Japanese Villages Research Articles

Investigating Post-Disaster Reconstruction since the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake: A Study on the Ōtsuchi-chō, Iwate Prefecture through Timelines

Since the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, 13 years have passed, and many areas have completed post-disaster reconstruction. Therefore, it is necessary to further summarise and analyse the experiences gained from this post-disaster reconstruction. This study conducted door-to-door interviews with residents of Ōtsuchi-chō, Iwate Prefecture, in the 13 years following the earthquake. It recorded the residents’ perspectives on post-disaster reconstruction and its shortcomings. By collecting locally published materials like newspapers, and local government records and integrating them with interview records, the first “Great East Japan Earthquake Timeline” for Ōtsuchi-chō was compiled. We primarily divided this timeline into the following three phases: the disaster and early reconstruction period (2011), the mid-reconstruction period (2012–2015), and the late reconstruction period (2016–Present). This timeline has yielded the following results: firstly, some issues have arisen during this prolonged reconstruction process. For example, continuous relocation hinders community rebuilding, especially in the context of an ageing society. Secondly, the “Ōtsuchi-chō Reconstruction Timeline” was created, which can be used for post-disaster reconstruction in contemporary Japanese villages facing severe ageing. This timeline provides a clear understanding of how disaster-affected areas can rebuild housing and infrastructure, and recover economically. It offers guidance for the reconstruction of Japanese villages after a disaster. Therefore, post-disaster reconstruction in the region should accelerate infrastructure development and continuously listen to residents’ voices, providing corresponding services to make reconstruction comprehensive and specific. At the same time, it also contributes to the post-disaster reconstruction of villages in other developed countries.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVOY REZANOV’ S ACTIONS ON THE OUTCOME OF THE EMBASSY MISSION AND ON THE SUBSEQUENT EVENTS IN RUSSO-JAPANESE RELATIONS

The article examines the influence of the personality of the Russian ambassador Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov on Russian-Japanese relations. The embassy of Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov to Japan ended in failure and gave rise to new sad events in Russian-Japanese relations. Among such events are the Khvostov incident (also known as the Rezanov-Davydov-Khvostov incident), when some Japanese villages and crafts on Sakhalin were robbed and burned, and the Golovnin incident, when the Russian navigator Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin was captured by the Japanese and held in captivity for two years. The author made an attempt to find out the role of the personality of the envoy in all the listed events. An analysis of historiography has shown that researchers have repeatedly turned to the results of Rezanov’s embassy and to the analysis of his personality, coming to opposite conclusions about the envoy’s absolute guilt or complete innocence in the failure of the mission. The involvement of a wide range of sources, as well as the use of the induction method, allowed the author to come to new conclusions: the failure was not in one, but in a complex of reasons. Along with such reasons as poorly selected goods and the prejudiced attitude of the Japanese of that time towards the Russian people, the actions of Nikolai Petrovich influenced the failure of the mission. However, the main role was played by the isolation policy of the Japanese state, which, having begun in the middle of the 17th century, was firmly entrenched in Japanese society. As for the role of the envoy in relations with Japan, it is greatest in the sad story of the robbery of Japanese villages, which had a negative impact on relations with Japan.

PENGARUH EDUKASI IBU PEDULI DM TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN PERILAKU PENCEGAHAN DM

This study aims to find out the influence of education of DM-concerned mothers on changes in knowledge and behavior of DM prevention. Quacy experimental study using the pre-test post-test design with control group. The study took the maternal population in Japanese villages, with purposive sampling techniques. Bivariate analysis tested differences in average results and changes in knowledge, as well as maternal behavior before and after intervention in one group tested with paired t-tests while between groups using independent ttest . The correlation test with Pearson and Rank spearman, while the effect size to see the effect. Paired ttest showed there are significant differences in knowledge and behavior before and after education in the intervention group (p<0.05). The Independent ttest showed there were differences in knowledge and behavior changes in the control and intervention groups (p<0.05). Test results (effect sizes 0.8 and 0.9) show DM education has an effect on changes in knowledge and preventive behavior. Changes in knowledge and behavior in the intervention group were higher than in the control group. The education provided has a strong influence on changes in maternal knowledge and behavior about dm prevention.

Evaluation of a Structure Providing Cultural Ecosystem Services in Forest Recreation: Quantitative Text Analysis of Essays by Participants

Cultural ecosystem services are nonmaterial benefits that individuals acquire from the ecosystem, such as recreation, aesthetic enjoyment, and tourism. The quantification of cultural services is considered difficult to accurately make compared to other forest ecosystem services. Although some studies evaluate cultural services from forest recreation, “simple quantification” based on easy-to-obtain data is criticized for disregarding the local context and missing essential details. Therefore, this study evaluates a structure providing cultural services, and the local or detailed factors missed by simple quantification, while illustrating objective and statistical evidence with careful observations and a comprehension of local society. This study focuses on urban resident participation in natural resource management through recreational activities in Japanese mountain villages, using Fujiwara District, Minakami Town, Japan, as a case study, and by conducting a quantitative text analysis of 424 essays containing participants’ experiences and impressions. Using the software KH Coder, the Jaccard index is used to calculate co-occurrence relationships between frequently used words, visualizing the results in a network diagram. Additionally, several codes are added to keywords that characterize this case, and correlations between each code are examined. From the analysis, we discovered that social factors, such as interaction with comrades and locals, considerably influence participants’ positive emotions.

“Industrious Revolution” Revisited: A Variety of Diligence Derived from a Long-Term Local History of Kuta in Kyô-Otagi, a Former County in Japan

Jan de Vries revised Akira Hayami’s original theory of the “Industrious Revolution” to make the idea more applicable to early modern commercialization in Europe, showcasing the development of the rural proletariat and especially the consumer revolution and women’s emancipation on the way toward an “Industrial Revolution.” However, Japanese villages followed a different path from the Western trajectory of the “Industrious Revolution,” which is recognized as the first step to industrialization. This article will explore how a different form of “industriousness” developed in Japan, covering medieval, early modern, and modern times. It will first describe why the communal village system was established in Japan and how this unique institution, the self-reliance system of a village, affected commercialization and industrialization and was sustained until modern times. Then, the local history of Kuta Village in Kyô-Otagi, a former county located close to Kyoto, is considered over the long term, from medieval through modern times. Kuta was not directly affected by the siting of new industrial production bases and the changes brought to villages located nearer to Kyoto. A variety of diligent interactions with living spaces is introduced to demonstrate that the industriousness of local women was characterized by conscience-driven perseverance.

전통마을의 빈집 재생, 활용을 통한 지역 활성화에 관한 연구 - 일본 담바사사야마시(丹波篠山市) 고민가 재생 프로젝트를 중심으로 -

Recently, cultural property policies have changed from the preservation of cultural assets to the utilization of cultural assets. In historic villages, more and more traditional housings have been used as lodging facilities. On the other hand, low birth rates, aging population, declining population due to population outflow to the cities, increasing vacant houses, and aging buildings are tasks of historic villages. To be preserved the historic villages continuously, it is time to review how to regenerate and utilize the growing number of vacant houses. This study targets Tambasasayama city, which is drawing attention to the regeneration and utilization of vacant houses among historic Japanese villages. We want to analyze the operation systems and deregulation of a traditional housing regeneration project in Tambasasayama city and draw suggestions for the regeneration and utilization of vacant houses in traditional villages in South Korea.

일제강점기 통영의 일본인 이주어촌 형성과 조선인 어민의 대응

일제강점기 통영의 일본인 이주어촌 형성과 조선인 어민의 대응

Japanese Rural Communities and Their festivals in Postmodern Conditions

The article analyzes the author's sociological research results in two villages in the municipality of Kumano, Mie Prefecture, Japan: the fishing village of Hobo and the mountain village of Maruyama. The text aims to clarify the place and role of traditions in the postmodern lifestyle, the mechanisms of their "modernization," and use to revitalize local communities and preserve the Japanese cultural identity by studying their festivals. Local festivals are an essential cultural resource for protecting the traditions of Hobo and Maruyama. The activities for their organization and implementation largely determine the lifestyle of the local community. Their preservation requires both will and perseverance, as well as an innovative approach and ingenuity shown by their inhabitants. Collective action is an important factor in preserving local culture and traditions in Japanese villages. In Hobo, the local community's active life is due to the initiative, efforts and perseverance of its informal leader, and the enterprising local people who help him. In Maruyama, in addition to the enterprising local people and their organizations, the organizational assistance and support of the municipal administration and volunteers from other parts of the country are extremely important. With their initiatives and activities, local communities use the resources of tradition to achieve socially meaningful goals in postmodern conditions.

Life beyond growth? Rural depopulation becoming the attraction in Nagoro, Japan’s scarecrow village

ABSTRACT Rural villages in Japan are rapidly ageing and depopulating. On Shikoku Island, in the remote mountainous Iya Valley, is the village of Nagoro. Residents who have left or passed away have been replaced with ‘kakashi’ or scarecrows in the form of life-like dolls. Currently, scarecrows outnumber the village residents and appear throughout the community—waiting at bus stops, working the fields, and studying at the closed school. The attempt to preserve village life and identity through the scarecrow displays has begun to attract the attention of media and tourists. This paper examines this emerging rural tourism attraction in the context of Japanese rural depopulation and peripheralisation. Nagoro is representative of many Japanese villages where the rural lifestyle is disappearing. It has adopted a unique form of quiet resistance to the ending of an era viewed in the context of museumisation and abandoned landscapes. Rural communities are transitioning finding themselves between government rejuvenation policies and learning to live beyond growth.

Others in Japanese Agriculture: Koreans, Evacuees and Migrants 1920–1950 by Yasuoka Ken'ichi

Reviewed by: Others in Japanese Agriculture: Koreans, Evacuees and Migrants 1920–1950 by Yasuoka Ken'ichi Tessa Morris-Suzuki Others in Japanese Agriculture: Koreans, Evacuees and Migrants 1920–1950. By Yasuoka Ken'ichi. Translated by Teresa Castelvetere. Kyoto University Press/ Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press, 2018. 374 pages. Hardcover, ¥4,100/ A$84.95. Particularly since the 1990s, the once-prevalent images of Japan as an ethnically homogeneous nation have been subjected to extensive scholarly scrutiny and criticism. [End Page 127] Many studies have shed light on the presence of colonial migrants in Japanese towns and cities and on the struggles of Okinawans, Ainu, and other minorities for recognition. But the critique has rarely extended to rural village society in Honshu, Kyushu, or Shikoku. The image of agriculture and farm villages as relatively homogeneous bedrocks of Japanese tradition, therefore, remains strong. Yasuoka Ken'ichi's meticulously researched study—originally published in Japanese in 2014—offers a powerful challenge to that image.1 Examining the transwar period from the 1920s to the start of the 1950s and focusing mainly on rural areas of Kyoto Prefecture and surrounding regions, Yasuoka explores the histories of various groups of "others" whose presence has complicated the modern history of the Japanese village. In doing so, he sheds powerful new light on Japanese agricultural history as a whole. The most eye-opening section of this study is its relatively long first chapter, which explores the story of Korean migrants in Japanese agriculture. As Yasuoka demonstrates, although the colonial-era flow of Korean migration into Japan was mostly directed toward urban industrial areas, by the 1930s substantial numbers of Koreans were also working as farm laborers. The total number of Koreans engaged in agriculture was not very great when compared to the total size of Japan's rural population, but in some areas Koreans constituted a significant percentage of the workforce of landless agricultural laborers, particularly of sakuotoko and sakuonna (farm laborers employed on a yearly basis). For example, Yasuoka calculates that by 1930 Koreans accounted for 31.9% of these farm workers in Yamaguchi Prefecture and 40.3% in Nara Prefecture (pp. 32–33). As Japan slid further into war in the late 1930s—and as Japanese farmers left the land to join the military, migrate to the colonies, or work in urban war industries—a growing number of Korean farm laborers obtained leases on abandoned farmland and began to establish a more permanent presence in rural villages. A few even became rural landowners in their own right. This seriously alarmed the Japanese authorities, who perceived the villages as wellsprings of ethnic purity from which the next generation of warriors would be born, but the rhetoric of naisen ittai—"Japan and Korea as one body"—made it difficult for them to condemn the trend in public. Yasuoka's careful study of Terada village in Kyoto Prefecture shows how Korean tenant farmers and their Japanese landlords and neighbors interacted and how preexisting local institutions were adjusted in response to the changing rural social structure. After Japan's defeat in war, many of the Korean farmers returned to the Korean Peninsula, but some remained, their presence becoming an issue of controversy during the postwar land-reform process initiated by the Allied Occupation. The "others" who feature in this book, though, are not necessarily non-Japanese. Yasuoka also highlights how intranational and cross-border mobility affected Japanese villages in other ways, creating various categories of "outsider" whose presence enhanced social dynamism but also sometimes gave rise to social tensions. The first of these groups, examined in Chapter 2, consisted of the wartime evacuees from urban or suburban areas who flooded into farm villages in huge numbers during the [End Page 128] Asia-Pacific War. The scale of this human movement was indeed staggering: some five million people moved out of the major urban evacuation zones nationwide, and two and a half million were evacuated from Tokyo alone. Yasuoka reminds us of the sufferings of these evacuees, who often found themselves unemployed, isolated from friends and family, and living in harsh and unfamiliar conditions. But here, as in his discussion of other groups of "outsiders," he is also at pains to...

Property Rights that 'Work' in the Face of Disaster: Per Share Joint Ownership of Arable in Early Modern and Modern Japan

Abstract Early Modern and early Modern Japanese certainly attempted to control floods, landslides and water insufficiency/drought via direct manipulation of land. In addition, about one third of pre-modern Japanese villages were subject to joint land ownership regimes, the most common of which distributed risks and benefits of natural characteristics proportionally among landholders and tenants alike. It represents one very sophisticated anticipatory form of sharing the risks and advantages associated with arable land. It maximised the potential for all to continue as agriculturalists and contributors to community labors (irrigation maintenance, dike maintenance, shrines, and more) as well as to continue as tenants. The landholding system also dictated the response to the loss of land from floods or landslides. Begun by the early seventeenth century, a reduced number of hamlets continued this practice down to the 1970s. The long history of joint ownership across multiple political regimes - Early Modern, pre-World War II modern, and post-war modern Japan begs us to embrace a broader conception of landed property rights than the ideal types of 'fee simple/private' and 'commons', and the relationship between rights in practice and those embodied in law. A review of the most widely used form of joint ownership suggests the potential power for local organisations using local knowledge of a resource to create effective property rights that help address challenges presented by catastrophic natural events.

The Russian Navy and the Development of Alaska: The Military Dimension1

ABSTRACTThe Russian Navy played a decisive role in the opening of Alaska, though later relatively few of its ships appeared in the region, passing the baton to ships of private merchant companies and then to the Russian-American Company, which governed Alaska until its sale to the United States in 1867. Most of the company’s ships had rather limited military capabilities. Although the navy played a significant role in the development of Alaska, the military dimension to this process manifested itself relatively weakly. The ships under the Russian flag primarily carried out transport and convoy functions, shielding flotillas of company hunting baidarki [skin boats] from the attacks of hostile Indians, and later conducted formal patrols for watching foreign whaling ships. Almost the only episodes in which Russian ships were used in battle were the participation of the sloop Neva in a fight with the Tlingit Indians in 1804 and the raids of two Russian-American Company ships in 1806–1807 on Japanese villages on Sakhalin Island and the southern Kurile Islands.

坂口正彦著, 『近現代日本の村と政策-長野県下伊那地方1910～60年代-』, 日本経済評論社, 2014年, vi+333頁

坂口正彦著, 『近現代日本の村と政策-長野県下伊那地方1910～60年代-』, 日本経済評論社, 2014年, vi+333頁

木村礎著 『日本村落史』, (弘文堂、一九七八年、四二〇〇円)

木村礎著 『日本村落史』, (弘文堂、一九七八年、四二〇〇円)

일본전통정원의 해외 보급 및 확산에 관한 역사적 고찰 - 1867년부터 1939년까지 만국박람회를 중심으로 -

본 연구는 전통정원의 해외 보급 및 확산을 위한 기준점 마련과 기반 구축을 위한 기본연구로서 일본의 전통정원 보급 및 확산에 있어 초기 단계인 유럽과 미국에서 개최된 만국박람회 통한 조성내용과 파급효과를 규명하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 일본이 박람회를 처음 참가한 1867년부터 제2차 세계대전이 발발하는 1939년까지 일본 정원이 조성된 박람회를 대상으로 조성된 정원을 파악하고 박람회 기간 중 그리고 폐막 이후 일본정원의 파급효과를 조사 분석하였다. 연구의 결과를 종합하면 문화적 측면에서 명치정부의 첫 박람회 참여에 있어 독일인 바그너의 충고에 따라 문화와 공예를 박람회 주제로 선정하고 정원을 전통 건축물과 하나의 단위로 인식하면서 국가적 정책으로 대외 홍보 수단으로 삼았다. 그 결과 만국박람회 일본관에 대표적으로 조성된 강호시대 회유식 정원 양식과 다정은 유럽과 미국 내에서 일본정원의 대표적 양식으로 인식되었다. 정치적 측면으로는 미국인에게 일본 정원은 도입된 '이국적 미'이자 '문화유산'으로 인식되면서 일본에 대한 친근감을 높이고 반일감정을 없애려는 일본 제국정부의 목적을 달성하였고 전통정원을 통해 유구한 역사를 가진 일본사회를 이상적으로 표현하여 서구 열강과의 차별성을 도모, '전통'과 '자연'을 키워드로 '영원한 평온'이라는 국가 이미지를 구축하였다. 사회경제적으로는 박람회 이후 존치된 일본정원은 지속적인 일본정원의 모델 역할을 하였으며 박람회의 일본관을 조성하기 위하여 정원과 관련된 많은 전문가가 일본에서 미국과 유럽으로 간 후 현지 정착하며 일본 정원이 현지에 녹아드는 계기가 되었다. This study fundamentally is to develop standards and foundations for the establishment of traditional Korean gardens and aims to identify the mechanism and subsequent effect of fair gardens in American and Europe on the propagation and diffusion of the traditional Japanese garden. Fair gardens which were constructed between 1867 and 1939 were investigated to understand them and the ripple effect that they had on cultural dissemination. The results were as follows: Culturally, the Meiji government adopted Wagener's advice on the theme of display- including culture and handicraft-and the gardens with traditional buildings were perceived as one unit and then used as promotional tools as part of a national strategy. As a result, the stroll style garden in the Edo period and tea garden were recognized as the representative Japanese garden in America and Europe. Politically, the Japanese garden in the American context was adopted as examples of 'exotic beauty' and 'cultural heritage' which therefore allowed the Japanese government to achieve it's goal of encouraging friendly relations and the lessening of hostility towards them. Throughout the traditional Japanese garden, Japan with it's rich history presented an ideal - uniquely distinctive from the West. Using 'tradition' and 'nature' as keywords, the Japanese government set it's global image as 'perpetual tranquility'. Socioeconomically, the Japanese garden which was maintained after the fair, played a consistent role as a model of the Japanese culture. Many professionals from Japan who prepared the Japanese villages and gardens for the world fairs in America and Europe, remained in these countries following construction and it were these opportunities that allowed the Japanese garden to be integrated into local Western society.

Cultivating Commons: Joint Ownership of Arable Land in Early Modern Japan by Philip C. Brown (review)

Reviewed by: Cultivating Commons: Joint Ownership of Arable Land in Early Modern Japan by Philip C. Brown Ethan Isaac Segal (bio) Cultivating Commons: Joint Ownership of Arable Land in Early Modern Japan. By Philip C. Brown. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu, 2011. xv, 268 pages. $52.00. This well-argued monograph attempts to answer questions of how Tokugawaera villagers managed their fields, dealt with the risks of natural hazards such as floods and landslides, and distributed tax burdens among themselves. They are important questions, for despite the remarkable urbanization and economic growth of the seventeenth century, agricultural production (and therefore land management) remained the largest segment of the economy, and rural peasants (or farmers) constituted the overwhelming majority of the population. Philip Brown provides interesting answers by focusing his study on warichi, an umbrella term to describe various ways of periodically redistributing fields among village residents. Brown translates the term literally as “dividing the land” and uses it to refer to a wide range of joint ownership practices. In doing this, Brown builds on his own earlier scholarship. He addressed warichi in his first book, Central Authority and Local Autonomy, as well as in several journal articles over the last two decades.1 The earlier book, which challenged the idea that central government reforms issued by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the early Tokugawa shoguns were uniformly applied across Japan, cited warichi as one example of a practice that defied land surveys aimed at assigning individual ownership to each field and plot of land. In the current volume, however, warichi is the main focus, and while it revisits some of Brown’s arguments about the limits of central government authority, Cultivating Commons also engages convincingly with debates over landholding, village communal life, and economic growth. According to the way many of us learned Tokugawa history, authorities in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries implemented a legal separation of peasants from samurai and moved the latter into castle towns. This allowed villages to become more autonomous: as long as taxes were paid and no major crimes were committed, government authorities generally [End Page 164] left villagers to their own devices. But how did those farmers manage the land and distribute tax burdens? Farm families appear to have worked scattered fields that had been designated theirs in the land surveys; in effect, a form of fee simple private ownership was established. It was significant that they owned the fields (or so we were taught), because ownership gave peasants the incentive to improve the land and increase yields. Taxes, however, were the collective responsibility of all status-holding residents, who divided the burden among themselves more or less equitably. So residents owned land privately but paid taxes as a community. However, Brown’s research shows that ownership of specific fields was not the only pattern. An alternative was joint land ownership, which was used by perhaps as many as one-third of Japanese villages (p. 96). In such communities, the entire village “owned” the land and periodically redistributed parcels to resident families. As Brown writes, in these villages “no direct link existed between a farmer and the land associated with his cultivation rights” (p. 1). But there was tremendous variation from village to village, even within the same region. Some reallocated lands in keeping with demographic changes (giving more land to larger families), while others rotated fields among resident households. According to Brown, the most common system was a lottery, with each family holding a number of shares (or draws) in the lottery in keeping with its wealth. Thus, warichi was not a means of alleviating income disparities. If a prosperous family controlled most of the village’s arable land before redistribution, then it would receive more draws and therefore still control the most land after redistribution, but the specific parcels that it held would be different. The frequency of reallocation also varied widely: some villages only redistributed following a calamity such as a landslide or flood that rendered certain fields unusable. Others, however, practiced warichi on regular intervals ranging from 5 to 40 years. Irrespective of these differences, all of the practices that Brown groups under the term warichi involved some form...

Social class and migration in two northeastern Japanese villages, 1716–1870

This paper examines the effects of household social class called ‘mibun’ on the likelihood of migration among peasant men and women from their residing communities, focusing on two farming villages in preindustrial northeastern Japan. Using the local population registers called ‘ninbetsu-aratame-cho’ from 1716–1870, we analyze the relationship between social class of peasant household and different types of out-migration for individual men and women in agricultural communities.We found large differences in landholding between households of titled peasants (honbyakusho) who owned land and those of mizunomi peasants who were in principle landless, suggesting that social class indexed the amount of wealth that a household possessed although considerable economic differences existed among households of titled peasants. These differences in household social class influenced the likelihoods of different types of out-migration of residents in the two farming villages. Regardless of reasons, mizunomi peasants were more likely to migrate out of their village of residence than titled peasants for both sexes. Further, the higher likelihood of out-migration among the mizunomi class was especially notable for male labor migration at the time of local economic hardships.

Forgiveness and Culture: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue

Forgiveness is a contested concept. Psychologists tend to separate it from the related process of reconciliation and to emphasize the intrapersonal aspects of the phenomenon. On the other hand theologians and philosophers see an important connection between forgiveness and reconciliation due to relational factors. Culture adds further complexity to the study of forgiveness in that it questions the universality of dominant understandings of the concept, developed from a Western perspective, which are based on individualist values by testing those understandings in a collectivist context. This brief essay concludes with a brief representative illustration of forgiveness in traditional Japanese villages.

圃場整備を通じた筆名の命名原理変化―滋賀県野洲市の三集落を事例として―

Numerous geographers, folklorists, and social linguists have studied minor place names within Japanese villages. However, rural Japanese people have recognized and used agricultural plot names, which are given to patches of rice paddies, dry fields, and woods; these areas cover smaller units than those represented by minor place names. Although it is usually difficult to clearly determine the origin of minor place names originating in the distant past, it is relatively easy to elucidate the origin and naming method of folk plot names that circulate within a single household. Few studies, however, have systematically examined the historical changes in and universal principles of naming methods for such plot names within villages either inside or outside Japan.

Korean Farmers in Japanese Villages and the Change in the Postwar Era

Korean Farmers in Japanese Villages and the Change in the Postwar Era