Job Holders Research Articles

Single and multiple job holders: comparative study of working hours and earnings

Single and multiple job holders: comparative study of working hours and earnings

Women’s Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Case From Madhesh Based On Skill

This study investigates the impact of financial skills on women's entrepreneurial intentions in Madhesh Province. Specifically, it examines how cognitive skills, numerical ability, financial literacy, behavioral traits, risk tolerance, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy influence these intentions. A quantitative research design was employed using a survey with a sample of 385 female respondents, including students, job holders, and entrepreneurs. Data were collected through structured questionnaires distributed via mail and social media. The analysis utilized descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression to assess the relationships between financial skills and entrepreneurial intentions. The analysis reveals that financial literacy and behavioral traits are significant predictors of women's entrepreneurial intentions in Madhesh Province. Conversely, cognitive skills, numerical ability, risk tolerance, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy do not show a statistically significant impact. The study confirms the validity of the regression model through collinearity statistics, ensuring robust results. The findings underscore the importance of financial literacy and behavioral traits in shaping women's entrepreneurial intentions. To promote female entrepreneurship, it is recommended to focus on enhancing financial education and developing key behavioral traits. The study contributes to the literature by highlighting region-specific factors affecting women’s entrepreneurial aspirations and suggests tailored interventions for fostering female-led ventures in Madhesh Province.

A Revisionist History Approach to the Study of Emotional Labor: Have We Forgotten Display Rules and Service Contexts?

We take a revisionist approach to study emotional labor—commoditization of emotions for a wage—to delineate how organizational scholars must “revive and resubmit” two crucial elements of the emotional labor phenomenon that have been left behind as research within this space evolved. First, we argue that scholars have not paid enough recent attention to display rules that prescribe what emotions are acceptable within service interactions, instead assuming classic conceptualizations (i.e. show positive emotions and hide negative emotions) still prevail. Second, we highlight that the shift away from service occupations to more white-collar occupations may have minimized our understanding of the complexity of emotional labor in modern service arrangements, such as multiple job holders, and employees in the gig economy. We hope that future emotional labor scholarship will dig into several taken-for-granted assumptions about the phenomenon moving forward to help “go back to the basics” regarding display rules of those in service work.

When Parallel Identities Converge: Career Construction of Multiple Job Holders

When Parallel Identities Converge: Career Construction of Multiple Job Holders

Psychological Impacts on Post-COVID-19 Patients in Raptisonari Rural Municipality, Banke District

This study investigates the psychological effects experienced by patients who have recovered from COVID-19 in the Raptisonari Rural Municipality of Banke District. The primary objective is to elucidate the actual psychological impacts on these individuals. The research adopts a descriptive methodology, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative data. A sample of 80 respondents, all above the age of 20, was selected using snowball sampling. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires and informal interviews during direct visits to the respondents. The collected primary data were meticulously edited and presented in the final report, with tabulation aligned to the study's objectives. Data entry and analysis were performed using Microsoft Excel, enabling the creation of relevant tables and diagrams. The analysis revealed that 40% of respondents were aged 25-29, while only 1.25% were in the 55-59 age group. Additionally, 72.5% of the respondents belonged to the Janajati community, and all respondents were literate, with 26.25% having completed the SLC/SEE. Employment status showed that 55% of respondents were job holders. In terms of religious affiliation, 87.5% were Hindu. Regarding symptoms, 85% reported experiencing fever, cough, and tiredness, with eight clients specifically mentioning fever and four mentioning cough. Preventive measures identified included mask-wearing, as reported by 39 clients, and 35% of clients were diagnosed with COVID-19 at hospitals. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 diagnosis was significant, with 68.75% of respondents expressing fear upon diagnosis. During the isolation period, 83.75% of the respondents were in home isolation, with 50% fearing death and 45% expressing happiness upon discharge from isolation. Post-recovery, 66.25% of the respondents received congratulations from friends and family upon meeting them. This study highlights the profound psychological effects on COVID-19 recovered patients and underscores the need for targeted mental health support for this population.

Awareness of HPV vaccine and its socio-demographic determinants among the parents of eligible daughters in Bangladesh: A nationwide study

BackgroundVaccination against Human papillomavirus (HPV) is recommended to avoid HPV infections and its associated diseases, including cervical cancer. However, there is no awareness study among Bangladeshi population. Hence, this nationwide study was conducted to explore HPV vaccine awareness and its determinants among parents of eligible adolescent girls. MethodsThis study was conducted among the parents of daughters aged 9–15 years from 42 out of 64 randomly selected districts of Bangladesh between June 28 to August 2, 2023. A multistage sampling method was used to enroll 2151 study participants from all eight divisions of Bangladesh. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for face-to-face interviews in this study. The statistical software Stata (Version 17) was used for statistical analyses. ResultsThe average age of the participants was 38.18 (±5.86) years. Only 22.32 % of the participants were aware of the HPV vaccine. Every additional year of age increased the likelihood of being aware of the HPV vaccine by 3 % (AOR: 1.03; 95%CI: 1.00–1.06). Participants residing in the urban area had 3.56 times higher odds of awareness than rural and semi-urban people. Businessmen and housewives had 60 % (AOR: 0.40; 95 % CI: 0.22–0.69) and 77 % (AOR: 0.23; 95 % CI: 0.16–0.33) lower odds in comparison to job holders. The lower-income group exhibited significantly higher odds of awareness (AOR: 0.25, 95%CI: 0.16–0.39) compared to the middle and the higher-income group. Participants who never went through routine health check-ups had 77 % lower odds of being aware than those who availed of regular routine check-ups (AOR: 0.23; 95%CI: 0.16–0.34). ConclusionAwareness of the HPV vaccine among the general population of Bangladesh is very low. Age, residence, occupation, monthly income, and routine medical check-ups were associated with HPV vaccine awareness. A nationwide awareness campaign would increase this awareness level among the Bangladeshi population, especially among the parents of daughters.

Prescribing Pattern and Medication Adherence in Patients with Epilepsy in a Tertiary Neuro-Center, Kathmandu

Abstract Background Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by unusual, frequent, excessive, and self-terminating neuronal firing. Adherence to medication is crucial to achieve the intended therapeutic outcome. However, not much research has been done on drug adherence in our context. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the antiseizure medication prescribing pattern, medication adherence, and associated factors. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional, analytical research was done on randomly selected epileptic patients through interview and documentary analysis using a semi-structured interview schedule and the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). The clinical and demographic characteristics were described using descriptive statistics (median, interquartile range [IQR], frequency, and percentage). The Shapiro–Wilk and chi-squared tests were used to examine the factors influencing medication adherence and the relationships between research variables. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Results From a total of 104 patients, 77.3% were males, the median age was 29 years (IQR: 16), the majority (42.3%) had higher secondary education, 15.4% had secondary education and 5.8% were illiterate, 25% were job holders, 26% were laborers, 41.3% were from province 3, and 16.3% were from province 4. Two-thirds (63.5%) of the patients were highly adherent to antiseizure medication and 54.8% were seizure free for more than 2 years.The most common type of epilepsy diagnosed was generalized epilepsy (54.8%). Seizures were usually treated with monotherapy (65.4%), with sodium valproate being the most often used single antiseizure medicine (26.8%), followed by carbamazepine (16.3%) and levetiracetam (15.4%). Additionally, sodium valproate was the medication most frequently used in polytherapy for epilepsy. There was a strong association established between adherence and drug therapy type, age, adverse drug reaction, and seizure control. The study revealed that adherence was not significantly associated with factors such as gender, occupation, regional distribution, or type of epilepsy. Conclusion Low adherence was observed in 36.5% of patients. As a significant association was observed between medication adherence and seizure control, health care providers should focus on improving medication adherence. Evaluation of adherence needs to be a regular component of managing epilepsy. Further patients who do not stick to their drug regimens should receive more attention and assistance. It will support better therapy results.

Pension policies and early retirement: New evidence from a counterfactual analysis in Iran

AbstractCompared to the global average, the exit rate of old-aged Iranian labourers is significantly higher than that of middle-aged, raising the hypothesis that social security generosity pulls older workers into early retirement. We used a unique individual dataset of Iran’s Social Security Organization (ISSO), including 267, 000 newly retired in 2016 and 2018, to assess the impact of ISSO’s pension policies on employees’ retirement age. In a counterfactual evaluation design, this study first estimated the implicit tax on work continuation and then applied the Heckman two-stage selection model. The findings show that ISSO’s retirement rules determining the age of exit and benefit eligibilities significantly increase the retirement probability and simultaneously decline the retirement age. Moreover, the implicit tax on work continuation, which reflects ISSO’s benefit formula, has a significant positive effect on retirement probability. The replacement rate also has a significant negative impact on retirement age. The retirement probability in hazardous jobs is higher than in normal ones, while exemptions significantly fall the outflow age of hazardous job holders. To maintain the scheme’s sustainability, reforms have to target an increase in the statutory retirement age, a reduction in the accrual rate, the calculation of reference salary for more extended periods, and the decline of the exemption coefficient for hazardous jobs.

The Application of Six Sigma Framework (Define-Measure-Analyse-Improve-Control) to Improve Product Quality in Water Dispenser Manufacturing Company

This research aims to determine the causes of water dispenser product defects and find the main factors causing defects. This research was conducted in the form of a case study. The data used consists of quantitative data, supported by qualitative data. The analytical method used is Six Sigma, with a focus on the DMAIC method (define, measure, analyze, improve, and control) and sigma values. The population of this research is all water dispenser product equipment. Through observation, interviews and documentation techniques, this research collected data. The data processing method used is DMAIC Six Sigma, with a special focus on the Measure stage. Based on the research results, it was found that the process performance of the water dispenser product was at the level of 4.72 sigma with a DPMO value of 633,732. The most dominant defect occurs in the motor pump. Causes of defects in water dispenser products include human factors (inexperienced operators, errors in reading work instructions, unclear job holders, products not completed on time), materials (parts that do not meet standards, inspection/test equipment that does not function, CBU units that do not conform to standards), methods (products do not meet customer expectations, finished products do not meet standards, inspector operators do not master the use of measuring equipment according to regulations, customer complaints are not handled properly), and environment (hot room conditions, unstable room temperature). The most influential cause and priority for improvement is that customer complaints are not resolved or solutions are sought by the supplier.

Unemployment after Higher Education in India: A Statistical Analysis

Unemployment is a global problem as across the world no Country is untouched with this problem this is a basic problem which affects the development of any country and a challenge to every government. In India also Unemployment can be seen at every stage and in every age group of people due to one or other reasons. Although all types of employment prevail in our country yet unemployment after higher education is a big issue to deal with. This paper focussed on the growth of universities and colleges, enrollment of students in higher education as well as studying the gap between degree holders and job holders. Secondary sources like data and Statistics from the internet like census CIME report, newspapers, Higher Education Profile 2018-19 and 2019-20, a report on higher education by Ministry of Education Government of India etc, UGC Annual Report (2019-20) were used to collect data. On the basis of empirical data analysis method, it was found that although the number of educational institutes as well as students in higher education increased at a high speed at all levels i.e. Ph.D., PG and UG during 2016-20, yet there is a huge gap between UG/PG and PhD degree holders and job holders Thus, many eligible citizens of our country are able to find the jobs suited to their eligibility. Manishsiq (2023), Khamo (2023), Anusree and Gangadharan (2022), Agarwal (2019), Das and Paul (2018) also revealed in their studies that increase in education resulted in decreased unemployment and found that excess supply of educated graduates, rapid enrollment expansion, lack of skills and low quality of education are the reasons for this mismatch.

Telecommuting during the COVID-19: the role of job demand and control on health outcomes.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic drastically modified the occupational system wherein telecommuting has risen as the major form of work. Few studies have incorporated Karasek's job demand-control (JDC) model into explaining the health effects of telecommuting. This study aimed to investigate the health risk in South Korean telecommuters during the pandemic, and its distribution according to the job stress-related factors. A nationwide population-based cross-sectional study of South Korean laborers was conducted, utilizing the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020-2021). Following the previously described concept of telecommuting, 14,478 white-collar employees were eligible study participants. Telecommuting, job demand, job control, and various health indicators were measured by the responses to the survey. Participants were stratified into 4 job profiles classified by the JDC model. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses between telecommuting and health-related outcomes to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). One hundred forty-six low-strain, 223 active, 69 passive, and 148 high-strain workers were screened as telecommuters. Compared to office workers, telecommuters had a higher proportion in high job control groups. Subgroup analysis demonstrated different relationships between telecommuting and health, where only active telecommuters showed a higher prevalence of depression (OR: 1.980, 95% CI: 1.126-3.481), and high-strain telecommuters were affected in most outcomes including insomnia (OR: 2.555, 95% CI: 1.473-4.433), musculoskeletal pain (OR: 2.786, 95% CI: 1.719-4.517), headache/eye strain (OR: 3.074, 95% CI: 1.992-4.745) and presenteeism (OR: 1.932, 95% CI: 1.193-3.131). This study revealed significantly increased odds of multiple health outcomes among South Korean telecommuters during the COVID-19 pandemic era. High-strain job holders were prominently susceptible to the negative health impacts of telecommuting. Occupational health management towards telecommuters should approach mitigating high job demand and low job control.

Appraisal of the Occupation and Wage Status of Brick Factory Workers in Chandragiri Municipality, Kathmandu

The brick factories are manufacturing industries which apply labour intensive techniques. Workers in a large number have been involved in the brick factories but their occupation and wage status is unknown. The authorized government agencies have shown less concern to this aspect of the workers. To this backdrop, the present study was conducted to investigate the occupational load and wage status of the workers in brick factories. The study made use of descriptive research design, collecting primary data. The data were collected adopting interview and observation techniques. The analysis of data revealed that the brick factories involved under-aged workers and provided low wages. They have employed unskilled workforces on part time basis for long periods of time in low wages as compared minimum wage announced by Nepal Government and International Labour Organization (ILO). For instance, they provided only Rs. 330 per day for carrying the load of 1000 bricks. About ninety seven percent of labors were involved as part-time job holders working only six months in a year and only three percent of labors were found working as full-time job holders.

Pelaksanaan Analisis Jabatan Untuk Meningkatkan Efektivitas Kerja Perangkat Desa

Village workers, including village workers in Cisondari Village, are the main source of competitive advantage in village government because they are responsible for carrying out village government duties and functions as well as empowering village communities. Cisondari Village is located in Bandung Regency's Pasirjambu District. A job information document, compiled through job analysis, is required to assist job holders in understanding their work. One of the issues that arises in this village is the lack of job information for village workers. This causes an imbalance in the workload and has an impact on the work effectiveness of village workers, which in turn has an impact on organizational performance. As a result, job analysis activities are required to collect information about the duties and functions of each position in Cisondari Village. This activity is divided into two parts: advocacy and workshops. Advocacy is provided to village officials in the form of oral presentations on job analysis. Meanwhile, the workshop is delivered in the form of practice in preparing a job analysis, accompanied by a team. An evaluation was conducted to determine the usefulness of community service activities. The evaluation results revealed that the participants felt a high level of satisfaction and benefits from the activity. Furthermore, service activities are thought to be beneficial for village workers because they can help solve problems in Cisondari Village.

Brand Preference of Smartphone

The research aims at finding out the factors that majorly influence the buying decision of a customer when choosing a Smartphone. This research used quantitative method. In this study populations for this people residing inside Kathmandu valley who were using mobile phones. The sample size of 270 respondents who were job holders and using mobile phones were surveyed based on one of the non-probability sampling techniques, the convenience sampling method. This research used independent variables, advertisement, brand image, brand loyalties, price satisfaction and attributes. In addition, variables Price has positive and significant effect on brand preferences but remaining variables, advertisement, brand image, brand loyalties positive but not significant effect. Finally, Prices Factors one of dominant variables that makes people thinks to choose the smartphones in Kathmandu City.

TÜRK İŞGÜCÜ PİYASASINDA OKUL SONRASI YATIRIM, EĞİTİM VE ÜCRET DİNAMİKLERİ: BETİMSEL BİR ÇALIŞMA

Although Human Capital Theory asserts post-school investment as an important mechanism in the wage differentials, it is not adequately scrutinized by the literature. Post-school investment is linked to demographic factors like gender, age, education, marital status, etc., and has a dual effect in the wage differentials of individuals (Blaug, 1976; Mincer J. A., 1974a; Polachek, 1975; Rodríguez, Saltiel, & Urzua, 2018). Moreover, PSI can mediate the effect of education on wages which has been widely discussed in the literature. In light of these, this study aims to understand the dynamics of post-school investment, education, and wages in relation with other demographics ignoring the causal relationship between these variables using Adult Education Survey (TURKSTAT, 2007). Results indicate that PSI is high for observations who are young, non-married, women, high wage earner, non-routine job holder, and vocational collage school graduate. Interestingly, results indicate that low wage earners have to invest on their human capital to compete in the labor market against job losses most probably as they are low skilled workers, and their abilities are prone to depreciation easily. Moreover, men can earn more than women, even if they have a lower education level.

Comparative techno-economic assessment of electric vehicle charging preferences: A quantitative study for sustainable EV policy in Pakistan

Sustainable induction of Electric vehicles (EV) adoption in developing countries requires a comprehensive policy and planning. Among several challenges, one of the biggest challenges is a sustainable charging station infrastructure integration to the existing weak distribution power network. Based on technological advancements, EV owners enjoy better milage in one charge. This has given a liberty to charge EVs as per the desire of user. There are two kinds of charging preferences, one is home charging and the other is fast charging. Both charging choices have distinct economic and technical aspects that need to be quantified in line with the available power infrastructure so as to develop a policy regulation. This study aims to quantitatively assess home charging, level 3 fast charging and their techno-economic aspects using social demographics of car owners. To analyze the demographics of local vehicle mobility practices in Pakistan, a comprehensive survey comprising online questionnaire was conducted. >100 car owners were surveyed about their daily driving practices to understand the driving distances and their preference of charging vehicles. The driving owners from distinct occupations ranging from cab drivers, job holders and businessmen participated in the survey. The survey facilitated to identify the demographics of the car owners which helped in conducting simulations and quantification analysis. Monte Carlo simulation was used for 1000 cars samples to estimate the level 1 and level 3 charging profiles in Python. In second step, HOMER Grid software was used to economically assess the impact of home charging and fast charging. It was revealed that charging choices have significant impact on the daily load profile of EVs. While having home charging, 59.9 % higher units are purchased from the grid. Whereas 65.5 NPC is increased for the project. On the other hand, the daily profile of preferred home charging is 61.4 % higher compared to the fast charging due to much concentrated charging impact during the limited time of the day. Results highlighted that Solar PV plays an important role for fast and home charging. Without solar PV charging stations will consume 60 % more grid units and 58 % higher Net present cost. The study concludes with a set of policy recommendations that must be taken into account to support the weak grid and lessen the EV charging impact on main utility.

Parental Roles for Their Children's Educational Activities in Nepal

Education for children is the universal right where the nation, community, school and parents have the major responsibilities and play the crucial roles. Among all, parents are the most responsible and play the vital roles for their children’s education. Hence, focusing on the foremost roles of the parents, the study was conducted to find out the parental roles for their children’s educational activities. The study was carried out at Laboratory Higher Secondary School, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal with cross sectional descriptive research design. Data were collected from 45 parents of students of grades 7, 8 and 9 by using self-administered questionnaire. Parents from Brahmin, Janajati ethnicity of ≥35 years with higher secondary level education, housewives, permanent job holders and from single families were found to be the most involved in children’s education. The parents had managed their time at home for their children’s study. They facilitated children’s study at home by helping in difficult homework, doing family interaction regarding children’s study, providing facilities as children needed, fixing schedule for study, finding out weaknesses, counsel and then help them accordingly, clarifying theory and practical and provide general knowledge. They also had created favorable learning environment for children by maintaining sound home environment, managing separate rooms for study, providing physical facilities, behaving friendly with children, doing family discussion on general knowledge and avoiding pressure only on bookish knowledge. The parents had also involved at school for their children’s education by visiting school, interacting with principal, class coordinators, subject teachers and their children’s friends, communicating periodically by doing face to face meeting or phone calls. The parents have found that their visit to school have motivated their children for study, have got moral support and confidence in study, have chance to find out weakness in their children’s study and to improve on time and become well-disciplined. Additionally, the parents had adopted numerous strategies to motivate their children to study well. It is concluded that the parents were playing multi dynamic roles as helper, guide, teacher, supporter, facilitator, motivator, manager, advisor, investor, communicator, counselor, consoler and evaluator at home and school with different ways and various strategies. Such findings can be implicated for good parenting education, include on school curriculum, development of harmonious society and conduct further research on such related issues.

Decent work, sustainable livelihoods and climate action: Time for a clean slate?

Jobs have arguably failed to deliver for most job holders worldwide, with mass precariousness now the norm across the globe. Where does this leave career development, which is often associated with jobs? One constant is working to make a living. Securing that goal into the future – which is what ‘career’ implies – may require more than just what the United Nations/International Labour Organization call ‘Decent work’. ‘Sustainable Livelihoods’ span multiple forms of work, emphasise social connectedness, including social protection against crises of all kinds, plus protecting the ecosystem for present and future generations. As such, they resonate with all 17 of the 2015–2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. They further imply re-starting anew with a metaphorical clean slate concerning how we (meaning all work and career professionals) conceptualise work, and work together to support sustainable careers for others. Biased in Humanitarian Work Psychology, this paper starts to sketch out a shape for that collaboration.

Job Design Dimensions and Performance of Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria: PPMC Approach

The study empirically examined job design dimensions and performance of manufacturing firms in Nigeria, a study of Calabar Municipality in Cross River State The specific objectives were to determine the relationship between job description, job specification, employees’ initiative and employee satisfaction, product quality and sales volume. The study adopted a correlational research design. A sample of two hundred and sixty-six (266) questionnaire was administered to respondent from a population of seven hundred and ninety-four (794), two hundred and forty-five copies were correctly filled and returned. Data from this study were gathered from primary sources with the aid of structured questionnaire. Pearson Product moment correlation (PPMC) was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that job description, job specification and employees’ initiative had a significant relationship with employee satisfaction, product quality and sales volume of the manufacturing firms. The study recommended that the managers of the selected manufacturing firms in Calabar, Cross River State should ensure that jobs are described and assigned to the right person, at the right time by giving detailed information about the duties and responsibilities to be carried out by the job holder thereby enhancing employees’ satisfaction. Also, managers should design jobs that provide avenues for employees to plan, organize and control positions of their jobs by involving them in the decisions as to how and when a job should be designed to enhance performance

Risk of Macular Toxicity After Intra-Cameral 1mg/0.1 ml Cefuroxime for Endophthalmitis Prophylaxis in Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery

The world's leading culprit of preventable blindness is cataracts. For numerous decades, postoperative endophthalmitis has instilled terror as a potential complication of cataract surgery. Objective: To determine the frequency of retinal toxicity in terms of transient macular edema following using per-operative intracameral cefuroxime 1mg/0.1ml for endophthalmitis prophylaxis. Methods: A Descriptive case series was done at LRBT Eye Hospital, Lahore, from 15th Dec 2020 to 14th Jun 2021. A total number of 118 senile cataract patients were included. After cataract surgery, an intracameral 1 mg injection of cefuroxime was given to each patient. The optimally corrected visual acuity and macular thickness at the center of the retina on OCT were assessed postoperatively at week 1. If they were found to be elevated, it was labeled as retinal toxicity. Data were collected on data collection proforma. Results: The average age of the participants was 59.68 ± 5.28 years. Mean visual acuity before and after surgery was 2.01 ± 0.74 and 1.92 ± 0.94, respectively. Mean central macular thickness before and after surgery was 241.08 ± 4.73 and 248.74 ± 5.86 µm, respectively. There were 71 (60.17%) male and 47 (39.83%) female patients. There were 42 (35.59%) farmers, 40 (33.90%) job holders, 05 (4.24%) business people, and 31 (26.27%) non-working patients. Retinal toxicity was found in 54 (45.76%) patients. Conclusions: Intracameral injection of cefuroxime sodium can result in transient macular edema and retinal toxicity. In this study, retinal toxicity occurred in 45.8% of patients undergoing phacoemulsification.