Caribbean as transatlantic, and more specifically between Scotland, Ireland, and the Caribbean. With perhaps one or two exceptions, the authors have direct connections to Ireland or Scotland, and these connections have a discernible effectin their interpretations of Caribbean cultures: there is a marked absence of exotic interest in the non-European other,and a strong, if subtle, sense of identification with Caribbean experience across the essays. To the edi? tor's and authors' credit, these transatlantic connections remain largely implicit, and manifest themselves more in a general unspoken sensitivity to postcolonial Caribbean experience...

Deleuze and literature

Introduction: Deleuze and Literature Ian Buchanan & John Marks 1. Deleuze and Signs Andre Pierre Colombat 2. How Deleuze Can Help Us Make Literature Work Bruce Baugh 3. The 'Paterson' Plateau: Deleuze, Guattari, and William Carlos Williams Hugh Crawford 4. 'Underworld': The People are Missing John Marks 5. Inhuman Irony: The Event of the Postmodern Claire Colebrook 6. On the Uses and Abuses of Literature for Life Greg Lambert 7. 'A Question of an Axiomatic of Desires': the Deleuzian Imagination of Geoliterature Kenneth Surin 8. Transvestism, Drag and Becomings: A Deleuzian Analysis of the Fictions of Timothy Findley Marlene Goldman 9. Only Intensities Subsist: Samuel Beckett's 'Nohow On' Timothy S. Murphy 10. Nizan's Diagnosis of Existentialism and the Perversion of Death Eugene W. Holland 11. I and My Deleuze Tom Conley.

Origins of the discipline ‘neonatal haematology’, 1925-75

Origins of the discipline ‘neonatal haematology’, 1925-75

BOOK REVIEW

Book reviewed in this article:Common Ground on Terrorism: Soviet‐American Cooperation Against the Politics of Terror. Edited by John Marks and Igor Beliaev.Terror. By Conor Gearty.Terrorism and Modern Drama. Edited by John Orr and Dragan Klaic.Terrorism in the 1990s. By Richard Latter.Terrorism Research and Public Policy. Edited by Clark McCauley.Violence, Terrorism and Justice. Edited by R. G. Frey and Christopher W. Morris.The Highest Stakes: The Economic Foundation of the Next Security System. By W. Standholtz, M. Borrus, J. Zysman, J. Stowsky, S. Vogel, and S. Weber.Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. By Liah Greenfeld.Money, Politics and Law. By Keith Ewing.In the Highest Degree Odious: Detention without Trial in Wartime Britain. By A. W. Brian Simpson.Race and Public Policy: A Study of Local Politics and Government. By Shamit Saggar.Green Political Theory. By Robert E. Goodin.A treaty Too Far: a New Policy for Europe. By Michael Spicer MP.A Single Market and Beyond. Edited by Dennis Swann.The EC and the United States. By Peter Coffey.Macroeconomic Policy Coordination in Europe: the Erm and Monetary Union. Edited by Ray Barrell and John Whitley.Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis. Edited by S. Bruce.Religion: Contemporary Issues. Edited by B. Wilson.Illusions of Triumph: An Arab View of the Gulf War. By Mohamed Heikal.

Power to the Parents: Reversing Educational Decline

Part 1 Education or revolution?: clarifying the concepts, Anthony Flew anti-racism - revolution not education, John Marks ' anti-racist rhetoric, Ray Honeyford. Part 2 The materials of propaganda: history, race and propaganda, Tom Hastie from Auschwitz - Yesterday's Racism to GCHQ, Caroline Cox racial mischief - the case of Dr Sivanandan, David Dale. Part 3 Freedom, language and censorship: language, race and colour, Linda Hall reading and discrimination - Anti-Racism in English studies, A.C. Capey here be witches! Anti-Racism and the making of a new inquisition, David J. Levy. Part 4 Culture and value: the myth of cultural relativism, Roger Scruton Swann and the spirit of the age, Simon Pearce moral understanding and the ethics of indignation, Frank Palmer pentecostalists and the Black Movement, Roy Kerridge preference and prejudice - the mythology of British racism, Dennis J. O'Keeffe.

Per Capita Funding: The Next Step to Better Schools

Changes to the state funding of education through Local Education Authorities must be gradual but are urgently required to improve standards. Dr John Marks, a member of the Hillgate Group which produced Whose Schools?, presents the argument for per capita grants to schools as a halfway‐house between local authority funding and vouchers.

Essay Review: Standards, Selection and Equality: a Test Case for Educational Research∗

∗ Standards in English Schools, by John Marks, Caroline Cox and Maciej Pomian‐Srzednicki, National Council for Educational Standards, London (1983); Examination Results in Selective and Non Selective Schools, by Jane Steedman, National Children's Bureau, London (1983), pp. 151, £15‐00; Reconstructions of Secondary Education, by J. Gray, A. F. McPherson and D. Raffe, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London (1983).