John Caius Research Articles

William Harvey and the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood

William Harvey and the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood

Recent Periodicals

Anglo-Saxon England, 45 (2017) Includes: Donald Scragg, ‘A Ninth-Century Old English Homily from Northumbria'; Leonard Neidorf, ‘The Composite Authorship of The Dream of the Rood’; Gerald P. Dyson, ‘Liturgy or Private Devotion? Reappraising Warsaw Biblioteka Narodowa, I. 3311’. Archives of Natural History, 44, 2 (October 2017) Includes: Christopher D. Preston, ‘Using John Nidd's Annotated Books in the Wren Library to Reassess his Contribution to John Ray's Catalogus (1660)’; Holger Funk, ‘John Caius's Contributions to Conrad Gessner's Historia animalium and “Historia plantarum”: A Survey and Commentaries’; R. B. Williams, ‘Corroboration of the Inferred Publication Date of J. S. Bowerbank's A History of the Fossil Fruits and Seeds of the London Clay’. Arthuriana, 26, 1 (Spring 2016) Includes: Stephen M. Yeager, ‘Diplomatic Antiquarianism and the Manuscripts of La3amon's Brut’. Book Collector, 66, 3 (Autumn 2017) Includes: James Fergusson, ‘Evelyn Waugh, Artist’; Charles Sebag-Montefiore, ‘The British as Art Collectors’; A. S. G. Edwards, ‘The Bradmore Manuscript: Medicine and Memory in Early Modern England’; Mirjam M. Foot, ‘A London Binding for Presentation of Bishop John King, c. 1616’; David Batterham, ‘“How Much for the Whole Shop?”; A Billet at Hay Castle in 1965’; Sheila Markham, ‘Carl Williams’.

John Caius's contributions to Conrad Gessner'sHistoria animaliumand “Historia plantarum”: a survey with commentaries

The Swiss physician and naturalist Conrad Gessner (1516–1565) is known as the author of Historia animalium, a multi-volume encyclopaedia published between 1551 and 1558 and intended as an up-to-date version of the Aristotelian work of the same title. It included little-known animals from the New World and other regions outside Europe. To realize this ambitious project, Gessner was dependent on a great number of supporters and informants. One of them was the English physician John Caius (1510–1573), who shared with Gessner a special interest in the medical works of Galen. This common interest resulted in a meeting between the two scholars, leading to cooperation and a life-long friendship. The fact that Caius and Gessner were on good terms and cooperated for Historia animalium, as well as for Gessner's unfinished “Historia plantarum”, has often been noted, usually however in a rather cursory manner. This article provides an analysis of how and when Caius's information found its way into Gessner's works.

Humfrey Lovell and the Gates of Gonville and Caius College: A Note on the Sources

The Renaissance gates of Gonville and Caius College Cambridge are by local tradition attributed to Theodore Haveus. Mark Girouard noted the possible involvement of the royal architect Humfrey Lovell in their design. This short paper tidies up the documentary evidence which supports this idea. The gates were based on the study of Serlio by the London-based architect and artists employed by John Caius at his refounded college, but were put into effect both by Lovell and, after him, Haveus.

John Caius et le De usu partium. Contribution à l’histoire du texte de Galien

Published in Venice in 1525, the edition of the Complete Works of Galien required the consultation of many manuscripts. For the important treatise entitled De usu partium, the manuscript used for the impression still exists: ms. Parisinus gr. 2148. Its text is incomplete, like that of all the witnesses in its family, because of a long lacuna in Book VII, which the Basle edition of 1544 does not fill either. It was the English philologist John Caius (1510-1573) who published the missing portion of Book VII in 1544. The present article searches out the sources of that partial edition. Apart from the De libris propriis by John Caius, a study is made of his own copy of the Basle edition and his annotations made from various manuscripts seen in Italy and, notably for the De usu partium, from the manuscript of Lazzaro Bonamico. This codex Lazari is identified with Parisinus gr. 2281, which was the second source of the edition of 1544. The principle source is the ms. Cantabr. Caius et Gonv. Coll. 047/24; the manuscript belonged to John Caius and he bequeathed it to the library of the college for which he had done much. This manuscript contains only parts of the De usu partium. A comparison with Laurentianus 74.4, composed of older and newer parts, indicates that the older parts of the Florentine manuscript and those of the De usu partium in the manuscript in Cambridge originally formed one and the same manuscript. This leads to the hypothesis that Caius may have stolen certain parts of the De usu partium.

Flews 'The Pendulous Lips of a Hound'

THE Oxford English Dictionary defines flews as ‘the large chaps of a deep-mouthed hound (e.g. the bloodhound)’ and states that the term is ‘of unknown origin’.1 It appears to be without cognates in other languages. In The booke of faulconrie or hauking George Turberville writes of operating on the tongues of spaniel whelps to remove the ‘worm’ or lytta in order to prevent madness: ‘They take him and open his flew and jawes with a mannes hande’.2 This first attestation from the late sixteenth century does not, of course, preclude an earlier undocumented presence in spoken Middle English or even Old English. Yet one may wonder whether the rare term, perhaps in regular use only among the breeders of, and hunters with, hounds, was not a relatively late formation, one term in the expanding vocabulary of dog-breeding and dog exploitation that may have come into being as the contours of early modern canine breeds were becoming more sharply drawn. It is worth noting that John Caius, in his treatise Of Englisshe Dogges from 1576, does not use the term flews. Of the harrier he writes: ‘We may knowe these kinde of Dogges by their long, large, and bagging lippes, by their hanging eares, reachyng downe both sydes of their chappes, and by the indifferent and measurable proportion of their making’.3

John Caius: early English physician, anatomist and epidemiologist

This year marks the birth, 500 years ago, of John Caius, a remarkable polymath. As a Greek scholar, physician, epidemiologist, anatomist, medical and academic administrator and generous benefactor, he was an interesting man! Caius was born in Lincoln in 1510. The family name was Keys, which he Latinised into a number of spellings, of which ‘Caius’ is the one in common use.

The Legend of Guy of Warwick (review)

Reviews 261 Reading Practice), the study is substantiated with over 600 notes, a select but nonetheless copious bibliography and a general index and index of manuscripts. Judy Quinn Department of English University of Sydney Richmond, Velma Bourgeois, The Legend of Guy of Warwick, (Garland Studies in Medieval Literature 14), N e w York, Garland, 1996; board; pp. xv, 551; 75 b / w Ulustrations; R.R.P. US$99.00. In this comprehensive and exhaustive study Velma Bourgeois Richmond brings to fruition some fifteen years' research into the legendary Guy, Earl of Warwick. A n epitome of chivalric prowess and piety, Guy first appears in the early thirteenth-century Anglo-Norman romance Gui de Warewic. Richmond explores the models that preceded the anonymous author's narrative, and shows h o w the story of G u y became one of the most popular romance tales of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, translated and adapted in numerous medieval versions, including the weU-known Middle EngUsh Guy of Warwick. With the advent of printing, Guy's legend was more widely disseminated, not only in the EngUsh romance version, but also in simplified stories in innumerable chapbooks and other cheap publications. In the Renaissance and Restoration the legend was not generaUy regarded as the stuff of serious literature, and was consigned to popular fiction, ballads and dramas; increasingly it came to be regarded as a topic suitable mainly for children. The new enthusiasm for chivalry extending from the Romantic era until the First World War only partly succeeded in rehabilitating the legend as a serious topic. In the twentieth century it has been sustained mainly in popular forms connected with the folklore revival. Richmond painstakingly catalogues and discusses the multitude of texts, ulustrations and material forms depicting Guy, tracing their lines of derivation and influence, and relating developments to wider literary and cultural issues. The book reproduces many manuscript Ulustrations, woodcuts, text title pages and other items in black and white. 262 Reviews Richmond is at her best in the primary tasks of collection and textual analysis. Her research has been assiduous, involving both extensive Ubrary-work in numerous centres, and field-work in Warwickshire where G u y remains weU-known in the folk imagination (and is exploited in pub decor and tourist brochures). A later accretion to the legend that reinforces local interest is the famous episode describing Guy's combat with the D u n Cow. Richmond's extensive coUection of materials enables us to trace the origins and development of such an episode more precisely than hitherto. Its earUest surviving Uterary treatment appears in Richard Lloyd's The Nine Worthies (1584), but John Caius describes the rib of a giant cow slain by G u y that he saw at Warwick castle in 1552. Richmond traces the story back further, arguing that a marginal Ulustration in a fourteenth-century manuscript of Gregory DCs Decretals indicates the existence of an antecedent oral version of the story, if not a written one. Richmond's attempts at wider contextualisation of Guy's literary fortunes are necessarily brief, and less effective than the textual analyses (see, for example, the perfunctory treatment of late eighteenth-century medievalism and the Romantics, pp. 240-41). Sadly, it must be said that the book is not altogether easy to read. There are oddities of phrasing, and infelicities of punctuation and sentence structure. In striving for conciseness the writer (or perhaps a copy-editor?) often adopts indirect and impersonal forms of expression that tax the reader. Nevertheless, Veuna Richmond is to be commended for completing this large and complex study, and for providing an essential reference for the G u y legend. Greg Waite EngUsh Department University of Otago Robert le Chapelain, Corset: A Rhymed Commentary on the Seven Sacraments (Anglo-Norman Texts 52), ed. K. V. Sinclair, London, Birkbeck CoUege, Anglo-Norman Text Society, 1995; cloth; pp. x, 150; 1 plate; R.R.P. £15.00. This edition undoubtedly benefits from being the product of close on forty years of intermittent preparation, as Sinclair admits in his ...

Vivian Nutton, John Caius and the manuscripts of Galen, Cambridge Philological Society, 1987, 8vo, pp. ix, 117, illus., £10.00 (paperback).

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John Caius and the Linacre tradition

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PRACTICAL WISDOM

Journal Article PRACTICAL WISDOM Get access Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. By MARILYN BUTLER. Oxford University Press, 1975; £8. JOHN CASEY JOHN CASEY Gonville and Caius CollegeCambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Essays in Criticism, Volume XXVII, Issue 4, October 1977, Pages 348–354, https://doi.org/10.1093/eic/XXVII.4.348 Published: 01 October 1977

Thomas Moffet (1553-1604) Physician and Author

Thomas Moffet, sometimes spelled Moffett, Muffett, or Moufet, was born in London, the son of a haberdasher. After attending grammar school he matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1569 and later transferred to Caius College where he graduated BA.¹He studied medicine with Thomas Lorkin and John Caius and in 1576 received the MA from Trinity College. Moffet traveled through several European countries, gained the acquaintance of several distinguished physicians and chemists, attended the medical lectures of Felix Platter in Basel, and there received the MD degree in 1578. In the same year, he published two medical treatises. Proceeding to Italy and Spain, Moffet spent considerable time studying all forms of insect life, especially the culture of the silkworm described in a poem.²While on the Continent he accepted the doctrines of Paracelsus documented in a well-written apology, published in 1584, in which he defended the use of

English Medical Humanists.

O'Malley's Lectures, 12th in the series, constitute an admirable tribute to Logan Clendening by giving a thoughtful analysis and evocation of Thomas Linacre and John Caius. Linacre, one of Osler's favorites, was both a scholar and churchman as was his successor John Caius. Both Linacre and Caius were figures of large scope in the period when English medicine was beginning to emerge and both were widely recognized for their participation in the classical restoration of Greek medicine. They actually read Greek texts on the continent. At home there was no audience. The failure at home may be responsible for or simply diagnostic of the fact that English medicine was pretty largely parasitic on continental medicine until the 17th century. That it took so long for English medicine to make any progress of its own at all resulted from the repressive rules of the Church. The Church hated blood and

English Medical Humanists: Thomas Linacre and John Caius, by C. D. O'Malley, Lawrence, University of Kansas Press, 1965, pp. 54, $2.

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English Medical Humanists: Thomas Linacre and John Caius

The 16th century, when medieval modes of thought were giving way to concepts, was a fascinating period. One phase of this change took the form of a revival of Greek studies. The humanism of the early Renaissance, which held that the most important goal of scholarship was to retrieve the classic Greek models in their original excellence, affected medicine as well as literature. In this early stage the most modern medicine looked to the past rather than the future, for it wanted to recover the original work of Galen, in its original purity of doctrine, before it had been distorted by medieval commentators. The original texts, it was thought, would resolve any current problems and furnish the important answers. In England the humanists included two famous physicians, Thomas Linacre and John Caius. Linacre, classical scholar, traveler, physician, priest (less from piety than from worldliness), friend of Erasmus, was a

William Harvey, M. D.: Modern or Ancient Scientist?

WILLIAM HARVEY, l.Vl. D.: MODERN OR ANCIENT SCIENTIST? WILLIAM HARVEY was born in England in 1578 and died in 1657. He received his grammar school education at the famous King's School in Canterbury . In 1593 he entered Caius College, Cambridge, and received his B. A. degree in 1597. In this period, it was not unusual for English Protestants interested in a scientific education to seek it in a continental Catholic university. Harvey chose the Universitas Juristarum, the more influential of the two universities which constituted the University of Padua in Italy and which had been attended by Thomas Linacre and John Caius, and where, incidently, the Dominican priests were associated with University functions. Competency in the traditional studies of the day was characteristic of William Harvey's intellectual development. The degree of Doctor of Physic was awarded to Harvey in 1602 with the unusual testimonial that " he had conducted himself so wonderfully well in the examination, and had shown such skill, memory, and learning that he had far surpassed even the great hopes which his examiners had formed of him. They decided therefore that he was skilled, expert, and most efficiently qualified both in arts and medicine, and to this they put their hands, unanimously, willingly, with complete agreement, and unhesitatingly." 1 In 1616 he gave his first Lumleian lectures in surgery at the Royal College of Physicians in London. The manuscript notes of his first course of lectures, the Prelectiones, are preserved and have been reproduced in facsimile and transcript.2 In these lectures he first enunciates the circulation of the blood. 1 D'Arcy Powers, William Harvey (London, 1897), pp. ~6-~7. • William Harvey, Prelectiones Anatomiae Unive:rsalis (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1886) . 175 176 HERBERT ALBERT RATNER He waited for 12 years, however, until 1628, before he published his great work entitled, An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals. In this classic he formally demonstrated the true nature of the heart and that the motion of the blood was circular. This work is relatively short and takes up 86 pages in the standard English edition of his collected works.8 In 1648 Harvey's demonstration was attacked in a treatise published by Dr. Jean Riolan of Paris. Harvey answered his critic in two lengthy letters published in Cambridge in 1649. Harvey's second famous work, Anatomical Exercises on the Generation of Animals, which is over five times the length of the first, appeared in publication in 1651 through the solicitation and under the direction of Dr. George Ent, a well-known physician of the period. In his personal life and professional career Harvey had a wide circle of acquaintances and friends. Though it is not certain whether he knew Galileo who was a fellow student at Padua, he knew most of the leading contemporaries of his day. This included Boyle, Hooke, Hobbes, Dryden, Cowley, Descartes, Gilbert, Wren, Bacon and others, in addition to prominent physicians and anatomists. Harvey was extremely well-read and made reference in his lectures and writings to the Greek philosophers and scientists of the fourth through the seventh centuries, B. C., to many Greek writers of the Christian era, to numerous Latin writers including many of the poets, to Albert the Great, and to numerous Renaissance men of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In all, he made reference to approximately 100 authors in his 3 The Works of William Harvey, M.D. (London: Printed for the Sydenham Society, 1847): Translated from the Latin by Robert Willis, M.D. It includes An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals; The First Anatomical Exercise on the Circulation of the Blood to John Riolan; A Second Exercise to John Riolan, in Which Many Objections to the Circulation of the Blood are Refuted; Anatomical Exercises on the Generation of Animals, to Which are Added, Essays on Parturition, On the Membranes and Fluids of the Uterus, and on Conception; and miscellaneous items (Harvey's will, autopsy of Thomas Parr and nine short letters). WILLIAM HARVEY, M. D. 177 writings. In particular, he had a comprehensive working knowledge of Aristotle, as well as Aristotle's commentators, Avicenna...

The Medical Traveler

THE medical traveler is no new phenomenon. Long ago Paracelsus, who was born near Zurich, said that a doctor must be a traveler because he must inquire of the world. He himself set out on his travels in 1513. His tour lasted twelve years and first took him to Bologna and Padua in Italy. Thence he went to France, Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden and later journeyed east to Turkey and Russia. Thomas Linacre, who became the first president of the Royal College of Physicians in 1551, graduated at Oxford and then went to Italy to travel. John Caius of . . .

The relations of John Caius with Andreas Vesalius and some incidental remarks on the Giunta Galen and on Thomas Geminus.

The relations of John Caius with Andreas Vesalius and some incidental remarks on the Giunta Galen and on Thomas Geminus.

English Naturalists from Neckam to Ray

DR. C. E. RAVEN has followed up his remarkable work on John Ray by another, equally learned, on the early English naturalists. His purpose in the latter "began as a series of biographies. But very soon it became clear that the succession of ‘lives' not only formed a very definite pattern, but that this illustrated and illuminated the progressive change in Western civilization from the medieval to the modern world." Again, "in Man‘s attitude to living nature the process of a gradual overcoming of superstition and fabulous tradition, and the development of the modern scientific spirit as a result, is significant and may be followed from man to man. . . . Little by little nonsense was recognized, fables were exploded, superstitions were unmasked ; and the world outlook built up out of these elements fell to pieces." The thesis is not a new one, nor is it one that admits of serious dispute, but Dr. Raven has brought to bear upon it a wealth of new matter, the result of prolonged and detailed critical research. These notable additions to our knowledge have been exhumed often from little-known and unpromising sources, and they enrich and distinguish the author‘s bio-biographies of such naturalists as William Turner, John Caius, Thomas Penny, Thomas Mouffet, John Gerard, Edward Topsell, John Parkinson and Thomas Johnson. Dr. Raven‘s method, however, has one drawback. It complicates what is known as documentation, and a text frequently halted by the intercalation of bibliographical detail is apt to be tedious to follow. It is better to preserve the flow of the narrative even if it involves some sacrifice of meticulosity. In a future edition we hope to see the author‘s sources collected and printed in alphabetical order at the end of the text. But however this may be, historians of biology must welcome so scholarly an addition to their studies and literature. English Naturalists from Neckam to Ray A Study of the Making of the Modern World. By the Rev. Charles E. Raven. Pp. x + 379. (Cambridge : At the University Press, 1947.) 30s. net.

André Vesalé

THE second edition of this handbook is one of a series of works published by the Belgian Government with the object of directing attention to the cultural importance of that country. The diction of this member of the series is admirably clear, and may indeed be cited as a model of French scientific prose. It suffers unhappily from one inevitable defect. The considerable body of critical and expository literature on Vesalius published during the War could not reach Belgium, and was therefore unknown to Dr. Leboucq. He is, however, out of date in matters which had been clarified before the War, such as the various editions of the “Fabrica” and “Epitome”, the early history of the valves of the veins, and the first statement of the pulmonary circulation. Also there are some inaccuracies in the recording of proper names. It is time to cease conferring on Galen the personal name of Claudius, especially as this mistake goes back at least to 1538 ; Aldrovandi appears as Aldobrandi; and the patronymic of John Caius was not Kaye.