BackgroundDiabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a severe complication of diabetes that often leads to amputation and high mortality, yet survival outcomes and risk factors after DFU-related amputation remain poorly understood particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the incidence rate (IR), survival rate and to identify factors associated with the survival of amputation among patients having DFU in Indonesia.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients with DFU admitted to the Margono Hospital in Central Java Indonesia. The primary outcome of this study was the times since diagnosis of DFU to amputation. This study outcome was conducted for 5-year survival (2019–2024), IR and survival rate of amputation. Multiple cox regression was performed to investigate factors associated with survival, quantified by adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) and their 95% CIs.ResultsThis cohort comprised 878 DFU patients and followed up for 1,350.55 person-year within the study period. The overall amputation IR was 14.22 per 100 person-year (95% CI: 12.34–16.38) with the highest IR/100 population was 85.68 (95% CI: 73.49–99.90) occurred in the gangrene group. The overall survival rate within 1-year, 3-year and 5-year was 76.14% (95%CI: 72.82–79.11), 72.77% (95%CI: 69.08–76.10) and 71.18% (95% CI: 67.22–74.75) respectively with the highest five-year survival rates were observed among patients with cardiovascular disease (94.37%, 95% CI: 85.17–97.93). Factors that were associated with survival included patients who receiving insulin therapy (AHR: 5.51; 95% CI: 3.73–8.14), residing in rural areas (AHR: 4.14; 95% CI: 1.70–10.12), patients without neuropathy (AHR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.30–4.42), those with underweight or normal BMI (AHR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.40–2.98), and those without hypertension (AHR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.03–2.22).ConclusionsThe study revealed that the rate of amputations was relatively high and highest survival rate was patients with cardiovascular disease. Receiving insulin therapy, staying in rural area, no-neuropathy, underweight and normal weight and no-hypertension showed more likely to amputation. Early detection of comorbidities is recommended to prevent amputation among patients with DFU.

Ensuring equitable access to healthcare services is paramount for the enhancement of societal welfare and the optimisation of public health outcomes. Within the context of West Java Indonesia, accelerated population growth coupled with geographic disparities has resulted in heightened pressure on the existing healthcare infrastructure, thereby rendering numerous communities inadequately served. Although CHCs are already widespread in Indonesia, their distribution remains uneven, especially in growing urban areas. Consequently, there is growing recognition of the need to strategically expand community healthcare centres (CHCs) to improve access across underserved areas. These CHCs are instrumental in providing vital services, encompassing preventive care, maternal and child health, immunisation, dental services, and outpatient care. This study presents an integrated approach combining population forecasting, spatial demand estimation, and optimisation modelling to support long-term planning of CHCs in Kota Bandung. Kota Bandung was selected as the study area due to its high population density, significant spatial disparities in healthcare access, and strategic importance in regional health planning. Using an ARIMA model, the researchers forecasted population growth through 2045. The year aligns with Indonesia's national long-term vision, Visi Indonesia 2045. They then estimated daily CHC demand using spatial grid and population density data, applying a standard utilisation rate. Three mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models were developed to optimize facility locations by maximizing coverage, minimizing travel time, or balancing both. This method allows planners to explore various scenarios based on local needs and constraints. The forecasting model reveals a consistent escalation in the demand for primary healthcare services within the Bandung region, with distinct growth hotspots identified in presently underserved locales. Optimisation scenarios produced by the MILP models indicate that the strategic positioning of new CHCs can substantially augment service coverage while simultaneously mitigating disparities in healthcare access. Scenario-based simulations were conducted to explore how different planning objectives-such as maximizing coverage or minimizing travel time-impact CHC placement outcomes. The results suggest that the most equitable arrangement of CHCs would enhance accessibility for marginalized populations by more closely aligning resources with geospatial demand. This integrated modelling framework presents a pragmatic paradigm for long-term health infrastructure planning in contexts characterized by resource limitations. By synthesizing demand forecasting with location-optimisation methodologies, regional health authorities are empowered to make data-informed decisions to enhance access and equity in primary healthcare services. These findings bolster broader initiatives aimed at achieving Universal Health Coverage in Indonesia.

Java Island remains the largest centre of poverty in Indonesia despite its dominant contribution to national economic activity. This study examines the direct effects of the Islamic Human Development Index (I-HDI), employment opportunities, and minimum wage on poverty, as well as their indirect effects through unemployment, in six provinces of Java Island during 2015–2022. This study uses secondary panel data obtained from official statistical sources and applies panel data regression with path analysis using EViews 10. The findings show that employment opportunities have a negative and significant effect on unemployment, while I-HDI and minimum wage have negative and significant direct effects on poverty. However, unemployment does not significantly mediate the effects of I-HDI, employment opportunities, and minimum wage on poverty. These findings imply that poverty reduction in Java Island should not rely solely on unemployment reduction, but should also prioritise Islamic-based human development, the expansion of decent employment opportunities, and minimum wage policies that improve household welfare without weakening labour absorption.

Determinant factors of beef demand in Java Indonesia

Carrying capacity based on ecological footprint of six metropolitan areas in Java Island

Cucumber mosaic virus variant with divergent RNA2 infecting solanaceous crops and their weeds in Java Island, Indonesia

Regression modeling for multivariate count data often struggles with assumption of overdispersion and correlation among response variables. To address these issues, this study proposes a new model called Multivariate Correlated Poisson Generalized Inverse Gaussian Regression (MCPGIGR), which integrates random effects through common shock variables and allows for flexible mean structures via a log-link function. This research develops a Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Maximum Likelihood Ratio Tests (MLRT) to evaluate both simultaneous and partial significance of predictors. We conduct simulation studies to assess the consistency and performance of the proposed estimators. Furthermore, in an application to maternal and neonatal mortality across 38 districts/cities in East Java (Indonesia), MCPGIGR substantially improves model fit relative to a Multivariate Poisson Regression (MPR) baseline (AICc decreases from 2378.63 to 1924.60 for ). The proposed framework provides a practical and flexible tool for analyzing correlated, overdispersed multivariate counts in public health and related domains. The highlights of this research are: • The MCPGIGR model introduces a correlated multivariate count regression framework with exposure adjustment. • It provides robust parameter estimation and hypothesis testing via MLE and MLRT. • MCPGIGR demonstrates improved model fit and practical interpretability in public health applications.

Abstract Jember Regency, located in the southern part of Java Island, is adjacent to active offshore subduction zone, making it highly vulnerable to a potential megathrust tsunami. Six coastal districts within the regency are designated as tsunamis prone areas with critical dependence on coastal resilience. This study aims to formulate a comprehensive resilience strategy by identifying priority mitigation actions and mapping collaborative networks among key stakeholders in anticipation of a possible megathrust tsunami. The main contribution of this research lies in the integrated application of MICMAC and MACTOR methods, which is still rarely employed in the Indonesian context, to simultaneously analyze the relationships between mitigation variables and the power dynamics among stakeholders. Data collection was conducted through structured interviews and questionnaires involving 13 stakeholders, including government agencies, private sector/NGOs, academics, and community groups. The findings reveal that a resilience strategy for a megathrust tsunami in Jember’s coastal area involves seven key actions, with the Development of Disaster Risk Assessment Documents, Disaster Management Plans and Zoning Planning for Coastal Disaster Prone Areas identified as the most strategic variables (key drivers). The MACTOR analysis identifies the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) as the central actor, requiring strategic alliances with Public Housing, Settlement Areas and Human Settlements Office (DPRKPCK), Sub District Government, Academics, and Disaster Resilient Village as Community Groups. The study concludes that structural and non-structural approaches must be holistically integrated and supported by strong multi actor cooperation. Based on these results, this research serves as a foundational reference for technical implementation, recommending the establishment of a collaborative platform to facilitate sustained synergy among all stakeholders for enhanced tsunami resilience.

Human mobility significantly impacts the transmission and persistence of malaria, even in low-endemic areas. The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant shifts in mobility patterns across Indonesia. This study examines the association between population mobility and malaria incidence in low-endemic Indonesian districts during the COVID-19 period. The study was conducted from March 2020 to May 2022 in four districts, i.e., Kulon Progo and Purworejo (Java Island) and Tanah Laut and Tanah Bumbu (outside Java Island). Data were collected from district health office reports on COVID-19 cases, mobility data from Facebook, malaria testing, and case reports from the district health office's electronic system. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to examine the association between mobility and malaria incidence, adjusting for district location, endemicity of mobility origin, malaria testing intensity, and COVID-19 burden. A total of 480,575 mobility events were examined, showing that mobility peaked in 2021 outside Java Island, with Tanah Bumbu exhibiting the highest mobility rate (36.6%). In Java, most mobility came from elimination areas (> 80%), while outside Java areas showed mobility from the low-endemic regions (48.5% and 87.9%). In Purworejo, mobility fluctuated in 2020, with peaks in March and May 2021, correlating with a rise in malaria cases. In Kulon Progo, mobility increased only slightly, but malaria cases spiked in late 2021 and early 2022. No clear pattern was found between mobility and malaria cases in Tanah Bumbu and Tanah Laut. Malaria examination rates dropped significantly during the early months of the pandemic. The incidence of malaria outside Java was 64% lower than in Java, and increased mobility was associated with higher malaria incidence. In the pooled multivariable Poisson regression, mobility, malaria screening, and COVID-19 positivity were associated with malaria incidence [IRR 1.25 (95% CI 1.21-1.30), IRR 2.33 (95% CI 2.22-2.45), and IRR 1.12 (95% CI 1.08-1.17), respectively]. However, descriptive analysis showed no clear temporal association between mobility trends and malaria cases outside Java, suggesting the relationship is context dependent. Mobility remains a crucial factor in malaria control, although its relationship is complex and context-dependent, influenced by local patterns of endemicity. These findings are associated in nature and do not causal effects. Targeted interventions during such periods are essential to prevent a resurgence of the disease. Specifically, the National Malaria Control Program should consider integrating real-time digital mobility indicators into SISMAL to generate mobility-informed risk alerts for districts experiencing elevated inflows from endemic areas.

Wind energy represents a promising resource for accelerating the transition to renewable energy and meeting global net-zero emission targets. While wind turbines have generated considerable amounts of electricity in specific regions of four-season countries, their potential in low-wind countries is generally limited, thereby inhibiting further investigation. However, advancements in wind turbine design and wind resource databases have provided new opportunities for assessing utility-scale wind energy potential. Therefore, this study assessed the potential for utility-scale wind power generation in low-wind regions of Indonesia's Java–Bali region. The Weibull distribution of wind speed and theoretical energy output were investigated using 10-year hourly temporal-based wind speed data collected at 100 m height from 2006 to 2015. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) power density classification was used to identify locations for energy generation analysis under wind turbine capacities of 1, 2, and 2.5 MW. The trade-offs between the average energy output over ten years and capacity factors were also considered. The results showed that the Ujungjaya area in Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, has the potential to produce an estimated 13,916 MWh of energy per year using the 2.5 MW turbine with a capacity factor of 60.5% and Weibull parameters k and c of 2.49 and 8.22, respectively. The annual wind-based electricity generation potential of selected locations revealed that low-wind regions of Indonesia should not be overlooked when strategically planning wind energy utilisation to support the sustainable energy transition. In addition, the results have important implications for including additional wind energy in the energy mix of developing countries with similar low-wind regimes.

Mapping the landscape of online antibiotic sellers in Indonesia: A study on distribution, regulation, and public health risks.

This study aims to analyze the effect of financial literacy, mental budgeting, and self-control on financial well-being with investment decision making as a mediating variable. This study uses Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze data collected from a sample of 218 productive-age individuals who have invested in financial assets or real assets and reside on the island of Java. The results show that financial literacy have a positive and significant effect on financial well-being, while mental budgeting and self control do not show a significant direct on financial well-being. These findings indicate that there is evidence to support the mediator, namely investment decision making. This mediator mediates the relationship between the independent variables, namely financial literacy, mental budgeting, and self-control, and financial wellbeing. The results show that individuals with high financial literacy, good mental budgeting skills, and self-control tend to exhibit good investment decision-making behavior. As a result, this contributes to their overall financial wellbeing. In general, the theoretical implications of this study add to the existing knowledge, while the practical implications provide a useful perspective for policymakers, financial institutions, and individuals to promote their financial well-being.

We evaluate the effects of minimum wage increases on wages and employment across micro-, small-, medium-, and large-sized manufacturing establishments on Java Island in Indonesia. Using a comprehensive establishment-level dataset for 2000–2014, we account for time-varying heterogeneity through district-pair-year fixed effects to address potential endogeneity concerns. Our results show positive wage effects for production workers in medium- and large-sized establishments, with no wage effects for non-production workers. We find no employment effects for production and non-production workers, and minimum wage increases have no impact on wages or employment in micro- and small-sized manufacturing establishments. Overall, despite substantial minimum wage increases during this period, there is no evidence that the minimum wage policy either hinders or promotes overall employment creation in Indonesia’s manufacturing sector.

Purpose — This study evaluates the role of Nighttime Lights (NTL) as a complementary indicator of regional economic and socio-economic development across Java Island. Method — Using VIIRS NTL data for 2016–2023, the study compares radiance patterns with GRDP per capita, Human Development Index (HDI), population density, and road infrastructure across six provinces. The analysis combines spatial visualization, growth comparison, and correlation analysis. Findings — Results show that NTL effectively captures the spatial concentration and dynamics of economic activity, but its relationship with development indicators varies across regions. Strong alignment appears in highly urbanized provinces such as DKI Jakarta, while weaker or divergent patterns are observed in regions with service-based or dispersed economies.Implications — NTL can support policy analysis by revealing spatial disparities and real-time economic dynamics, but it should be used cautiously as a complementary rather than standalone indicator. Originality — This study provides a subnational, multidimensional assessment of NTL in Java, highlighting its context-dependent reliability as a proxy for development.

Tax compliance in Indonesia remains a persistent challenge, particularly among business entities operating in sectors characterized by complex transactions and varying degrees of formalization, such as agricultural production facilities (saprotan). The specific context of this sector has received limited empirical attention, particularly regarding how digital tax administration and behavioral factors jointly shape compliance behavior. This study aims to examine the influence of digital tax administration systems, tax morale, and perceived tax sanctions on taxpayer compliance among saprotan businesses in Indonesia. Adopting a quantitative research design, this study utilizes census data collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to all identified saprotan businesses in several regions on the island of Java, yielding 97 valid responses from owners or directors who make tax-related decisions. The data were analyzed using statistical application SmartPLS 3 to assess the validity and reliability of the measurements and the structural relationships between the variables. The results indicate that the quality of digital tax administration, tax morale, and tax sanctions each have a positive and statistically significant influence on taxpayer compliance in the sector. By empirically testing these relationships in the context of agricultural production facilities, this study offers sector-specific evidence supporting the relevance of technology-based, psychological, and deterrent mechanisms in explaining compliance behavior, while providing focused implications for the design of digital tax reforms, taxpayer education, and consistent enforcement strategies in similar semi-formal business environments.

This study aims to analyze the effect of air pollution on premature mortality rates in Banten Province with a specific focus on Cilegon City as the most densely industrialized area at the western tip of Java Island. The main objectives of this research are to identify the dominant sources of air pollution, estimate the number of premature deaths caused by exposure to pollutants from industrial activities and coal-fired power plants, and formulate effective prevention strategies and environmental law enforcement. This study also seeks to measure the economic impact of premature mortality and healthcare costs borne by the community and government. Furthermore, the research aims to explore the social, educational, and ecological aspects affected by chronic air pollution in the region. By employing secondary data analysis from various environmental research institutions and case studies of law enforcement actions that have occurred, this research is expected to provide evidence-based policy recommendations for central and local governments in protecting the public's right to clean air and preventing thousands of avoidable deaths.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze how financial literacy and financial inclusion influence financing decisions among women-owned MSMEs in Indonesia, with financial and nonfinancial performance acting as moderating variables. Methodology/approach: A quantitative explanatory approach was employed using survey data from 345 female entrepreneurs operating MSMEs on Java Island. Data were collected through structured questionnaires with validated measurement scales and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares. Results: Financial literacy and financial inclusion significantly enhance financing decision-making among women entrepreneurs. Financial performance strengthens the relationship between financial capability, access, and funding choices, indicating that better financial conditions improve the effectiveness of financing strategies. Non-financial performance directly influences financing decisions and partially moderates the effect of financial literacy, suggesting that managerial capability and organizational readiness play important roles in funding behavior of investors. Conclusions: Financing decisions among female-entrepreneur-owned MSMEs are shaped by the interaction between financial knowledge, institutional access, and organizational performance. Limitations: This study focuses on women-owned MSMEs on Java Island and relies on self-reported survey data. Contributions: This study extends the contingency-based financial behavior perspective and offers practical insights for developing inclusive financing programs for women entrepreneurs.

Environmental quality is an important indicator that reflects the sustainability of ecosystems and the welfare of communities in a region. The Environmental Quality Index (EQI) provides a quantitative measure of environmental quality in an area over a given period, derived from the Water Quality Index (WQI), Air Quality Index (AQI), Land Quality Index (LQI), and Marine Water Quality Index (MWQI). To date, Java Island has consistently had the lowest LQI among Indonesian islands. This study was conducted to determine the effect of access to proper drinking water, access to adequate sanitation, population density, land transportation, and the number of large and medium industries on the Environmental Quality Index (EQI) in 6 provinces on the island of Java from 2016 to 2024 using panel data regression analysis with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach and Granger causality testing with 54 observations. The study found that access to safe drinking water, access to proper sanitation, population density, and the number of industries significantly affected the EQI. Land transportation did not have a significant effect on the EQI. Based on the Granger causality test, there was a reciprocal relationship between several independent variables and the EQI.

Microplastic pollution has been widely known to infect river ecosystems. However, comprehensive information regarding the abundance and distribution of microplastics and the role of spatiotemporal variations in urban streams of Java Island is urgently needed. This study provides an integrated assessment of microplastic contamination in the Gajahwong Stream, Indonesia. We analyzed surface water, sediment, and fish across nine sites to assess the abundance and distribution of microplastics and the influence of land use gradients and seasonal variation. A total of 497 MP particles were collected, with a significantly higher number of particles observed during the dry season compared to the wet season. Fibers were the predominant shape, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy confirmed polyethylene terephthalate as the polymer, pointing toward laundry, textiles, and domestic greywater as major pollution sources. Generalized Linear Mixed Model revealed that developed land use positively correlated with MP abundance in water during the dry season, while the wet season was characterized by a flushing effect, obscuring local land use relationships. Bioaccumulation in fish was driven more by species-specific behavioral and morphological factors. However, the dominance of fragment particles in sediments that potentially threaten benthopelagic fish cannot be overlooked. These findings highlight the urgent need for improved waste management and greywater treatment facility to mitigate plastic leakage in the urban river ecosystem.

Rising sea levels and land subsidence combine to determine relative sea level (RSL) rise, which is intensifying coastal hazards. However, many densely populated regions lack the observational infrastructure to identify and quantify land subsidence contribution to RSL, hindering effective planning of responses. Here, we used satellite radar observations to generate a high-resolution assessment of land subsidence across Java Island, Indonesia, and evaluate its contribution to 21st-century RSL change. We identify widespread and temporally evolving subsidence with rates ranging from 1 to 15cm/year in multiple coastal cities. Using machine learning spatiotemporal clustering and ancillary datasets, we attribute the dominant subsidence mechanisms to resource extraction across various geographic and geological settings. We further construct virtual tide gauges at 5-km intervals along the northern coastline, revealing that contemporary subsidence will dominate RSL budgets over the next 25 years along >75% of the coast. These findings underscore the urgent need to integrate subsidence into sea level risk and adaptation assessments in vulnerable coastal regions.