Jatropha Curcas Kernel Research Articles

Degradability of dry matter and crude protein and rumen fermentation characteristics of Jatropha curcas kernel meal with different detoxification treatments

The present study aimed to explore the degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of Jatropha curcas kernel meal with different detoxification treatments in the rumen. Moreover, the impacts of the Jatropha curcas kernel meal on rumen fermentation characteristics were also discussed. Jatropha curcas kernel meal adopted in current work was treated as: J. curcas kernel meal no treatment (JNT); J. curcas kernel meal extraction treatment (JET); J. curcas kernel meal heat treatment (JHT), and J. curcas kernel meal high pressure treatment (JPT). The in situ degradability of DM and CP of JHT was compared with those of soybean meal and rapeseed meal for cattle in Experiment I. The in vitro degradability and rumen fermentation characteristics of JNT, JET, JHT and JPT for wethers were investigated in Experiment II. Collectively, after treatments of JHT, JET and JPT, the phorbol ester (PE) content was decreased. In addition, the CP content was higher, of which the degradability was more than 90% after 72 h of in situ incubation. The Jatropha curcas kernel meal with different treatments had no negative effects on the rumen fermentation characteristics after in vitro incubation. It was concluded that Jatropha curcas kernel meal with detoxification treatments could be used as a potential protein feed.

Identification of best detoxification strategies for sustainable valorization of waste from Jatropha-based biodiesel industry: Compounding the benefits of plant-based vehicular fuel

Bioenergy generated from plants is one of the best potential energy supplies. Recently, the non-edible Jatropha curcas has been considered one of the world’s most sustainable biofuel crops. Protein rich defatted Jatropha curcas kernel meal (DJKM) is toxic which contains phorbol esters (PEs, 1307 μ g g −1 ) as a major toxic component, therefore it was detoxified through physical, chemical and solid-state fermentation treatments. Water soaking and moist heat treatment (autoclaving) had no significant effect on the PEs removal compared to control. Exposure of DJKM to electron beam radiation (2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy) had a significant effect on PEs degradation and most efficient was at 25 kGy dose. Solvent extraction with either 90% methanol or 80% ethanol in combination with moist heat treatment was the most efficient method compared to other concentrations of methanol or ethanol. Solvent extraction of kernel meal through 0.2 or 0.3 M NaOH in 90% methanol and 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 M NaOH in 80% ethanol, followed by moist heat treatment led to the removal of PEs completely. The PEs content in DJKM through highly alkaline methanol plus moist heat treatment (AM3.0) and ferric chloride & hydrogen peroxide plus moist heat treatments significantly ( p < 0.05) decreased to 13.0 and 53.6 μ g g −1 , respectively. Non-alkaline solvent extraction of DJKM using either 90% methanol (M90H) or 80% ethanol (E80H) in addition to heating while magnetic stirring reduced PEs content significantly ( p < 0.05) compared to control exhibiting 99.77 and 99.32% removal, respectively. The DJKM was free of PEs when it was treated via solid-state fermentation through Aspergillus niger fungus. Conclusively, chemical detoxification treatments are cumbersome, un-economical, and their incorporation in the diet may affect animal performance, whereas, the fermentation approach is cost economical, environmentally sustainable and offers greater efficiency. • Defatted Jatropha kernel meal is protein rich ingredient. • Toxic principle (phorbol esters) in the Jatropha meal needs to be eliminated. • Physical treatments did not degrade phorbol esters completely. • Solvent extraction using alkaline methanol or ethanol removed phorbol esters. • Solid-state fermentation completely detoxified Jatropha meal.

Dietary Implications of Detoxified Jatrophacurcas Kernel for Clariasgariepinus Fingerlings.

Antinutritional components must be substantially reduced to ensure better utilization of unconventional feeds in animal nutrition. Among the different methods of processing, soaking represents a simple and inexpensive alternative. This study attempted to determine the nutritional properties of socked Jatropha curcas kernel (JCK) and the effect of its dietary inclusions on Clarias gariepinus (n = 50; mean initial weight = 6.19 ± 0.52 g). Three treatments of JCK (i.e., soaking 24, 48, and 72 h) were tested alongside a control group. The result showed that soaking substantially improved proximate composition and reduced anti-nutrient compared to the control JCK. A similar trend of improved performance was observed when the treated JCK was included in diets composed of 35% crude protein; a total of 315 kcal g−1 energy and fed to C. gariepinus for 56 days. Alongside the improvement observed in growth, it was also noted that carcass protein and haematological variables were improved with the dietary administration of soaked JCK. Histological examination of the intestine and liver tissues also revealed fewer signs of histopathological degeneration in the fish, consequent upon dietary inclusion of soaked JCK (i.e., 72 h) compared to those raised on the raw JCK-included diets. It was, therefore, concluded that soaking could be a much easier method of nutritionally improving JCK for the administration to C. gariepinus.

Dietary implications of toasted Jatropha curcas kernel on the growth, haematology, and organ histology of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings.

The nutritional value of Jatropha curcas kernel (JCK) can be improved through different processing methods; however, when using a thermal treatment, optimization of the process is needed to prevent denaturation of nutrients. In this study, JCK was toasted for varying durations (0, 10, 20, and 30 min) and nutritionally evaluated. The implication of feeding Clarias gariepinus with dietary inclusions (35% CP; 315 kcal g-1) of the toasted JCK was also reported. The results obtained suggest that prolonged duration of toasting improved the nutritional characteristics of the JCK until the 20th min. Beyond this time, the protein content and essential amino acids are reduced. However, the antinutrients continuously decreased with prolonged processing. The growth, carcass analysis, and haematology of the fish groups fed toasted JCK at varying duration also did better than those fed raw JCK. Importantly, the performance tends to reduce for those fed JCK toasted beyond 20 min. The estimated cost of producing 1 kg of the fish also substantially reduced with feeding the processed JCK than feeding raw JCK. Histological examination of the intestine and liver tissues further revealed fewer signs of histopathological degeneration for fish-fed processed JCK compared to the control. It was concluded that the processing of JCK by toasting should not exceed 20 min to improve the nutritional composition of the feed ingredients and their dietary utilization by fish.

Physicochemical characterization of Jatropha oil seed and suitability as biodiesel feedstock

The physiocochemical properties of Jatropha curcas kernel oils were characterized as potential biodiesel, including oil yield per plant, seed oil content, kernel oil content, acid value, iodine value, saponification value and cetane number. Twenty-five accessions of Jatropha curcas were used for oil content measurement sranging from 21.14 to 40.66 %with a mean value of 32.85% and Kernels oil 48.59 to 60.45 % with a mean value of 56.28 %. The seed index ranged significantly from a seed weight of 45.45 to 64.45 g. Oil yields per plant ranged from 0.44 to 2.85 kg with a mean value of 1.70 kg per plant, respectively. To understand the properties of acid value, iodine value, saponification and cetane number, experimental physio-chemical studies were performed. Since these properties are critical for determining the current oil condition. The current study confirms that accession seeds performed higher than international saponification value, iodine value and cetane number standards may be an important source for meeting potential energy requirements.

Fermentation of hydrothermal processed Jatropha curcas Kernel: Effects on the performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings

Anti-nutritional factors can be substantially reduced with processing to increase the utilization of feed ingredients. In this study, hydrothermally processed Jatropha curcas kernel (JCK) (62 min) was subjected to a natural un-inoculated fermentation process for varying durations (7, 14 and 21 days) to improve their nutritional profile and utilization by African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Two control groups were also tested alongside; namely raw and hydrothermally processed JCK (without fermentation); hence making a total of five treatments for this study. The result obtained showed that fermentation improved the nutritional characteristics of the JCK compared to both controls. More so, prolonged duration of fermentation tends to positively affect the feed ingredient by increasing protein and fat content and substantially reducing anti-nutritional factors. Feeding trial conducted for 56 days with five formulated isonitrogenous (35 % CP) and isocaloric (315 kcal g−1) diets showed that C. gariepinus performed better with dietary inclusion of JCK meal co-treated hydrothermally and fermented. A similar trend was also observed with haematological parameters suggesting that the inclusion of the hydrothermally/fermented JCK meal improved the health status of the fish. However, carcass protein was similar regardless of the duration of fermentation but better than both control groups. It was therefore concluded that combined treatment of hydrothermal processing and fermentation improved the nutritional profile of JCK and its dietary utilization in the diet of African catfish fingerlings.

Effects of defatting combined or not to heating of Jatropha curcas kernel meal on feed intake and growth performance in broiler chickens and chicks in Senegal

Effets d’une delipidation combinee ou non au chauffage d’un tourteau d’amande de Jatropha curcas sur l’ingestion alimentaire et les performances de croissance de poulets et poussins de chair au Senegal. Jatropha curcas est une plante appartenant a la famille des Euphorbiaceae dont la culture a ete largement promue au cours des dernieres annees pour la production de biocarburants. Sa graine referme une amande qui contient environ 55% de matiere grasse par rapport a la matiere seche et le tourteau obtenu apres l’extraction de l’huile pourrait etre une source exceptionnelle de proteines notamment en aviculture familiale, apres des traitements destines a supprimer les composes toxiques et antinutritionnels. L’ingestion et les performances de croissance du tourteau de l’amande de J. curcas, obtenu apres deshuilage physico-chimique partiel et traitement a la chaleur, ont ete evaluees sur des poulets en croissance et des poussins de chair. Soixante poulets de chair, âges de 30 jours, divises en trois groupes ainsi que 20 poussins de chair, âges d’un jour, divises en deux groupes ont ete utilises dans deux experiences. Dans l’experience 1, de l’amande de jatropha a ete deshuilee et incorporee a un aliment temoin a raison de 40 et 80g /kg (rations 4JKM1 et 8JKM1). Dans l’experience 2, le produit deshuile obtenu dans l’experience 1 a subi un traitement thermique puis a ete incorpore dans un aliment de demarrage a raison de 80g/kg (ration 8JKM2). L’ingestion moyenne quotidienne ainsi que la croissance ponderale ont ete affectees par l’incorporation du tourteau d’amande de jatropha dans la ration. Les animaux de la 1re experience ont presente des ingestions moyennes de 139,2 ; 55,2 et 23,4g/jour/animal ainsi que des gains de poids moyens quotidiens de 61,9 ; 18,5 et -7,7 g/animal avec, respectivement, les rations 0JKM1, 4JKM1 et 8JKM1. Dans l’experience 2, des ingestions moyennes quotidiennes de 18,7 et de 3,1g/jour/animal tandis que des gains de poids moyens quotidiens de 5,9 et 1,7g/animal ont ete obtenus respectivement pour les groupes nourris avec des regimes 0JKM2 et 8JKM2. Dans les deux experiences, l’indice de consommation a aussi ete affecte par le niveau d’incorporation du jatropha et il en est de meme pour le taux de mortalite total enregistre.

Comparative study between chemical, physical and enzymatic methods for Jatropha curcas kernel meal phorbol ester detoxification

Detoxification of protein rich Jatropha kernel cake to eliminate the phorbol esters is a great challenge for its industrial utilization in food processing. Several methods either chemical or physical have been previously applied trying to degrade phorbol esters in Jatropha curcas seed cake, which are the main toxic compound with thermo-stable properties. The objective of this study was to compare the different methods to get rid of phorbol esters (PE) including, chemical treatments (0.1 M NaOH/90 % methanol, 85 % ethanol, 90 % methanol & 85 % ethanol (50:50) for 8 h), physical treatments (microwave, ultrasonic and microwave + ultrasonic) and enzymatic treatment by crude germinated Jatropha seed lipase (CGJS). The results showed that the elimination of phorbol esters content chemically treated either by 0.1 M NaOH/90 % methanol or ethanol 85% had effectively decreased by 98.04 % and 98.17 %, respectively compared to control. The treatment by methanol 90% and ethanol 85% (50:50) gave degradation percentage of 95.43% of phorbol esters. The enzymatic elimination of phorbol esters by crude germinated Jatropha seed (CGJS) lipase proved high efficiency of detoxification by reducing the percentage to 98.43%. On the other hand, physical detoxification of Jatropha seed kernel showed good results with microwave treatment by reducing phorbol esters content to 86.29 %. Treatment by ultrasound has detoxified the phorbol esters content by 87.60 % in Jatropha curcas seed. While, combination between microwave & ultrasound increased the percentage of phorbol esters degradation to 88.38 %. In conclusion, enzymatic degradation of phorbol esters is a safe method for degradation as it is both an un-expensive and easy way for detoxification.

Effects of processing methods and levels of inclusion of Jatropha curcas kernel meal on performance, organ characteristics, haematology and serum chemistry of finisher broiler chickens

Three hundred 21-day-old broiler chicks were reared using a 3 x 3 factorial model in a completely randomized design with 10 treatment groups having 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The birds were raised on a commercial starter diet at the starter phase before being allotted into dietary groups in a 21-d feeding trial at the finisher phase. The interaction between treatment and varying inclusion levels of processed-fermented Jatropha curcas (L) kernel meals (JKM) on the performance of broiler chicks was investigated. Jatropha curcas kernels were subjected to three different processing methods, namely: raw defatted fermented meal (RDFM), cooked defatted fermented meal (CDFM) and lye treated defatted fermented meal (LDFM). Each meal was included at varying inclusion levels of 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% such that diet 1 (control) contained 0% JKM while diets 2, 3, 4 contained 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% RDFM, diets 5, 6, and 7 contained 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% CDFM and diets 8, 9, 10 contained 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% LDFM. Feeding differently processed-fermented JKM to these broilers did not (p&gt;0.05) compromise the feed conversion ratio. The results indicated an improvement (p&lt;0.05) in the weight gain of broiler chicks fed CDFM and LDFM at 2.5 and 5.0% inclusion levels respectively. There were significantly (P&lt;0.05) elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and creatinine in their blood serum. The kidney, lungs and proventriculus of birds fed CDFM showed significant differences (p&lt;0.05) among the treatments. Therefore, finisher broilers could tolerate up to 5.0% inclusion level of LDFM.

Effects of Reaction Conditions on the Alkali-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Curcas Kernel of Nigerian Origin for Optimal Production

The blistering decline in the Nigerian petroleum reserves coupled with the crucial sustainable development goal (SDG) No 7 (which is concerned with ensuring a universal access to cost-effective energy with low carbon footprint by 2030) have made it highly imperative for Nigeria (the 7th most populous country in the world) to intensify research and industrial efforts towards the attainment of the SDG targets before the year 2030. Biodiesel has been produced in this work through alkali-catalyzed transesterification from jatropha curcas kernel (JCK) of Nigerian origin. The extensive characterization of the extracted jatropha curcas kernel oil (JCKO) is indicative of its potential as a viable feedstock for biodiesel production in Nigeria. The analysis conducted to characterize the produced biodiesel by investigating the effects of various reaction parameters on its yield has given a set of optimum reaction conditions which are: oil-methanol ratio of 1:6, 1% catalyst dosage and reaction time of 60minutes at a pre-determined optimum temperature of 60 O C for the highest yield of 92.4%. The produced biodiesel properties compared satisfactorily with ASTM D6751 (standard for B100-100% biodiesel with zero blend). Undoubtedly, this possibility of biodiesel production from the Nigerian JCK is an impetus to Nigerian rural dwellers who will farm the plants while the comprehensive allied methods and data are aimed to serve as a database for the Nigerian urban entrepreneurs and Government Agencies who will process the kernels from harvesting stage and optimally produce biodiesel thereby enhancing the sustainability of Nigerian economy and environment to meet the global regulations.

Growth response, cost benefit, carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of pigs fed biscuit dough as a replacement for maize

Growth response, cost benefit, carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of pigs fed biscuit dough as a replacement for maize

Use of a mixture of vegetal (Jatropha curcas) and animal (fish silage) byproducts as protein source in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diets

ABSTRACT This study evaluated growth responses of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei by testing different combinations of Jatropha curcas kernel meal (JCK) and tilapia waste silage (FS) as dietary protein sources under laboratory and pond conditions. A reference diet (RD) based on fish meal was elaborated to contain 35% crude protein and 434 kcal/g; then, five isoproteic and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated from RD with different FS/JCK proportions as follows: 75%FS/0%JCK; 56.25%FS/13.25%JCK; 26.5%FS/30.89%JCK; 18.75%FS/39.75%JCK; and 0%FS/53%JCK. For the laboratory trial, [...]

Effect of Detoxification Methods on Anti-nutritional Factors and Proximate Composition of Defatted Jatropha curcas Kernel Meal

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chemical treatment and solid state fermentation on the anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) and proximate composition of defatted Jatropha kernel meal (DJKM). The DJKM samples were treated with alkaline methanol (90% methanol containing 0.2M NaOH; CT1), alkaline ethanol (80% ethanol containing 0.1M NaOH; CT-2), highly alkaline methanol (90% methanol and 3% NaOH; CT-3), modified ethanol (4-times extraction using 80% ethanol; CT-4) and modified methanol (4-times extraction using 90% methanol; CT-5), in combination with moist heat treatment in all cases. Another sample was treated by solid state fermentation (SSF) using Aspergillus niger fungus (FT). The untreated sample was considered as control (J0). In comparison to control and the chemical treated samples (CT-1, CT-2, CT-3, CT-4 and CT-5), SSF treated sample contained significantly (P 0.05) among the control and chemically treated samples. Though the CP content of FT sample was significantly higher than the control, it was found comparable to all the chemically treated samples. The moisture and ether extract contents of control and treated samples exhibited a reverse trend. Significantly lower and higer GE values were observed in CT-2 and CT-3, respectively; however, it was not affected much due to other treatments. Results indicated that any of the chemical treatments could not result in significant (P>0.05) removal of phytic acid and tannin, whereas FT was able to significantly (P<0.05) remove 100% phytic acid and 65.79% tannin from DJKM. However, all the treatments were equally effective in removal (100%) of trypsin inhibitor from DJKM. It is concluded that among the different treatment methods used, solid state fermentation was found to be the most effective method for removal of ANFs from DJKM.

Influence of a sodium formate/formic acid mixture on growth of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed different fishmeal replacement levels of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal in practical, mixed diets

ABSTRACTIntensification of cyprinid production has resulted in substantial increases in aquafeed demand for these species and a requirement for studies on new protein sources. Increased availability of presscakes from biodiesel crops may help to meet this requirement. The suitability of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal (JKM), in combination with a dietary organic acid/salt blend (NDF), was tested in practical diets for juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Four treatment diets contained between 0% and 13.5% fishmeal with the fishmeal protein replaced by JKM (0%, 30%, 70%, and 100%). Four further diets of the same composition but including 0.5% NDF were also prepared, and all diets were fed to carps for eight weeks. There were no statistical differences in growth between diets containing JKM and the control. Furthermore, addition of dietary NDF significantly improved final weights, specific growth rates, feed conversion ratios, and protein efficiency ratios. Body composition analysis showed a significant impact of dietary JKM inclusion on increasing body lipid content. The addition of NDF showed a tendency to lower body lipid content (P = 0.11). JKM is a suitable protein source in diets for carp, and the inclusion of 0.5% of NDF proved to be beneficial.

Substitution of soybean meal with detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal: Effects on performance, nutrient utilization, and meat edibility of growing pigs.

ObjectiveThe study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with different levels of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal (DJM) in growing pig diets on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and meat edibility.MethodsA total of 144 pigs with initial body weight of 20.47±1.44 kg, were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatments with 6 replications per treatment and 4 pigs per replication for a period of 79 days. Six diets (DJM0, DJM15, DJM30, DJM45, DJM60, and DJM75) were formulated using DJM to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% of SBM. From d 37 to 42, feces and urine were total collected from six barrows in each treatment. At day 79, thirty-six pigs were slaughtered for sampling. The feed intake and weight gain were recorded, while the intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities, nutrient digestibility and the content of residual phorbol esters in muscles were determined.ResultsThe results showed that increasing the replacement of SBM with DJM decreased the parameters including body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, gain-to-feed ratio, weight and villus heights of duodenum, villus height and villus height/crypt depth of jejunum, digestive enzymes (protease, amylase, lipase, and trypsin) activities, and nutrients digestibility (nitrogen deposition, digestibility of nitrogen, energy digestibility, and total nitrogen utilization) (linear, p<0.05; quadratic, p<0.05) and there was no significant difference among DJM0, DJM15, and DJM30 in all measured indices. The highest diarrhea morbidity was observed in DJM75 (p<0.05). Phorbol esters were not detected in pig muscle tissues.ConclusionThe DJM was a good protein source for pigs, and could be used to replace SBM up to 30% (diet phorbol esters concentration at 5.5 mg/kg) in growing pig diets with no detrimental impacts on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and meat edibility.

English

The industrial application of a vegetable oil is determined by the oil properties. This work was undertaken to alter the properties of Jatropha curcas Kernel oil and possibly find new applications for it. The seed kernels were roasted to different temperatures (140 to 230°C) and the physicochemical properties of the cold hexane and hot water extracted oils were studied. The oil yield, saponification, iodine, acid and peroxide values were affected by roasting temperature and method of extraction and these showed significant difference (p < 0.05). The calculated fuel properties: cetane number and calorific value were improved upon roasting, with cold hexane extracted oils yielding better results. Roasting improved the properties of the oil as diesel substitute but its suitability for use in paints and surface coatings formulation was reduced. The hot water extracted oil showed improved properties for soap production. Key words: Jatropha curcas, roasting temperature, oil extraction, physicochemical properties.

Growth Performance of &lt;i&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/i&gt; Fingerlings Fed &lt;i&gt;Jatropha curcas&lt;/i&gt; Kernel Meal

This study was designed to evaluate the growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal as a replacement for fishmeal. Fingerlings (1.37±0.02 g) were stocked in Hapa net measuring 1×1×1 m 3 and fed diets (35% crude protein) containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% detoxified Jatropha kernel meal as replacement for fishmeal (at 26% level of inclusion). At the end of the eight weeks feeding trials, the mean weight gain, feed conversion ratio, Specific Growth rate and Protein Efficiency Ratio were higher in the fish fed 13% inclusion level (50% replacement of fish meal) while least values were recorded at 26% (100% replacement of fish meal). The study shows that a carnivorous fish like Clarias gariepinus can tolerate the inclusion of detoxified jatropha kernel meal at 13% without affecting the growth and nutrient utilization of the fingerlings.

Digestibility of solvent-treated Jatropha curcas kernel by broiler chickens in Senegal.

Jatropha curcas is a drought-resistant shrub belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. The kernel contains approximately 60% lipid in dry matter, and the meal obtained after oil extraction could be an exceptional source of protein for family poultry farming, in the absence of curcin and, especially, some diterpene derivatives phorbol esters that are partially lipophilic. The nutrient digestibility of J. curcas kernel meal (JKM), obtained after partial physicochemical deoiling was thus evaluated in broiler chickens. Twenty broiler chickens, 6weeks old, were maintained in individual metabolic cages and divided into four groups of five animals, according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design where deoiled JKM was incorporated into grinded corn at 0, 4, 8, and 12% levels (diets 0, 4, 8, and 12J), allowing measurement of nutrient digestibility by the differential method. The dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility of diets was affected to a low extent by JKM (85 and 86% in 0J and 81% in 12J, respectively) in such a way that DM and OM digestibility of JKM was estimated to be close to 50%. The ether extract (EE) digestibility of JKM remained high, at about 90%, while crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) digestibility were largely impacted by JKM, with values closed to 40% at the highest levels of incorporation. J. curcas kernel presents various nutrient digestibilities but has adverse effects on CP and CF digestibility of the diet. The effects of an additional heat or biological treatment on JKM remain to be assessed.

Effects of replacing soybean meal with detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal in the diet on growth performance and histopathological parameters of growing pigs

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with different levels of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal (DJKM) in growing pig diets on growth performance, haemato-immunological and histopathological parameters. A total of 144 pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with initial body weight of (20.47±1.44)kg, were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatments with 6 replications per treatment and 4 pigs per replication for a period of 79 days. The 6 diets (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6) were formulated using DJKM to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75% SBM protein and contained phorbol esters (PEs) of 0, 2.75, 5.50, 8.25, 11.00, 13.75mg/kg diets. At d 29, pigs in 3 replicates in D6 treatment were offered D1 diet (expressed as D6+D1) to examine the residual effect of diet D6 in a re-feeding trial. From d 1 to 79 of experimental period, pigs fed diets D4, D5 and D6 had significantly lower average daily gain, average daily feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio than those fed diet D1 (P<0.05). However, the negative effect of diet D6 was disappeared after two weeks of feeding diet D1 in the re-feeding trial. In addition, pigs offered diets D5 and D6 had significantly higher activities of serum alkaline phosphatase, but lower serum alanine transaminase when compared with pigs given diet D1 (P<0.05). Moreover, pathological alterations in liver were observed in pigs fed diets D3, D4, D5 and D6 relative to D1. There results indicate that DJKM could be used to replace SBM protein up to 30% with no detrimental impacts on growth performance, haemato-immunological and pathological parameters in growing pig diet.

Effects of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal in finishing pig diets on their performance, carcass traits, meat quality and intoxication

Jatropha meal, produced as co-product of biodiesel production process, can be used in animal diets as a feedstuff. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of increasing dietary levels (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal (DJCM) on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and intoxication of bioactive molecules, such as the phorbol esters, by hepatic transaminase enzymes in finishing pigs. Sixty hybrid crossbred pigs (70.7±3.3kg body weight, BW) were assigned to 5 treatments with 6 replicate pens per treatment and 1 castrated male and 1 female per pen in a randomize complete block design. Isoenergetic and isoproteic diets and water were provided ad libitum to the pigs during 30-d growth study. At the end of the experimental period, pigs were slaughtered and hot carcass yield weight, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area, and muscle-to-fat ratio were determined. In addition, blood samples were collected for the analysis of hepatic enzymes, and Longissimus dorsi muscle samples were also collected for the measurement of pH, color, and water drip loss. Increasing dietary levels of DJCM reduced (P<0.001) final BW, ADG, ADFI, and carcass length quadratically, and hot carcass weight and backfat thickness linearly (P<0.05). No effects were observed on meat quality with the dietary inclusion of DJCM. Increasing levels of dietary DJCM showed a negative quadratic effect (P<0.05) on aspartate aminotransferase hepatic enzyme without any effects on alanine aminotransferase. In conclusion, the DJCM decreased growth performance and carcass traits because of the presence of bioactive molecules. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of bioactive molecules present in DJCM and the possibility of removing those bioactive compounds.