Jeans Substrate Research Articles

Development of Wearable Textile MIMO Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Band New Radio 5G Applications.

In this paper, an irregular octagonal two-port MIMO patch antenna is designed specifically for New Radio (NR) 5G applications in the mid-band sub-6 GHz. The proposed antenna comprises an irregularly shaped patch antenna equipped with a regular 50-ohm feed line and a parasitic strip line antenna, and is partially grounded. Jeans material serves as a substrate with an effective dielectric constant of 1.6 and a thickness of 1 mm. This material is studied experimentally. The proposed antenna design undergoes analysis and optimization using the ANSYS HFSS tool. Furthermore, the design incorporates the influence of the slot on both the ground plane and the parasitic strip line to optimize performance, enhance isolation, and improve impedance matching among antenna elements. The dimensions of the jeans substrate are 40 mm × 50 mm. The simulated impedance bandwidth ranged from 3.6 GHz to 7 GHz and the measured bandwidth was slightly narrower, from 4.35 GHz to 7 GHz. The simulation results demonstrated an isolation level greater than 12 dB between antenna elements, while the measured results reached 28.5 dB, and the peak gain for this proposed antenna stood at 6.74 dB. These qualities made this proposed antenna suitable for various New Radio mid-band 5G wireless applications within the sub-6 GHz band, such as N79, Wi-Fi-5/6, V2X, and DSRC applications.

Design of a Novel Wearable Textile Antenna for Enhanced Performance in Medical and Wireless Applications

Wearable textile antennas have gained significant attention in recent years due to its growing demand.They are portable and integrating these antennas into textiles enhance wearability and comfort. In this project we explore the design and optimization of a horn-shaped wearable textile antenna for resonance in the ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band and diverse commercial wireless applications.The antenna will be designed on a jeans substrate with a relative permittivity (εr) of 1.6 and having physical dimensions of 50×80×0.56 mm3. In terms of performance, the proposed antenna will be analyzed by observing the parameters like Return loss,Gain and VSWR.These wearable antennas are used in medical field to remotely monitor the blood pressure,heart rate and temperature of the patient.This antenna also works for WiFi,WiMAX,ISM and C-band applications.The desired antenna will be simulated using CST Microwave Studio. . Keywords— Microstrip patch antenna, ISM band, Multiband.

A Dual-Band Low SAR Microstrip Patch Antenna with Jean Substrate for WBAN Applications

This paper presents a low-profile dual-band microstrip patch antenna operated at the 2.45/5.8 GHz ISM bands, targeting wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a jean substrate measuring 74×82 mm2. The four corners of the conventional rectangular patch are cut to activate an additional operating frequency and to enhance the radiation pattern. The circular slot is added to the radiating patch to fine-tune the desired frequencies. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands is 3.68% (2.40 GHz–2.49 GHz) and 3.81% (5.67 GHz–5.89 GHz), respectively. The measured maximum gains are 3.08 dBi at 2.45 GHz and 2.15 dBi at 5.8 GHz. Moreover, the antenna’s performance when placed on flat and rounded body surfaces is also investigated. The proposed antenna achieves stable radiation pattern and low specific absorption rate (SAR) value with low complexity in design. The results indicate that the proposed antenna can be a promising candidate for WBAN applications.

Jeans Substrate Based Circularly Polarized Wearable Dielectric Resonator Antenna

Jeans Substrate Based Circularly Polarized Wearable Dielectric Resonator Antenna

C-band Hexagon Slotted Textile Antenna Design with Jeans Substrate for Satellite Communication Applications

This paper presents the design of a hexagonal slotted circular flexible textile microstrip patch antenna that is used for C-band satellite communication applications. In the proposed antenna design, a textile material blue Jeans fabric with relative permittivity 1.67, loss tangent of 0.01 and the thickness of 1 mm is used as the substrate with an overall dimension of 40×38 mm2. The textile material is used as it is washable, wearable, flexible and very economical. Self-adhesive Copper tape is used to make the patch and ground of the antenna that is fed through a microstrip inset feed line. The proposed antenna contains a hexagonal-shaped slot on the patch and a partial ground configuration for getting better bandwidth and gain. The antenna has been designed and simulated using CST microwave Studio software. The simulated antenna performance parameters like return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, efficiency, radiation pattern and surface current are presented. The antenna is resonating at 4.28 GHz and operating in the frequency range of 2.91 -5.2 GHz, with reflection coefficient of -24.42 dB, and a bandwidth of 2.29 GHz. The peak gain of the antenna is 3.42 dBi and radiation efficiency of 87.3% at 4.2 GHz. The proposed antenna covers C-band and with its compact size, wearability and wide bandwidth capabilities, the antenna proves to be a suitable candidate for C-band satellite communication applications.

Design and Analysis of Fabric Antenna for Medical and Wireless Applications

This study aimed toward the wearability of the antenna by inspecting the probability of designing and fabricating a wearable microstrip antenna operating from 2 to 6 GHz, centered at 2.5 GHz and 5.3 GHz. The antenna is fabricated from jeans material with dielectric constant εr = 1.7 and a thickness of 1 mm. The proposed design is simulated on High-Frequency Simulation Software (HFSS) version 2015, followed by fabrication using a 50-µm copper film on a jeans substrate. Anritsu MS2038C VNA Master then tests the fabricated design. Also, specific absorption rate (SAR) values are computed for medical applications to account for tumor detection in human breast tissue.

Compact eight-shaped ISM-I band wearable antenna for wireless body area network applications

Abstract The design and analysis of the electrically small eight-shaped wearable antenna for both on- and off-body communication is proposed in this paper. An eight-shaped radiating structure is placed over the jeans substrate and an I-shaped slot is introduced in the ground plane which makes the antenna resonates at the ISM-I band (2.4 GHz). The antenna has a compact size of 0.30λ 0 × 0.20λ 0 × 0.001λ 0, where λ 0 is the free space wavelength at the resonance frequency. The impedance bandwidth (≤−10 dB) of the antenna is 6.1 % and 5.8 % in free space and presence of a human body phantom respectively. The antenna design exhibits good gain along with an improved omnidirectional radiation pattern. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of the antenna averaged over 1 g of tissue is 0.21 W/kg at 2.45 GHz which is far below the FCC standard. The paper also discusses the bending analysis and the fundamental size limitations of the small antenna, concluding that it is suitable for practical use. The simulated results of the prototype are validated by the measured results.

Compact, flexible triple band Sierpinski fractal antenna on a Hilbert patterned ground for W‐WBSN

AbstractWearable Wireless Body Sensor Networks (W‐WBSNs) are the best substitute for traditional healthcare systems by effectively monitoring patients within or remotely from the hospitals. Quite a few tiny sensors linked with one another on the body can efficiently observe the functional status of the human body. The paper introduces a new triple‐band step‐shaped Sierpinski fractal wearable antenna with a Hilbert fractal slot on the partial ground for W‐WBSN applications. It comprises the step‐shaped Sierpinski fractal radiator, situated on the upper side, and a partial ground placed on the lower side of the substrate. A partial ground with a Hilbert fractal slot is used to achieve a compact wearable antenna with improved bandwidth and electromagnetic exposure rate characteristics. The antenna is constructed using a flexible Jeans substrate (permittivity 1.7, loss tangent 0.025) of size 60 × 60 mm2 with a thickness of 2.5 mm as it is a potential candidate. It demonstrates an impedance bandwidth of 6%, 7%, and 10.1%, a gain of 2.57 dBi, 3.608 dBi, and 4.19 dBi, the radiation efficiency of 54.19%, 52.5%, and 54.8% at 3.3 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz correspondingly in free space. Also, the peak SAR value of 0.64 W/kg, 0.46 W/kg, and 1.17 W/kg at 3.3 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz correspondingly, for 10 g of an average human tissue. The compact, flexible low SAR makes the anticipated antenna a superior contender for wireless wearable network applications.

Performance of wearable circularly polarized antenna on different high frequency substrates for dual-band wireless applications

This paper proposes the effect of different dielectric constants to construct a microstrip patch antenna deployed on Jean's textile covering military wireless applications. Initially, the structure is designed with double L-shaped slits inserted on both sides of the patch with an FR4 dielectric constant of 4.4. Antenna dimensions are 40 ? 25 mm2, which is miniature compared to the wave's length (?) at the desired operating frequency. The proposed antenna performance in terms of simulated parameters such as gain in dBi, reflection loss (S11), directivity, and patch antenna radiation efficiency are executed by the CST MW EM simulator. However, the conventional way of this design with FR4 may not be so reliable when it is designed on Jean's substrate. Besides all the above parameters extracted from the simulator should hold a low value to implement a high-performance deployed wearable antenna. The paper's outcome shows the importance of simulations and measurements undertaken for the proposed antenna assuming both the dielectric constants of FR4 and Jeans cloth material (with ?r of 1.7). The main contribution of the antenna is to resonate at the frequencies of 3.17 GHz with circular polarization and 5.04 GHz with linear polarization. The antenna prototype is described, and its performance is validated using measurements. The proposed structure also provides a better enhancement in terms of 10-dB impedance bandwidth, with an average gain of 5 dBi.

Textile UWB 5G Antenna for Human Blood Clot Measurement

The antenna plays an essential role in the medical industry. The short-range 5th Generation (5G) communication can be used for seamless transmission, reception, patient monitoring, sensing and measuring various processes at high speeds. A passive Ultra Wide Band (UWB) antenna, used as a sensor in the measurement of Prothrombin Time (PT) i.e., blood clot is being proposed. The investigated micro-strip patch UWB antenna operating in the frequency range of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz consists of a circular patch with a diamond-shaped slot made of jeans substrate material with good sensing properties is accomplished by adjusting the copper thickness of the patch. Due to the turbidity in blood plasma, PT measurement is the repetitive approach to get accurate value. In order to solve this issue, an antenna is designed, fabricated and analysed to obtain the accurate PT measurements from blood plasma. The blood clotting is observed by electromagnetic emitted voltage converted into the frequency range of 5 to 10 GHz and voltage range of 0.66 to 0.87 mV. The circular UWB antenna is constructed employing jean’s substrate with a partial ground plane to improve the S-parameter, gain, bandwidth and performance characteristics. The proposed antenna with Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value within the acceptable range can be used as a wearable device in the human body, leveraging 5G technology. This antenna is well suited for various other applications like wireless sensors, wearable devices and short-range communication applications.

Flexible Microstrip Patch Antenna Design on Jeans Substrate Radiating at 2.45 GHz for WBAN Application

Flexible Microstrip Patch Antenna Design on Jeans Substrate Radiating at 2.45 GHz for WBAN Application

A fully flexible, high gain saw-tooth-shaped boundary fractal wearable patch antenna for WBAN applications

AbstractA flexible and high gain saw-tooth-shaped boundary fractal wearable antenna is anticipated for WBAN applications. A square shape is converted to the saw-tooth-shaped boundary by sequentially rotating the square at an angle of 45° and overlaid on one another and repeated the same for three iterations. The geometry is built on a flexible jeans substrate, and the total size of the anticipated antenna is 0.583λ × 0.583λ × 0.02λ at 2.4 GHz. A prototype has been made to test its suitability for wearable applications' gain, bandwidth, and efficiency. The results revealed that the proposed antenna provides an impedance bandwidth of 4.2% and a peak gain of 5.76 dBi at the 2.45 GHz ISM band. The anticipated antenna is wrapped around foam cylinders of radii 70 and 50 mm to test the stability and deformability of its performance. The full ground plane isolates the antenna from the human body contributing to the lower SAR values. The simulated maximum achieved specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.3025 and 1.16 W/kg for 10 and 1 g of average tissue for the input power of 100 mW, respectively, found within the standards as per FCC. The peak gain, compact size, and SAR permanence made the anticipated antenna a worthy candidate for wearable on/off body applications.

An electromagnetic shield design using frequency selective surfaces on a textile substrate

In this paper, a flexible bandstop frequency selective surface (FSS) array fabricated on jeans substrate using silver-coated conductive yarn with a computerized embroidery machine is presented for X-band. The S parameters of the fabricated design are measured through the free space method. The measured S-parameters showed significant stopband characteristics between 8 GHz and 11.5 GHz for −30°–30° wide incident angles. Moreover, the transmission, reflection, absorption, and shielding effectiveness (SE) of the FSS array are also computed using measured S parameters. The prototype provides SE of more than 30 dB in X-band and has dominant absorption behavior for some frequencies within the band.

Tuning of dual frequency resonance analysis of circular and rectangular patch UWB antenna used for wireless sensor networks

In our modern digital world, communication plays a most important role in research of new designs and novel findings. The proposed analysis is based on Ultra-wide band microstrip patch antenna with two methods of circular and rectangular patch. The design analysis and comparison of various antenna parameters are used for wireless sensor networks. The V-shaped slot is introduced on top of the circular patch and the horizontal T-shaped slot on rectangular patch using jeans substrate material, the design gives good resonance frequency of 9.5GHz and 7.7GHz for wireless communication networks. At resonance the receiver of UWB antenna has a frequency sensing element and the antenna parameters were analyzed using High Frequency Structural Simulator. From the analysis, gain of an antenna, VSWR, return loss as well as radiation pattern, Specific Absorption Rate SAR values are in the acceptable range. The VSWR value of both rectangular and circular patch is 1.05, return loss below -11dB determined in order to avoid surface wave propagation, the specific absorption rate SAR value should be below 2W and gain of each antenna consists of positive value. Hence the antenna meets the requirement suitable for wireless sensor network application.

Design and fabrication of jean substrate based textile antenna for GSM band application

Soft computation is well equipped and successfully implemented in the field of antenna design in this paper ANN and Genetic algorithms are used to design a fabric based micro strip patch antenna at the center frequency, fc of 1.45 GHz. Textile materials are apt to be produced in the form of wearable antenna substrates owing to their reduced dielectric constant or relative permittivity properties. Specifically, in this article, jeans fabric having the relative permittivity, ℇr = 1.70, along with a thickness of 1.00 mm is selected to be a substrate. Initially, Radial basis networks is used to design a micro strip patch antenna configuration equipped with an edge feeding mechanism. Then , Genetic algorithm is applied for optimization of proposed antenna parameters Finally Wearable textile micros trip patch antenna is created, merged, and concealed within the clothing, correctly. It is revealed from simulation and fabrication measurement outcomes that the proposed antenna properties are desirable for a body centric communication, which is at the fc = 1.45 GHz.

Performance evaluation of compact FSS‐integrated flexible monopole antenna for body area communication applications

SummaryThis article presents a compact wearable antenna integrated with a novel frequency selective surface (FSS) made of textile materials. The antenna can be applied in wearable health monitoring applications aimed at the 2.45‐GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. An array of 4 × 4 octagonal slot‐shaped FSS (106 × 106 mm2) superstrate enhances the performance of the modified Koch curve planar monopole antenna (44.85 × 39 mm2). The Jeans substrate prototype with the overall dimensions of 1.128λ0 × 1.128λ0 × 0.319λ0 covers the bandwidth of 2.45‐GHz ISM band from 2.24 to 2.76 GHz (S11 ≤ −10 dB). The band rejection and reflective nature of the proposed FSS suppress the back radiation and improves the antenna's gain by −20 dB and 6.3 dBi, respectively. The specific absorption rate (SAR) level is reduced to 0.445 W/kg from 24.995 W/kg with a higher reduction rate of 98.21%. Many literature reports produced higher gain and lower SAR but exhibited reduced efficiency when the antenna is placed near the human body. The wearable antenna's frequency response tends to vary under bending conditions for narrowband antennas. Wide‐band monopole antennas produce omnidirectional radiation pattern which tends to affect human body tissues. So stable polarization‐insensitive FSS is placed behind the antenna to enhance the antenna's gain and avoid back radiation. The proposed antenna exhibits stable performance under bending conditions with fractional bandwidth of 22.2%, gain of 8.83 dBi, and produces a better efficiency of 91.30% when the antenna is positioned in the vicinity with human body models. The experimental validation shows that the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for wireless body area networks.

Novel Design of UWB Jeans Based Textile Antenna for Body-Centric Communications

This research presents an ultra-wideband (UWB) textile antenna design for body-centric applications. The antenna is printed on a 1 mm thick denim substrate with a 1.7 relative permittivity. The jeans substrate is sandwiched between a partial ground plane and a radiating patch with a Q-shaped slot. The slotted radiating patch is placed above the substrate and measures 27.8 mm × 23.8 mm. In free space, the antenna covers the ultra-wideband spectrum designated by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). Various parameters of the antenna design were changed for further performance evaluation. Depending on the operating frequency, the antenna's realized gain varied from 2.7 to 5 dB. The antenna achieved high radiation efficiency with an omnidirectional radiation pattern. A parametric study was performed in research on varying antenna substrates and other components of the antenna. The three outermost layers of the human body are used to model a human phantom for on-body simulation. After that, the antenna was placed at five different distances from the phantom. The findings demonstrate that at close distances to the phantom, the antenna's gain and efficiency at lower frequencies are reduced. The antenna's radiation efficiency and gain were much higher at higher frequencies for distances greater than 6 mm. Compared to free space, the antenna's radiation pattern was more omnidirectional, especially at higher frequencies. This antenna is novel, compact and has an ultra wide bandwidth, a maximum of 94.60% radiation efficiency and a 5 dBi gain that will make it a good candidate for body-centric communications.

A compact circular polarized metamaterial‐inspired fabric antenna for WBAN applications

AbstractA compact textile antenna with circular polarization (CP) is implemented for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical applications for wireless body area network with radio band 2.4 GHz. A metamaterial‐inspired radiating element is used to achieve a size reduction of up to 85% against the conventional textile antenna. The CP is obtained by trimming the corners of the radiating element. A rectangular slot place with strip line construct a metamaterial‐inspired radiator and U‐slot is imparted below the radiator by using defected ground structure technique to enhance the antenna bandwidth. This antenna has a physical area of 0.25 × 0.22 × 0.016 λg and is implemented on denim jeans substrate of thickness h = 1.6 mm and εr = 1.6. With the presented design, measured bandwidth of 5.8% (2.37–2.51 GHz). The axial ratio bandwidth of 80 MHz (2.40−2.48 GHz), and a peak gain of 2.70 dBi has been acquired. A perfect matching is observed between measured and simulated results. This novel integrated design is suitable for all body area network communication systems where flexibility and compactness are desirable.

Gain enhancement by utilizing hexagonal reflector based optimized textile antenna

In this article, a square patch antenna with reflector is fed by inset feed for wearable applications in the ISM band (2.45 GHz) Using Jean's substrate with a 3 mm thickness and dielectric constant of 1.7. In this article, the design of the Textile patch antenna is optimized using the Oppositional Particle Swarm optimization (OPSO) algorithm to resonate at 2.45 GHz. The PSO is a population-based algorithm designed to tackle various optimization problems. The performance deteriorates significantly when the optimization problems are to be subject to noise . The flexible and textile antennas have taken a lot of attention due to their application in wearable systems and their testing in real-work conditions. The major advantage of the proposed system is minimizing the back lobe and enhances the gain. Usually, Antenna parameters such as reflection coefficient, Voltage standing wave ratio, Gain & Directivity are measured using CST software.

Compact wearable dual wideband circularly polarized L-strip fed slotted textile antenna with parasitic elements for ISM band applications

This paper presents an L-strip fed compact wearable dual wide band circularly polarized textile antenna (DWCPTA) with a pair of parasitic elements and dual wide band operations at frequencies 2.45 and 5.80 GHz for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band applications. The antenna is printed on top of denim (jeans) substrate having dielectric constant 1.7 and thickness of 1.43 mm with wide slot ground plane on back side. The proposed DWCPTA of size 40 × 40 × 1.43 mm3 achieves -10 dB simulation impedance bandwidth of 89.16% (2.3 – 6.0 GHz) and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 47.55% (2.34 – 3.80 GHz) and 12.60% (5.20 – 5.90 GHz) and essentially, low specific absorption rate (SAR) values of 0.8 and 0.95 W/Kg over 10 g of human tissues for wide band operations at frequencies 2.45 and 5.80 GHz respectively. The proposed DWCPTA is designed, fabricated and tested, which shows good agreement between measured and simulated ones.