Job Creation In Industries Research Articles

Labor reallocation and the regional greenhouse gas initiative

ABSTRACT Policies intended to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions are among the most hotly debated policy problems of our time. Among the concerns raised are that costs will be passed on to consumers and jobs will be lost. We use the introduction and eventual tightening of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a regional carbon permit system in the Northeastern United States, to measure labor market responses and dynamics following the implementation of a carbon pricing system. We find that implementation of the RGGI and the subsequent tightening of the emissions cap has had no effect on employment or earnings in the utilities sector but increased the rate at which workers flow in and out of jobs. In particular, within the utilities sector, we observe some job destruction and worker separation combined with increased labor reallocation across establishments. This is complemented with small spillover effects yielding positive increases in hiring, worker reallocation and job creation in industries outside of utilities. Furthermore, when we account for the endogeneity of electricity prices we find increased hiring, job creation and worker reallocation rates and a decline in job destruction rates across industries.

Digital technologies, employment, and skills

AbstractThis article investigates the relationship between the diffusion of digital technologies, employment, and skills. The empirical analysis is carried out on industry-level data of six major European economies (Germany, France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK) over the 2009–2014 period. We analyze two dimensions of digitalization: industries’ consumption of intermediate inputs from digitally intensive sectors and investment in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tangible and intangible assets, considering also patterns of demand, education, technological change, and offshoring. The results show that job creation in industries is positively associated with an increasing share of digital goods and services in total intermediate inputs and is negatively linked with processes of ICT capital deepening. We then explore how these two different patterns of digitalization are related to the evolution of four occupational groups—managers, clerks, craft, and Manual workers, defined on the basis of International Standard Classification of Occupations classes—finding a positive link between ICT consumption and managerial jobs, and negative ones between digital variables and mid-skill occupations.

Labor Reallocation and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative

Policies intended to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions are among the most hotly debated policy problems of our time. Among the concerns raised are that costs will be passed on to consumers and jobs will be lost. A vast economic literature has addressed the pricing of carbon dioxide, at least theoretically, but empirical evidence and observed market behavior following carbon legislation is scant due to the lack of policy implementation. We use the introduction and eventual tightening of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a regional carbon permit system in the Northeastern United States, to measure labor market responses and dynamics following the implementation of a carbon pricing system. We find that implementation of the RGGI and the subsequent tightening of the emissions cap has had no effect on employment or earnings in the utilities sector but increased the rate at which workers flow in and out of jobs. In particular, within the utilities sector, we observe some job destruction and worker separation combined with increased labor reallocation across establishments. This is complemented with small spillover effects yielding positive increases in hiring, worker reallocation and job creation in industries outside of utilities. Furthermore, when we account for the endogeneity of electricity prices we fi nd increased hiring, job creation and worker reallocation rates and a decline in job destruction rates across industries.

A Behavioral Model of Unemployment, Sociotropic Concerns, and the Political Economy of Trade Policy

We present a behavioral model in which agents are concerned about the scarring effects from unemployment for themselves and others and explore the manner in which unemployment matters for trade policy. We derive three policy implications: the government has an incentive to increase employment in sectors characterized by “good jobs,” where the good job/bad job characterization depends on an industry's job creation and destruction rates; the government has an incentive to pursue this policy in a gradual fashion by channeling new and unemployed workers into the appropriate sector; and opposition to trade liberalization can be reduced by welfare state policies.

An Examination of the Trend in Industrial Dispersion in Oklahoma From 1963 Through 1974

Descriptive data have been used to show how industrial job creation is growing faster in nonmetro areas than in metro areas. For example, Haren [5] and Till [11] describe industrial decentralization in the 60s. Janssen and Tweeten [7] illustrate how the trend has continued into the 70s. In Oklahoma, Childs and Doeksen [1] report on how industry has decentralized from 1963 through 1971.The objective of this paper is to examine and statistically test the dispersion of new manufacturing jobs with respect to size of community in Oklahoma from 1963 through 1974. Previous studies have either been descriptive or have used some measure of dispersion, such as entropy, without statistically testing the results.