Java-Bali Region Research Articles

Regional perinatal mortality differences in Indonesia: Evidence from Indonesian demographic health survey

AimPerinatal mortality can be used as a reference to assess health status in a country. In Indonesia, none of previous studies specifically discuss the incidence of prenatal mortality by region. The objective of this study was to analyze perinatal mortality difference by region of Indonesia. Study designThis study used a cross-sectional approach. MethodThe sample in this study was 13,310 women of childbearing age obtained from the Indonesian Demographic Health Survey (IDHS) 2017. The perinatal mortality rate was calculated using data on stillbirths with a gestational duration of seven months or more and early neonatal deaths. Perinatal mortality was analyzed by region using a binary logistic regression statistical test to examine the relationship between perinatal mortality and its factors (socio-demographic factors, individual disease control factors, and maternal factors). ResultsThis study shows that the proportion of perinatal mortality in Indonesia is 1.5 % of total births. The highest proportion of perinatal mortality (2.5 %) was in the Papua region, while the lowest proportion (1.3 %) was in the Java region. The results of this study indicated that women in the Maluku Islands had a 1.82 times higher chance of perinatal mortality compared to the Java-Bali region. The causative variable associated with perinatal mortality in the Java-Bali and Papua regions was employment status. The causative variables associated with perinatal mortality in Kalimantan were the quality of antenatal care and delivery assistance. The causative variable associated with perinatal mortality in Nusa Tenggara and Papua was the location of delivery. The causative variable associated with perinatal mortality in Kalimantan, Maluku, and Papua was the mother's age. The causative variable associated with perinatal mortality in the Java-Bali region was parity. The causative variable associated with perinatal mortality in Sumatra was the type of delivery. ConclusionThis study show that there were disparities in the incidence of perinatal mortality between regions in Indonesia. The government needs to re-adjust the existing strategies to improve health status and focus on community empowerment for women to prevent perinatal mortality.

Clustering-based assessment of solar irradiation and temperature attributes for PV power generation site selection: A case of Indonesia’s Java-Bali region

This study presents clustering-based assessments of solar attributes for locating potential solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant sites using k-means and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) by examining the yearly average single-attribute and three-attribute clustering on a dataset of long-term hourly-based direct and diffuse irradiation, ambient temperature, and solar PV power output from 2005 to 2022. Three-attribute clustering enables stakeholders to better understand the characteristics of a cluster by collectively identifying three solar attributes and the magnitude of each attribute in an area or cluster. The presence of this information, which constitutes the clusters, suggests that these attributes have different effects on solar PV output power in different clusters. Although k-means is an effective method for investigating potential locations for PV power plant placements, DBSCAN offers users an alternative method for accomplishing a similar goal. In the case of three-attribute clustering of direct irradiation with k-means and DBSCAN, the 18-year mean value of clusters with the highest yearly average value is achieved at very similar values of 0.305 kW/m2 and 0.310 kW/m2, respectively. It turns out that only six years of direct irradiation had an annual mean value of less than 0.305 kW/m2. This finding implies that in the long run, the solar resources in terms of direct irradiation will typically surpass 0.3 kW/m2/MW installed capacity over all areas suitable for PV power plants. While focusing on the Java-Bali region, Indonesia, the findings, and methods appear to be of broader interest to policymakers, particularly in developing countries where solar PV is considered an option for sustainable energy generation.

Regional disparity in age-related disability: toward healthy aging in Indonesia

Purpose: Maintaining functional ability and minimizing age-related disability of older adults are required to promote healthy aging. A supportive physical and social environment, in addition to individual variables, has a role in reducing the risk of age-related disability. Infrastructure development differs between Java-Bali and outer Java-Bali regions. This study aims to determine the extent to which the disability of older adults in Java-Bali and outer Java-Bali regions. 
 Methods: This study is cross-sectional, using data from the 2020 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) with 122.344 Indonesian older adults aged 60 and over. Disability is the outcome variable. The explanatory variable is regional disparity (Java-Bali and outer Java-Bali regions), which refers to where the older adults live. In addition, the control variables include age, sex, marital status, educational level, employment status, leisure activity, household wealth status, and self-rated health status (SRHS). A multivariate logistic regression statistical analysis is performed. 
 Results: The outer Java-Bali region has a slightly greater prevalence of older adults with age-related disability than the Java-Bali region, with 28.8 and 22.9 percent, respectively. However, older adults living in the outer Java-Bali region are 1.63 times more likely (OR 1.63; 95% CI (1.58-1.68)) to have disability than those living in the Java-Bali region. Other socio-demographic variables are significantly associated with age-related disability. 
 Conclusion: Living in the Java-Bali region increases the risk of age-related disability. Infrastructure development in the outer Java-Bali region needs to be improved so that older adults can experience healthy aging.

3D Visualization of Geothermal System Structure Based on Inversion Model of Gravity Data. Case Study: Mt. Salak Region, West Java

The geothermal power plant located in Gunung Salak plays a crucial role in increasing the electricity supply transmitted to the Java-Bali region, as the energy demand continues to rise. The objective of this research is to determine the 3D subsurface structure of Gunung Salak, specifically the distribution of the reservoir as the target for geothermal energy using the Gravity method. Gravity data, including gravity disturbance (gd), geoid, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM), were obtained from the ICGEM website with a total of 48740 data each. Based on the results of the residual anomaly map, the low anomalies beneath Gunung Salak have values from -5.15 to -1.88 mGal, which are suspected to be associated with the magma chamber. The high anomalies beneath the manifestations have values from 0.92 to 5.01 mGal, indicating andesitic basalt intrusive rocks believed to be the reservoir rock. Through the 3D inversion modeling of the subsurface structure of the Gunung Salak geothermal system, a clay cap with a density from 2.47 to 2.5 g/cc at depths of 0 to 700 m and andesitic basalt rock as the reservoir with a density from 2.74 to 2.91 g/cc at depths of 700 to 3000 m have been identified.

The Initial Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Regional Economies in Indonesia: Structural Changes and Regional Income Inequality

The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted an enormous impact on the Indonesian economy. In 2020, the country’s economy contracted by 2.7%. However, the impact has been spatially heterogeneous. Based on provincial GDP across industrial sectors, this study examines how structural changes caused by the pandemic have affected the determinants of inter-provincial inequality in Indonesia by conducting a bi-dimensional inequality decomposition analysis. According to the bi-dimensional decomposition analysis, after the outbreak of COVID-19, the tourism sector reduced its contribution to inter-provincial inequality. On the other hand, the IC and financial services sectors were not affected by the pandemic and raised their contributions. When Indonesia recovers from the pandemic, it is likely that the tourism sector will regain its position as an important determinant of inter-provincial inequality. However, the most important sectors in determining inter-provincial inequality will be the IC, financial, and business services sectors, particularly in the Java–Bali region. With the rapid advancement of IC, financial, and e-business technologies, the roles of these high-inequality sectors are likely to increase unless policies that could facilitate spatial dispersion of these services and activities are implemented.

Citizen science reveal new distribution record and possibility of herpetofauna alien species spread in Java – Bali Region

In Indonesia, several reports have been related to the distribution of alien herpetofauna species, especially in Java-Bali. This research aims to reveal the distribution record and possible new distribution of herpetofauna species in the Java-Bali region, including the possibility of alien species. Amfibi Reptil Kita (ARK) uses citizen science methods to collect herpetofauna data from 2017 – 2020 to see possible distribution of herpetofauna new species in the Java – Bali region. The data are then separated by year and region for analysis. After sorting, the data matched the distribution of species through various libraries and geotagged references based on each account. There are six new species recorded in Java-Bali referred to alien species. There are six new species recorded in Java-Bali reffered to alien species. Polypedates macrotis is a new record for Java, while two other amphibian species, Ranoidea caerulea and Lithobates catesbeianus are species whose natural distribution is not in Java-Bali. For reptiles, three types are indicated as alien species in Java-Bali, namely Calotes versicolor, Lamprolepis smaragdina and Pelodiscus sinensis. If alien species such as Lithobates catesbeianus, Calotes versicolor and Lamprolepis smaragdina are not managed properly there are possibility of becoming invasive species and threatening the existence of local species.

Socioeconomic Difference and Adequate Antenatal Care in Indonesia: Evidence from a Nationwide Household Survey

BACKGROUND: Inadequate antenatal care (ANC) has been identified as a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcomes in low-income nations. The World Health Organization recommends adequate ANC for a minimum of eight visits. While universal health coverage has been implemented since 2014, Indonesia as fourth largest populous country encounters challenge on socioeconomic disparities. AIM: This study aims to explore the socioeconomic difference of adequate ANC in Indonesia. METHODS: Data from the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2017 was used for the analysis and includes 15,313 mothers age 15–49 who had a last live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to assess correlation between socioeconomic status and adequate ANC. RESULTS: About 20.8% of mothers had adequate ANC and the proportion ranging between 11.4% in the poorest group and 34.5% in the richest group. Poorest (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.54–0.86) and poorer (AOR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.64–0.97) mothers are less likely to have adequate ANC compared to the richest mothers. In addition, mothers who lived in Java-Bali region, had better knowledge on danger sign of pregnancy, exposed to internet every day, health insurance ownerships, and having ANC at health facilities were more likely to have adequate ANC. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic status was significantly associated with adequate ANC, where inequality was profound among poor mothers. Therefore, specific intervention to expand universal health coverage for poor mothers is essential to reduce socioeconomic disparities.

USER PERCEPTIONS OF THE QUALITY OF THE PEDULILINDUNGI APPLICATION BASED ON THE DIMENSIONS OF ELECTRONIC SERVICE QUALITY (E-SERVICE QUALITY) DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The use of a contact tracing application is one of the efforts made to overcome the global COVID-19 pandemic with an increasing number of cases. The contact tracing application used in Indonesia is PeduliLindungi which is one of the requirements for accessing public areas, which was initially applied to the Java-Bali region. However, in its use, there are still challenges that affect the quality of electronic services. This study aims to analyze user perceptions of the service quality of the PeduliLindungi application based on the E-Servqual dimension. The method used is observational with a quantitative approach using a cross-sectional design. The results showed that overall, the user's perception of the quality of the PeduliLindungi application was good with positive ratings on the service quality dimensions of the PeduliLindungi application. The dimensions that have a significant relationship to the user's perception of the quality of the PeduliLindungi (ESQ) application are the dimension of user experience (EXP) and user trust (TRU). The dimension of reliability (REL), responsiveness (RES), ease of use (EOU), privacy (PRI), system availability (SA), application design (WD), and information quality (IQ) do not have a significant relationship to user perceptions of the quality of the PeduliLindungi (ESQ) application. Suggestions that can be given are to improve and improve the system and technical functions and improve security for user data.

Regional disparities in hospital utilisation in Indonesia: a cross-sectional analysis data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey

ObjectivesPolicymakers must ensure that the entire population has equal access to health services, and efforts to minimise inequalities are needed. This study aimed to analyse the regional disparities in hospital...

The use of Method Information Index (MII) to monitor the amount of information given to women users of modern contraceptives in Indonesia: results from an analysis of the 2007, 2012 and 2017 demographic and health surveys

BackgroundThe use of Method Information Index (MII) indicates whether women contraceptive users receive adequate information about all available contraceptive methods, side effects of the methods, and how to deal with the side effects if experienced—at method initiation.ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the level of MII scores or the amount of information received by married women users of five modern contraceptives at the time of initiation and changes of its determinants based on the Indonesian Demographic and Health data between 2007 and 2017.MethodsData of married women who used most common five modern contraceptive methods (the pill, injectables, implants, IUD, and female sterilization), comprised of a total unweighted sample of 35,412 users out of the 32,895; 45,607 and 49,627 women aged 15–49 in the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), respectively. The Method Information Index (MII) scores were calculated based on responses to three questions (whether women were told about method‐specific side effects, advised what to do if they experienced them, and informed about other available methods). Multivariable logistic regressions with ‘time’ as an interaction variable were used to assess the influence of time upon the MII scores and its determinants.ResultsThe MII scores were 23.84% in 2007, 24.60% in 2012 and 28.65% in 2017. Obviously, over 70% of reproductive-age women contraceptive users were not receiving complete information about modern contraceptives at the time of initiation. After 5 years (2012), only living in the Java Bali region (AOR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.09–1.66) compared to living in other islands, and currently using injectables (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.10–1.87) and currently using implants (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.07–2.63) compared to currently using pills had significantly higher odds of receiving MII information. After 10 years (2017), only one variable (the ‘richest’ in the wealth quintile category (AOR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.50–0.99) compared to the ‘poorest’) still showed a significant association with receipt of complete MII information.ConclusionsDespite the fact that the MII scores increased gradually across the years, interaction with ‘survey time’ showed that the likelihood of receiving complete MII information was not statistically different in the 5 years (2007–2012) and in the 10 years (2007–2017) period from the reference category in 2007. The authors recommend use of the MII score as an objective measure to evaluate access to MII essential information and to monitor an increase in the informed population in Indonesia.

PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH: STUDI EMPIRIS ATAS KORELASI RESIPROKAL

This study aims to analyze the reciprocal effect between economic growth and local own-source revenue. The research scope of this study is based on Java—Bali region in 2015—2019. Using purposive sampling, the data used in this research is taken from the DJPK and BPS websites. The method of this study is analyzed with the two-stage least square (2SLS) panel data regression method with cross-section random effect model as well as white-cross section covariance coefficient in the GDRP equation and period weights (PCSE) in the LOR equation. This research managed to prove the significant positive reciprocal effect between economic growth and LOR. Other factors related such as General Allocation Fund, Revenue Sharing Fund, and HDI in the GDRP equation also have a significant positive influence on economic growth. Meanwhile, labor, local taxes, and local retributions variables also own similar results on LOR. However, Special Allocation Fund and population has significant negative effect on economic growth and LOR, respectively. Moreover, capital expenditure with a lag of two years shows a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth.

Analisis Keterjangkauan Properti Residensial Pada Wilayah Jawa-Bali

In addition to the problem of the availability of residential stock from the supply side, there are problems from the demand side regarding people's purchasing power in reaching housing prices, or often referred to as afordability problems. This study investigates the affordability of the median income group and the lowest 40% income group from the expenditure approach of the national economic survey (susenas, 2020). The calculation of affordability using the installment affordability index approach, with the object of research in the Java-Bali region consisting of DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, DI Yogyakarta, Banten and Bali. The results showed that the installment affordability index (IKC) in the DKI Jakarta and Banten areas showed a value above 1, this means that the community is still able to reach small-type residential property loan installments according to the price limit for treaded welfare homes set by the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing. (PUPR). However, for people in West Java, Central Java, East Java, Yogyakarta and Bali, the IKC value is below 1, meaning that with a median income and an upper limit of 40% of the lowest income in these areas cannot reach small-type housing installments. The problem of affordability will become a development problem, especially in achieving the SDG's goals which have a target in 2030, the community has access to adequate, safe, and affordable housing.

Gender Inequality in Education and Regional Economic Growth in Indonesia

Gender equality, particularly in the areas of education, health, and employment, also serves as a stimulant for faster growth. In Indonesia, attempts to integrate gender equality into development are yielding positive outcomes, with national gender equality indicators improving. However, Indonesia's global standing remains poor, as judged by the Woman, Business, and Law (WBL) Index for 2021, which ranks it 149th out of 190 countries. To promote growth, initiatives to increase the number and quality of human resources, including providing persons with the chance to obtain the broadest possible education, are continuing. This study explores the attainment of gender equality in education, as well as how it relates to economic growth as a metric of progress, using district/city fixed effect panel data for the period 2011-2020.The study's findings show that during the observation period, there was still a gender gap in educational achievement, particularly outside of the Java-Bali region. Increasing gender equality through the ratio of women's years of schooling, as well as the ratio of women to the workforce with a junior high school education that is in line with the needs of the workforce, especially in the industrial sector, contributes positively and significantly to regional economic growth.

OPTIMIZATION OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS AVAILABILITY : INCREASING PRIMARY HEALTH CARE EFFICIENCY IN INDONESIA

Policy has focused on the unequal distribution of health workers, while the potential for improvements in efficiency to address this problem has been neglected. This study aims to measure and compare the level of efficiency in the use of the available health workforce for the delivery of selected primary healthcare services among districts/cities in Indonesia, and to identify factors influencing that efficiency. The Data Envelopment Analysis method with output orientation to measure efficiency and Tobit regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of contextual factors. The average score for the technical efficiency of primary health care service delivery throughout Indonesia was 1.29, indicating the potential to achieve on average 29% higher coverage of the selected primary health services if all were as efficient as the most efficient. The average efficiency score in the Eastern Indonesia region was 1.62 and the average in the Java-Bali region was 1.05, indicating higher potential efficiency gains in the Eastern Indonesia region. Access to health care facilities was a consistently significant factor influencing the efficiency of primary health care in almost all regions. This study has demonstrated the potential for significant gains in coverage of key primary care services through improvements in the efficiency of use of the existing health workforce.

ANALYSIS OF POVERTY IN JAVA-BALI ISLAND AND REGIONS OUTSIDE JAVA-BALI

The urgency of this study is to analyze poverty based on the characteristics of districts/cities in Java-Bali and regions outside Java-Bali. This study used panel data from 2010-2019 in 128 regencies/cities in the Java-Bali islands, and 382 regencies/cities outside Java-Bali region. Analysis using the STATA application with the analytical used is Fixed Effect Model (FEM). Access to electricity has a negative and significant effect on poverty while access to sanitation has a negative and insignificant effect on poverty in Java-Bali. The KUR program, access to clean water, GRDP, education and population have positive and significant impact on poverty in the Java-Bali region. The results of the analysis in areas outside Java-Bali suggest that GRDP has a positive but insignificant effect on poverty while the KUR Program, access to electricity, access to water, access to sanitation, education and population have significant and positive effect on poverty.

Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan Santri dengan Adanya Bimbingan Belajar di Masa Pandemi di Pondok Pesantren Mahir Arriyadl Ringinagung Keling Kepung Kediri

With the uncontrolled increase in Covid-19 cases, the Government has decided to take the policy of Enforcement of Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM) in the entire Java-Bali region from the village to the provincial level in dealing with the Corona virus or Covid-19 pandemic in the country. The policy was taken after the government assessed this disease as a disease with high risk factors. The current war against Covid19 requires people to be active at home, keep their distance from other people and avoid crowds. Conditions like this force a solution caused by the impact of Covid-19 which has an impact on several existing aspects, one of which is in the field of education. Which can affect the decline in the quality of existing education, by using the PAR (Participatory Action Research) research approach which is one of the research models that is looking for something to link the research process into the process of social change, solutions can be offered to improve the quality of education. with the holding of tutoring. So that in tackling the decline in the quality of education that exists during the current pandemic, it is considered very appropriate and correct.

Detection of Public Sentiment Analysis Model on the Implementation of PPKM in Indonesia

Covid-19 pandemic which has been being serious problem in Indonesia indirectly force Indonesian government to issue policies in order to decrease the number of Covid-19 spread. One of the policies is the Implementation of Restrictions on Community Activities (PPKM) in Java-Bali region from January 11-25, 2021. Due to its continued implementation, this policy raises pros and cons in the community. This research’s goal is to determine the best classification model and determine the effect of adding feature engineering in analyzing public sentiment on PPKM with scrapping data from Twitter so that with the best model, it is possible to classify public responses to PPKM automatically. The twitter scrapping dataset is preprocessed first, which includes case folding, tokenizing, filtering, stemming, and term weighting to clean the data. After preprocessing and through the analysis steps, it concludes that using feature engineering can increase the accuracy of the best selected four models. The logistic regression method with feature engineering with accuracy rate of 87.50% become the best method. In conclusion, the best suggested model to analyze public sentiment using Twitter scrappimg towards PPKM is by using the logistic regression.

Poverty during Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: A Case Study in Java-Bali Region

Indonesia has greatly affected by COVID-19 outbreak. This study shows that health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic has caused the rise of new poor seen from the increase of poverty rates, both at the national, regional, and local levels. The increase in poverty occurred in all provinces which is associated with the magnitude of pandemic. In this study, we highlight poverty in the provinces of Java-Bali region as the most affected areas of the outbreak. Among the 128 regencies/cities, the six top highest increase in poverty are regencies/cities that located in small islands and coastal regions. The highest increase was experienced by Kepulauan Seribu by 2,78% of increase. This follows by increase in Sampang Regency (2,07%), North Jakarta (1,74%), Bangkalan Regency (1,66%), and Indramayu Regency (1,59%) respectively. This study shows that the uncertainty in the time of COVID-19 has made precarity among productive working groups. Migrant workers especially in urban areas are more vulnerable due to ‘lockdown’ policies. In addition, we also found that poverty in small islands and coastal cities are severely affected. Further research needs to be done to elaborate this finding to anticipate poverty in Indonesia in the future when the uncertainty of COVID-19 continues to this day.

Regional Disparities of Facility-Based Childbirth in Indonesia

Specifically, the characteristics of regions in Indonesia are unique. The situation is because the division of the region refers to the main islands. The study aims to analyze regional disparities of childbirth services in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the analysis in this study uses raw data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic Health Survey (IDHS). The IDHS used stratification and multistage random sampling. The sample used in this study was 17,769 women aged 15 - 49 years with live births in the last 5 years. The study employed all region (7 regions) in the analysis, and analyzed data using the binary logistic regression test. The result shows national average of the utilization of healthcare facilities for delivery in Indonesia is 72.0 %. The 3 highest-ranking regions were in the Java-Bali region with 89.5 %, Sumatra region 73.5 %, and Kalimantan region 69.1 %. The study shows a significant disparity between all regions than the Papua region, except for Kalimantan and Sulawesi regions. Sumatra region has 1.475 times more possibilities to utilize healthcare facilities for delivery than the Papua region. The Java-Bali region has 3.010 times more potential to use healthcare facilities for delivery than the Papua region. The Nusa Tenggara region has 1.891 times more opportunities to use healthcare facilities for delivery than the Papua region. At the same time, the Maluku region has lower utilization than the Papua region. Maluku region has the possibility of 0.304 times utilizing healthcare facilities for delivery than the Papua region. The study concluded that there were significant disparities between regions in using healthcare facilities for delivery in Indonesia.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Indonesia has made many efforts in shifting labor into health care facilities. However, this increase is still lacking, and in some cases, the community still feels that the health services received are not expected
 The characteristics of regions in Indonesia are unique. Economic and development movements between regions keep the development gap between areas continuing. Disparity as a result of this development also affects the accessibility of the community to health service facilities
 The study proved there were disparities between regions in using healthcare facilities for delivery in Indonesia
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

What drivers the decoupling of CO2 emissions in the Indonesian manufacturing industry? An analysis of firm level factors

ABSTRACT This study identifies determinants (firm characteristics) that drive the decoupling of CO2 emissions in the Indonesian manufacturing industry. The estimation method applied was Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). The data were sourced from Indonesia’s large and medium industry statistics survey for 2010–2015, prepared by Statistics Indonesia. The estimation results show that a reduction in tax/price of gas fuel or will encourage decoupling. Medium-tech firms are more polluting, while foreign investors-owned firms and firms in the Java-Bali region are less polluting, and could encourage decoupling. The Indonesian government should implement technology transfer by following the energy conversion pattern from petroleum fuels to gas fuels, increase capitalisation to firms that tend to be heavy polluters, small firms, and firms owned by domestic investors and outside Java-Bali. Novelty this study is linking firm characteristics as a decoupling driving factor of CO2 emissions in the manufacturing industry.