Jatropha Curcas Meal Research Articles

Growth performance and hematology indices of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fed graded level of roasted Jatropha curcas meal

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of replacing roasted Jatropha curcas (J. curcas) meal with maize on performance and hematology indices of Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus). Four diets containing varied inclusion of J curcas replacing maize at 0% (D1), 10% (D2), 20% (D3) and 30% (D4) were formulated. C. gariepinus (n=180) weighing 29.52±0.40g were fed to satiation with the treatments for 12 weeks. Each treatment was in triplicate. Roasted J. curcas had 12.37% crude protein and 31.83% carbohydrate. Supplementation of J. curcas significantly (P<0.05) increased final weight gain of C. gariepinus fed 10% (68.96±3.53) J. curcas replaced diet and least in diet D3. C. gariepinus had least feed conversion ratio when fed diet D2 (2.23±0.67). However, Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of the experimental fish were unaffected with J. curcas supplementation and the values ranged from D4 (16.67±2.08) to D1 (22.33±3.05). Red blood cell (RBC) significantly reduces as J. curcas supplementation increases with the higher RBC in diet D1 (2.27±0.21) and least in diet D4 (1.77±0.31). C. gariepinus fed diet D2 had a significantly higher whole body crude protein value of 62.65±0.58 and C. gariepinus fed diet D4 had the least value. Supplementation of J. curcas in C. gariepinus could improve growth performance and health status with 10% J. curcas inclusion and any further supplementation could negatively affect performance and health of the fish.

Nutritional studies on partial replacement of soybean meal by (Jatropha curcas) meal in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings diets

This study was undertaken to investigate the efficiency of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) by Jatropha curcas meal treated with lactobacillus acidophilus at rate of 1g/100kg. Four experimental diets were formulated, as iso nitrogenous (30.5 % crude protein) and isocaloric (4543.56Kcal/kg diet), containing 0, 25, 50 and 75% of treated Jatropha meal (TJM) T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and fed to monosex Nile tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings with average weight (30.43±1.14g/fish).Total of 60 fingerlings were random distributed in four treatments, triplicate groups each with five fish/ aquarium. The experiment period was lasted for 70 days. Growth performance, feed utilization and body compositions as well as the economic evaluation were monitored. The obtained data showed that, higher weight gain and the best feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratios (PER), protein productive value (PPV % ) and energy utilization (EU%) recorded for fish fed diets (up to 50 %) of treated Jatropha meal were insignificantly different from those fed soybean meal. It could be concluded that the SBM can be partial replaced with TJM up to50 % of SBM without any adverse effects on growth performance or feed utilization of Nile tilapia.

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND EVALUATION OF Jatropha curcas MEAL AS A REPLACEMENT FOR FISH MEAL IN DIETS OF JUVENILE NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)

<p>Fish meal is still the main protein in feed formulations, unsustainable development and overfishing practices reduce captures since last decade. An increasing demand for high quality feed for aquaculture force the evaluation of new protein sources. <em>Jatropha curcas</em> meal was used in a 45 day feeding trial at five different inclusion levels ranging from 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% as a substitute for fish meal in the diets of Nile tilapia juveniles. Both growth and feed efficiency were evaluated. It was found that tilapia fed 0% <em>Jatropha curcas meal </em>inclusion were significantly heavier and larger while treatments containing 30% inclusion gave the best survival. However, digestibility decreased as inclusion levels increased. The juveniles accepted all the different diet inclusions and presented normal behavior. Gross energy and crude lipid contents were significantly higher for <em>Jatropha curcas</em> meal than for fish meal and soybean meal. Amino acids and fatty acids content of <em>Jatropha curcas </em>meal were acceptable, thus suggesting its feasibility as an alternative plant ingredient for Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) diets. Better results could be achieved by standardizing lipid extraction and treatments to increase the digestibility of <em>Jatropha curcas</em> meal. This study contains novel information on developing strategies that provide alternative protein sources in tilapia feed formulation.</p><p> </p>

Digestibility, growth, blood chemistry, and enzyme activity of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus fed isocaloric diets containing animal and plant byproducts

ABSTRACT In this work, we studied the digestibility, growth, blood chemistry, and enzyme activity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles (0.95±0.18 g) using different animal (fish silage meal, whey meal, bovine blood meal, and red crab meal) and plant (extruded bean, extruded chickpea meal, coconut paste, Jatropha curcas meal, and chickpea meal) dietary byproducts. Nine isocaloric diets (321.92±9.10 kcal g−1) were evaluated for 60 days. The highest digestibility of crude protein values for animal and plant sources were obtained for [...]

Growth Performance and Body Compositions of Clarias gariepinus Fed Graded Levels of Detoxified Jatropha curcas meal

Growth Performance and Body Compositions of Clarias gariepinus Fed Graded Levels of Detoxified Jatropha curcas meal

Intake, nutrient utilization and growth performance of lambs fed detoxified Jatropha curcas meal

The study assessed the effect of dietary supplementation of detoxified Jatropha meal (DJM) on feed intake, nutrient utilization and growth performance of lambs. Growing lambs (24) of similar age and body weight (15.76±1.92kg) were selected for this study. The experimental lambs were allocated in four groups i.e. control group (CG) without DJM and replacing soybean meal (SBM) of CG with DJM on iso-nitrogenous basis in treatment groups (TG) by 12.5% (T1), 25% (T2) and 37.5% (T3). The feeding cum growth trial was conducted for a period of 180 days. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF were comparable between CG and TGs. Nutrient intake, DCP, TDN, Nitrogen (N) intake, excretion and retention were comparable between CG and TGs. Replacement of SBM with DJM even up to 37.5% did not show any significant impact on urinary excretion of total purine derivatives (PD), creatinine (C) and their ratio. Microbial N synthesis (g/d) and efficiency of microbial N synthesis of CG were comparable irrespective of DJM%. The initial and final body weights (BW) of lambs between CG and TGs were also comparable. Total BW gain (kg), average daily gain (ADG; g d-1) and feed conversion ratio (kg DM/kg gain) by lambs did not differ significantly between CG and TGs. The study concluded that SBM in the diet of lambs could be replaced by DJM up to 37.5% without any adverse impact on nutrient intake, digestibility, rumen microflora and growth of the lambs.

Nutritional Evaluation and Effectiveness of Detoxified <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Kernel Meal in Finishing Pig Diets on Biogas and Methane Production from Slurry

The purpose of this work was to evaluate Phorbol Ester’s (PE), Total Fenols (TF), Total Tannins (TT), Condensed Tannins (CT), Saponins Content (SPN), amino acids profiles and apparent digestibility of detoxicated Jatropha curcas meal in finishing pigs diets, as well as biogas and methane production by the manure from cross-bred pigs fed this meal. Apparent digestibility coefficients of Dry Matter (DM), Crude Energy (CE), Crude Protein (CP), Crude Fiber (CF) and Ether Extract (EE) were evaluated. Twenty crossbreed pigs with 70±1.95 kg initial weight were allotted in individual metabolic cages, according to body weight in a Complete Randomized Block Design with ten replications per treatment. On the last day of the adaptation phase of the digestibility experiment, the manure were collected and put it in bottles with hydraulic retention time of seven days for further evaluation of biogas and methane produced in liters and liters % of total solids. The content of PE, TF, TT, CT, SPN, were, respectively, 0.06 mg/g, 26.08 and 10.43 equivalent gram of tannic acid, 0.05 equivalent gram of leucocyanidin and 0.005%. The results of apparent digestibility coefficients were 83.80% (DM), 3.500 kcal/kg (CE), 13.45% (CP), 1.5% (CF) and 2.3% (EE). Regarding the generation of biogas and methane of manure from pigs fed detoxified Jatropha curcas meal, biogas production (1201.4, 1089.3 mL/g Total Solids) and methane (246.7 and 218.2 mL/g Total Solids) from manure weren't significantly different (p>0.05) between the treatments. So, concludes that detoxicated Jatropha curcas meal is a promising by-product due its nutritional composition and metabolic response which may be used in finishing pig diets without affecting the generation of renewable energy.

Effect of feeding detoxified Jatropha curcas meal on carcass characteristics and meat quality in lambs

Lambs (24) of about 3 to 4 months of age with an average body weight of 15.76±1.92 kg were divided randomly into 4 groups of 6 each as per completely randomized design and allocated to 4 dietary treatments dJM-0, dJM- 12.5, dJM-25 and dJM-37.5. Lambs in dJM-0 were fed with concentrate mixture containing soybean meal as the major protein source, while those from the rest of the 3 groups were fed concentrate mixtures containing detoxified jatropha meal (dJM) replacing soybean meal of control at 12.5, 25.0 and 37.5% level, respectively, on iso-nitrogenous basis. The lambs were scarified after 180 days of experimental feeding. The voluntary feed intake of lambs did not differ significantly among the dietary treatments. Pre-slaughter weight (PSW), carcass yield, carcass length and loin eye area of lambs were similar between control and treatment groups. Similarly, yield of wholesale cuts, edible and non-edible visceral organs were comparable among groups. Chemical composition, physico-chemical properties and phorbol esters concentration of Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle did not differ significantly among groups. Organoleptic scores and tenderness of pressure cooked LD muscle samples with salt (1.5% w/w) were also comparable among the treatment groups. It may be concluded that soybean meal cake can be replaced with detoxified jatropha meal up to 37.5% in the diet of growing lambs without any apparent adverse impact on carcass yield and meat quality.

Multistage Solvent Extraction for High Yield Oil and Phorbol Esters Removal from Thai Toxic Jatropha curcas Meal

In this study, we investigate the possibility for the production of high yield oil and phorbol esters removed from Thai toxic Jatropha curcas meal. Optimum oil recovery by hexane extraction to obtain high oil yield was accomplished in 3 stages of batch extraction, following which the de-oiled meal was further determined for the optimum conditions for removal of phorbol esters (PEs) by aqueous ethanol extraction from the first to the third stage of batch extraction with the aim of yielding detoxified de-oiled meal product for use as a raw material in animal feed. The optimum conditions for oil extraction was 3-stage extraction with each stage operated at 1:3 (w/v) of toxic meal to hexane at 40 °C for 30 min. This condition gave 100 % de-oiling efficiency compared with the Soxhlet extraction method. The optimum condition for PEs removal from the de-oiled meal involved 2-stage extraction with each stage operated at 1:3 (w/v) of de-oiled meal to aqueous ethanol at 50 °C for 30 min. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode, was used to confirm the PEs residue in the detoxified de-oiled meal. The confirmation showed that the 2 stages of PEs extraction could remove 100 % of the PEs from the de-oiled meal. The results from our study can provide the basis for the efficient commercial production of both J. curcas oil and detoxified de-oiled meal. doi: 10.14456/WJST.2015.32

Effect of Detoxification on Conformational and Functional Properties of Jatropha curcas Proteins

The effects of detoxification process on conformational and functional properties of Jatropha curcas proteins were investigated. The molecular fractions and structure of proteins were affected more easily by the detoxification process. Compared with the proteins in Jatropha curcas meal, the detoxification process decreased the thermal stability and led to an increase in the surface hydrophobicity with a decrease in the contents of sulfhydryl and disulfide bond of proteins in detoxified Jatropha curcas meal. These conformational sand compositional changes in proteins influenced by the detoxification process, contributed to the relatively good changes in functional properties of detoxified Jatropha curcas meal, such as solubility, water and fat holding capacities, emulsifying properties, and foaming properties. Therefore, the detoxification treatment was not only a promising way to detoxify, but also an effective means to improve the functional properties of detoxified Jatropha curcas meal.

Performance Characteristics of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Trichoderma Treated <i>Jatropha curcas</i> Seed Cake.

In a study of dietary effects of fungi (Trichoderma ghanense and Trichoderma asperellum) treatment on Jatropha curcas meal. Defatted Jatropha curcas cake was inoculated with the fungi and then used to replace soybean meal in a formulated diet for West African Dwarf goats. The fungi Trichoderma ghanense was included at 0%, 4%, 2% level in diets A, B, C, respectively and Trichoderma asperellum was included at 4%, 2% level in diets D and E respectively. The initial average weight of the goats was 7.00+ 1.00 kg. Water and feed were given ad-libitum for the entire duration of experiment. Fungi treatment considerably reduces crude fibre with increased ash content. There were marked decrease in weight as a result of poor feed intake and utilization. The fungus treatment did not completely detoxify the Jatropha curcas cake resulting in 100 percent death before the end of the experiment. There is the need to find better method of detoxifying the toxins and antinutrients present in Jatropha curcas cake without trading off the high crude protein content.KEY WORDS: WAD goats, Phorbolesters, Jatropha curcas cake, Fungi.

An Escherichia coli Cell Membrane Chromatography-Offline LC-TOF-MS Method for Screening and Identifying Antimicrobial Peptides from Jatropha curcas Meal Protein Isolate Hydrolysates

A novel, simple, and rapid method, named cell membrane affinity extraction (CMAE)–offline liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) was developed for screening and identifying antimicrobial peptides from Jatropha curcas meal protein isolate hydrolysates (JCMPIH) obtained by proteolytic enzyme (pepsin, trypsin, protamex, neutrase, flavourzyme, papain, alcalase, and acid protease) hydrolysis. A cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAILTHKR, JCpep8) was successfully isolated and identified by this method. Antimicrobial assay indicated that JCpep8 was active against the tested microorganisms (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 51302, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27553, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 23631, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619) with minimal inhibitory concentration values ranging from 29 to 68 µg/mL. JCpep8 induced significant morphological alterations of the tested microbe surfaces, as shown by transmission electron microscopy, indicating strong membrane disruption. The results showed that CMAE-offline LC-TOF-MS could be a promising method for discovering high-throughput screening antimicrobial peptides from JCMPIH.

PERFORMANCE OF LAYER HEN FED FERMENTED Jatropha Curcas L. MEAL SUPPLEMENTED WITH CELLULASE AND PHYTASE ENZYME

The objective of the experiment was to study the effect of feeding fermented Jatropha curcas L.meal (JCM) supplemented with cellulase and phytase on the performances of ISA-Brown laying henaged 25-30 weeks. The Jatropha curcas meal was fermented using Rizhopus oligosporus. In this study200 laying hens were used and distributed to 5 treatments and 4 replications in Completely RandomizedDesign. The diet treatments were: R0 = control diet (without JCM), R1; diet contained fermented JCM7.5%, R2; diet contained fermented JCM 7.5% + celullase 200 g/ton, R3; diet contained fermented JCM7.5% + phytase 200 g/ton and R4; diet contained fermented JCM 7.5% + cellulase 200 g/ton + phytase200 g/ton. The parameters observed were feed consumption, hen day egg production, egg massproduction, egg weight and feed conversion ratio. The results showed that feeding fermented JCM 7.5%,both enzyme supplemented as well as unsupplemented significantly decreased (P<0.05) the feedconsumption, hen day egg and egg mass production. However, the treatments did not influence the eggweight. Supplementation of cellulase (R2) or phytase (R3) improved the feed conversion ratio with thevalue as same as the R0 diet.

Partial substitution of cumin seed meal by Jatropha meal as a potential protein source for feed

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of incorporating the Jatropha curcas meal in place of black cumin seed meal (Nigella sativa) as a new source of protein on nutrients digestibility, feeding value, growth performance and economic efficiency of growing Demeshgi goats rations. Feeding trial which lasted for 90 days was conducted using 12 growing Demeshgi goats (average 23.26 kg live body weight and 6 to 8 months old). The animals were randomly divided into four groups and fed at 3% of live body weight on four experimental rations. The first group received control ration consisting of feed mixture (40% yellow corn grains; 20% cumin seed meal; 17% wheat bran; 20% bean straw, 2.0% lime stone and 1.0% salt). In the second, third and fourth rations, cumin seed meal (CSM) was replaced with 10.0, 20.0 and 30.0% Jatropha seed meal (JSM), respectively. The chemical composition, digestibility coefficients, nutritive values, daily gain, feed conversion and economical efficiency were determined. The results indicated that digestion coefficients of all nutrients and nutritive value were not significant in four tested rations. The highest value of average daily gain (p < 0.05) was recorded for goats fed on R1 and R2 compared with those fed R3 and R4. Feed conversion as a kg DMI/kg gain was significantly (p < 0.05) better for G1 and G2 (7.10 and 7.04) than 7.35 for G3 and 8.05 for G4. Total feed cost was decreased for R4 and R3 (577.73 and 580.66 L.E./h) compared with 593.16 and 592.01 L.E./h for R1 and R2, respectively. On the other hand, the economic efficiency of animals fed rations containing 10 and 20% JSM was higher (16.04 and 15.66%) than those fed 0 and 30% JSM (14.47 and 14.0%), respectively. Similar trend was noticed for relative economic efficiency value (110.85 and 108.22%) recorded for R2 and R3 compared with 100 and 96.75% for R1 and R4, respectively. This study therefore recommend that further researches may be required to study the effect of increasing the level of JSM used in goat rations than 30%, which did not cause any adverse effect on the animals.

Partial substitution of cumin seed meal by Jatropha meal as a potential protein source for feed

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of incorporating the Jatropha curcas meal in place of black cumin seed meal (Nigella sativa) as a new source of protein on nutrients digestibility, feeding value, growth performance and economic efficiency of growing Demeshgi goats rations. Feeding trial which lasted for 90 days was conducted using 12 growing Demeshgi goats (average 23.26 kg live body weight and 6 to 8 months old). The animals were randomly divided into four groups and fed at 3% of live body weight on four experimental rations. The first group received control ration consisting of feed mixture (40% yellow corn grains; 20% cumin seed meal; 17% wheat bran; 20% bean straw, 2.0% lime stone and 1.0% salt). In the second, third and fourth rations, cumin seed meal (CSM) was replaced with 10.0, 20.0 and 30.0% Jatropha seed meal (JSM), respectively. The chemical composition, digestibility coefficients, nutritive values, daily gain, feed conversion and economical efficiency were determined. The results indicated that digestion coefficients of all nutrients and nutritive value were not significant in four tested rations. The highest value of average daily gain (p < 0.05) was recorded for goats fed on R1 and R2 compared with those fed R3 and R4. Feed conversion as a kg DMI/kg gain was significantly (p < 0.05) better for G1 and G2 (7.10 and 7.04) than 7.35 for G3 and 8.05 for G4. Total feed cost was decreased for R4 and R3 (577.73 and 580.66 L.E./h) compared with 593.16 and 592.01 L.E./h for R1 and R2, respectively. On the other hand, the economic efficiency of animals fed rations containing 10 and 20% JSM was higher (16.04 and 15.66%) than those fed 0 and 30% JSM (14.47 and 14.0%), respectively. Similar trend was noticed for relative economic efficiency value (110.85 and 108.22%) recorded for R2 and R3 compared with 100 and 96.75% for R1 and R4, respectively. This study therefore recommend that further researches may be required to study the effect of increasing the level of JSM used in goat rations than 30%, which did not cause any adverse effect on the animals.

Performa Ayam Broiler yang Diberi Ransum Mengandung Bungkil Biji Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) Hasil Fermentasi Menggunakan Rhizopus oligosporus

Jatropha curcas meal (JCM) contains high crude protein (58%-60%), but it can not be used properly because of anti-nutritional contents known as curcin and phorbolesther. These components interferes protein metabolism and body protein synthesis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding fermented JCM using Rhizopus oligosporus on broilers' performances. Ninety six of day old chicks of Ross strain broiler (initial body weight 45.6±1.7 g) were used and reared for five weeks. The treatments were: R0 (diet without JCM), R1 (diet contained 3% fermented JCM), R2 (diet contained 6% fermented JCM) and R3 (diet contained 9% fermented JCM). A completely randomize design with 4 treatments and 4 replications was assigned in this experiment. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that feeding fermented JCM at the level of 3% to 9% in starter and grower-finisher broilers highly significant reduced (PR. oligosporus indicated no effective detoxification process in relation to the improvement of broiler performances.

Evaluation of Detoxification Methods on Toxic and Antinutritional Composition and Nutritional Quality of Proteins in Jatropha curcas Meal

The Jatropha curcas meal was detoxified by different methods, and the effect of detoxification was evaluated in this study. The method that hydrolysis of enzymes (cellulase plus pectinase) followed by washing with ethanol (65%) had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the toxin, antinutritional components, and nutritional quality of proteins. After this treatment, the phorbolesters (PEs) were decreased by 100%. The antinutritional components (phytates, tannins, saponins, protease inhibitor, and lectin activities) were decreased to tolerable levels, which were lower than those in soybean meal. The crude protein in detoxified meal was 74.68%, and the total content of amino acids was 66.87 g/100 g of dry matter. The in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) increased from 82.14 to 92.37%. The pepsin-insoluble nitrogen was only 4.57% of the total nitrogen, and about 90% of the protein was true protein. The protein-digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of the meal was 0.75. The results showed that this treatment was a promising way to detoxify J. curcas meal, and the nutritional quality of detoxified meal can be simultaneously enriched and improved.

Valor nutritivo do farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

O farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) é um ingrediente protéico que se apresenta como possível substituto alternativo do farelo de soja nas rações. Entretanto, faltam informações a respeito de seu valor nutritivo e da ação dos fatores antinutricionais presentes, para peixes. Por 90 dias foi realizado experimento para avaliar o efeito da inclusão do farelo de pinhão manso (FPM) em dietas para tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 240 peixes com 13,82 ± 0,39 g de peso médio inicial e foram distribuídos em 30 aquários de 250L num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com dietas (isoprotéicas = 32,00% PB, isoenergéticas = 4000 kcal ED/kg e isofibrosas = 8,7% de FB), contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão de FPM (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0%). A composição química do FPM, o consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), porcentagem de mortalidade (MORT%) e índice hepatossomático (IHS) foram avaliados. Aos 45 e 90 dias todos os peixes foram anestesiados e pesados. Um peixe por aquário foi sacrificado para determinar a proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), umidade (UM) e cinzas das carcaças. Os valores de UM, cinzas e EE diminuíram com a inclusão de FPM na ração (P<0,05). Peixes alimentados com 2, 4 e 8% de FPM apresentaram maior teor de PB. Esta diferença foi provavelmente devido ao menor teor de EE desses peixes. Observou-se efeito quadrático negativo para as variáveis GP e CR e efeito quadrático positivo para a CA. A equação de regressão demonstrou que valores acima de 5,55% de inclusão de farelo de pinhão manso são significativamente prejudiciais para o desenvolvimento dos peixes. O IHS apresentou efeito linear negativo de acordo com o aumento do nível de FPM na dieta. Os peixes do tratamento 16%FPM apresentaram menor tempo de vida e 100% de mortalidade, indicando a alta toxicidade do FPM. As tilápias que consumiram FPM apresentaram sinais de anorexia, natação errática, apatia, boca e opérculos hemorrágicos, olhos escuros, escoliose e inanição. Por causa da ação dos fatores antinutricionais sobre o desempenho de tilápia do Nilo e na saúde, o FPM não é recomendado para ser usado em dietas para tilápia do Nilo.

Effect of fermented Jatropha curcas meal combined with enzymes on metabolizable energy, retention of N, P, Ca and digesteble crude fiber

Jatropha curcas meal ( JCM) contain high protein, but its utilization as feed ingredient is limited by the presence of several anti nutritive and toxic compounds. A research has been conducted in the Faculty of Animal Husbandry IPB to determine the values of metabolizable energy, crude fiber digestibility, retention of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorous of JCM fermented using Rhizopus oligoporus or of fermented JCM suplemented with enzymes on chickens. In this experiment 25 of ten weeks old chickens were used (20 chickens were fed experimental diets, and 5 chickens were used to measure endogenous energy). A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications was used in this experiment. The experimental diets were R0 = basal diet without JCM ; R1 = the diet contained unprocess JCM 5%; R2 = the diet contained fermented JCM 5%+ cellulase 20.000 U/kg; R3 = the diet contained 5% of fermented JCM + phytase 1000 FTU/kg; R4 = the diet contained 5% of fermented JCM + cellulase 20.000 U/kg + phytase 1000 FTU/kg. The parameters measured were Metabolizable Energy (ME, Men, TME, TMEn) digestibility of crude fiber and retention of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen. The result indicated that fermented JCM suplemented enzym phytase, cellulase as well as enzym combination increased metabolizable energy. Nitrogen retention was improved highest significantly (P < 0.01) by feed of fermented JCM suplemented enzyme compared to control diet or diet containing untreated JCM. The fermented JCM suplemented with phytase enzyme (R3) gave the highest nitrogen retention (76.73%.). The highest value of digested crude fibre (24.65%) was on the diet containing fermented JCM suplemented with cellulase (R2). The calcium retention improved significantly (P < 0.05) with diet containing fermented JCM supplemented enzyme compared to that of the diet containing untreated JCM. It can be concluded that fermented JCM supplemented enzymes cellulase, phytase and its combination increased the value of metabolizable energy, digestibility of crude fiber and nitrogen retention. Key Words : Chicken, JCM Fermented, Enzymes, Metabolic Energy

Effects of dietary Jatropha curcas on the haematology of weaned pigs

In a study to determine the effects of dietary Jatropha curcas on the haematological profile of pigs, 15 eight week old newly weaned Large White X Landrace gilts were used. The pigs were randomly allocated three dietary groups (D1, D2 and D3) and individually penned. Diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-calorific. The D1 group served as the control and had a diet based on soya bean meal. In the D2 group, 12.5% of the soya bean meal was replaced with processed Jatropha curcas meal whilst there was a 25% replacement with J. curcas in the D3 group. The three groups were fed twice daily on a restricted feeding regime starting at 1kg feed/animal/day increasing weekly by 100g. Supply of water was ad libitum for the three groups. After four weeks of feeding, 10 ml of blood was collected into tubes containing EDTA from each pig by venapuncture. The packed cell volume (PCV) was determined by microcentrifugation and haematology was performed using a Coulter counter. Osmotic fragility of the red blood cells was determined by calorimetric measurements of lysis in phosphate buffered saline of concentrations ranging from 0-0.85% saline. Animals fed diets with Jatropha meal had reduced fragility of the red blood cells. Their packed cell volume, platelet count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume were significantly lower (p