Japanese Official Development Assistance Research Articles

The impact of official development assistance on foreign direct investment: the case of Japanese firms in India

While there is no clear answer to the overall impact of Official Development Assistance (ODA) on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), it has been pointed out that Japanese ODA promotes its FDI. However, the mechanism of ODA’s impact on FDI has not been fully examined at the micro level, as most previous studies have used macro-level data. Therefore, this study examines the impact of ODA on FDI at the micro level in India, where an increase in ODA and FDI from Japan have been observed in recent years. Interviews were conducted with three Japanese firms and five Japanese public organizations, while questionnaires were administered to 33 Japanese firms. The results reveal that ODA effectively promotes FDI, albeit to a lesser extent than other FDI determinants. Economic infrastructure development through ODA, the expectations of such development, and the reception of orders for ODA Loan projects, promote FDI. Furthermore, the role of public institutions, including providing information to firms and acting as intermediaries with the government, is more effective in promoting FDI than ODA. Based on these results, in light of the OLI theory, it is suggested that a possible mechanism is that Japanese ODA promotes FDI by enhancing the “Ownership Specific Advantages” of Japanese firms and the “Location Advantages” of recipient countries. The novelty of this study lies in its clarification of the mechanism through which ODA promotes FDI from a micro-perspective, as revealed by a questionnaire survey conducted among firms. The FDI-promoting effects of ODA for economic infrastructure and ODA Loan suggested in this study not only contributes to the academic community but also have important implications for ODA policymakers.

Technical and Vocational Education and Training toward Sustainable Development of Japan’s Aid Effectiveness for Industrial Human Resource Development in Lower Mekong Basin Countries

The Official Development Assistance (ODA) is Japan’s salient foreign policy in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) Country, especially for industrial human resource development. Japan has established KOSEN, a Japanese engineering vocational education system in the region to promote the industrial acceleration agenda and the region’s economic, social development, and poverty reduction toward the 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, ODA is about more than giving and receiving; it is about actors and administration, including the vis-à-vis mutual benefit for both donor and recipient country, which becomes a debatable issue. This research intends to shed light on the efficacy of Japanese ODA toward LMB by applying the principles of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005) and its impact on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) attainment. A qualitative technique with a deductive approach was used to analyze the efficiency of Japan’s aid for KOSEN, including an in-depth interview with a purposive sampling technique of three key informants in this study. The study showed that the donor country predominantly adheres to the assistance ownership concept. Nonetheless, developing the KOSEN system as an assistance program in the area can contribute to the SDGs as hard tool mechanisms and KOSEN values as a soft mechanism related to the 2012 Global Agenda for Greening TVET.

Effectiveness analysis for Japanese ODA impact on growth: Empirical results from Laos

Official development assistance (ODA) has shown strong results in economic development in many least-developed countries. It strengthens growth along with FDI and private investments. However, the significance of ODA depends on the host country and donors. The effectiveness of ODA in Laos has not yet been examined. This investigation deeply explores the relationship between Japanese ODA and the economic growth in Laos by using variables such as ODA funds, industrial investment, and exports of Laos in association with growth effectiveness. In the analysis, the data on ODA from Japan was used as a key factor for the growth in Laos – it is a vital component of this study. The analysis was conducted for 30 years of data (1990-2020) and utilized a vector error correction model with a unit root test and Johansen approach. In the long run, the ODA, as the main independent variable, had a positive effect on growth and industrial investment in Laos, but exports exhibited a negative effect on growth. Furthermore, in the short term, there was no sign of a positive relationship between ODA from Japan and the growth of Laos; exports also had a negative relationship to growth. Conversely, the variable of industrial investment had a positive effect on growth in the short term. However, the empirical results demonstrated growth effectiveness from the involvement of Japanese ODA funds in Laos in the long run.

Does official development assistance benefit the donor economy? New evidence from Japanese overseas infrastructure projects

AbstractGiven the growing pressure on donors to curtail foreign aid budgets, analyzing the effectiveness of bilateral official development assistance (ODA) in realizing national interests has become more significant than ever. From the viewpoint of economic interests, prior research has revealed that ODA can help expand donor exports and outward foreign direct investments. This study is the first to provide evidence that ODA can also help firms from donor countries to win infrastructure projects in recipient countries. Employing unique contract data on Japanese overseas infrastructure projects, I estimate a fixed effects Poisson model with a panel dataset for 158 recipients for the period between 1970 and 2020. The results suggest that 17% of the total number of overseas infrastructure projects contracted to Japanese firms during 1970–2020 were attributable to Japanese ODA disbursement. I also explore the potential mechanism, finding that the Japanese ODA-infrastructure link is strengthened when Japanese loans and grants are simultaneously provided to a recipient country. This finding is consistent with the view that pre-investment studies conducted as part of technical cooperation could generate goodwill effects on Japanese firms during their bidding for Japanese yen loan projects.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Japanese Official Development Aid in Myanmar: A Case Study of the Grant Assistance for Grassroots Projects in the Chin State Education Sector

Abstract: Japanese Official Development Assistance has benefited educational development by hook or by crook. Japan has been providing grant aids for grassroots development in Myanmar for more than half a century, which has had a significant degree of effectiveness for the recipients. The Japan Grant Assistance for Grassroots Projects has specifically benefited the education sector in Chin State, Myanmar, especially in building infrastructures for schools, including providing buildings, desks, and plumbing facilities. It is suggested that there are still quite a few primary factors requiring development to access quality education in Myanmar. Based on extensive research among educators and relevant officials in Chin State, this research surveys existing issues for educational infrastructure in the state and assesses some of the challenges for educational development in the region. It also assesses how Japanese Grant Assistance for Grassroots Projects has assisted the barriers. The scope of this research is from 2015 to 2020.

Japanese FDI and Development Vision of Bangladesh: Lessons from Thailand

Bangladesh is aspiring to become a developed country under the ‘Vision 2041’. However, materialization of this development vision requires huge amount of fund. Regrettably, country’s dependency on foreign aid is still more than 35%. Internal borrowing is also increasing considerably, where as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can make a significant contribution to the financial basket of the country. Nonetheless, government has set a target to increase the contribution of FDI to 3% of the GDP in the 8th Five Years Plan (FYP) which was 1% in 7th FYP. Being one of the most trusted friendly nations, Japan continued its support towards Bangladesh since the independence. Japan has the tendency to shift FDI to a country after improving the infrastructure through Official Development Assistance (ODA). The same trend is also appearing in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has become the number one recipient of Japanese ODA in 2020 and the amount of Japanese companies is also increasing in Bangladesh which is curtly around 320. With a view to mitigating the gap between aspiration and reality while succeeding to accomplish development goals, countries with limited resources like Bangladesh can be hugely benefited by the Japanese FDI. The ASEAN nation Thailand, with more than 6000 Japanese companies, is one of the economies that has been significantly benefited by the Japanese FDI. Therefore, this qualitative research investigates the case of Thailand based on key stakeholders’ interviews and analysis of documents. The major findings of this paper in terms of main challenges Bangladesh is facing to attract Japanese FDI are national image crisis, lack of infrastructure, skilled human resources, local procurement of raw materials, frequent change in law and policies, uncongenial regulations regarding VAT, tax and customs and port clearance. The main lessons Bangladesh can learn from Thailand to attract FDI from Japan includes lower corporate tax, port facilities, easier port clearance and participation in economic partnerships, such as RCEP. This paper contributes to the literature in the area of business studies, economics, development studies, international relations, public policy studies and Japanese Studies.

Re-Examining the Effects of Official Development Assistance on Foreign Direct Investment Applying the VAR Model

This study re-examined the effect of official development assistance (ODA) of five major donor countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) on foreign direct investment (FDI) using panel data from 2003 to 2020. In addition to the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) with the gravity model, the Granger causality test and impulse response analysis with the panel VAR model was conducted. It was concluded that ODA did not necessarily have an effect on FDI since the 2000s. It is also suggested that the vanguard effect of Japanese ODA, as indicated by some previous studies, appeared mainly in the 1990s and may not be sustainable. The novelty of this study is to verify the effects of the ODA of major donors on FDI using new data from the 2000s onward, especially to reveal that the vanguard effect of Japanese ODA has not been observed since the 2000s. A limitation of this study is to determine only the presence or absence of a general trend at a statistically significant level. Therefore, further research on individual cases is expected to find how ODA has affected the investment decisions of individual companies.

Humanizing Industrialization?: Japanese Productivity Methods, Ethiopian Factories, and Low Modernism in Foreign Aid

The past decade has seen a gradual convergence between the modernizing, top-down development agendas associated with “new donors” to Africa and the human development agenda more commonly linked to traditional donors. But while instruments such as the Sustainable Development Goals now demand both industrialization and empowerment, donors still struggle to reconcile these competing expectations. This article uses a variety of qualitative data to examine one such project: the attempted transfer of Japanese management techniques (or kaizen) to workplaces across Ethiopia as part of Japanese official development assistance. Asking why and how the Japanese and Ethiopian governments pursue these aims, the article finds an intervention that is low modernist in design: its goals and logics are modernist but tempered by a respect for local knowledge and a preference for evolutionary over revolutionary change. The fact that Japan is the donor to promulgate such a paradigm is no coincidence, I find, given the historical origins of kaizen and Japan’s long-standing hybrid role in international development debates. Low modernist interventions such as Ethiopian kaizen demonstrate the utility of moving beyond dichotomies (China/West, growth/equity, efficiency/empowerment). But in both Ethiopia and the Japanese aid apparatus, powerful centrifugal forces still make low modernism a difficult balancing act to achieve.

Impact of Japanese Official Development Assistance on Economic Growth and Development in Sri Lanka

Debt burden over foreign loans and economic impact of foreign-funded development projects have been much discussed and debated issue in the recent past. The debate on debt burden is mostly centered on the sheer size of the debt owned by development partners, not specifically on the generosity and impact of Official Development Assistance (ODA) offered by different development partners. Addressing these gaps, this study analyses generosity of Japanese ODA and its impact on economic growth and development in Sri Lanka. This study employs both descriptive and regression analyses for data analysis. Japanese ODA to Sri Lanka has grown at an average annual rate of around 6 per cent (in current US$ terms). Sri Lanka has been one of the priority countries for Japanese ODA largely due to the cordial relationship the two countries has maintained over the last several decades. Reflecting the unique future of Japanese ODA, a greater majority of assistance has channeled into economic infrastructure development/improvements in the country. More importantly, Japanese ODA has contained higher grant element compared to ODA offered by other major development partners such as ADB, World Bank, and China. The regression analysis of the study clearly indicates that there is a strong positive relationship between Japanese ODA and economic growth and development in the country. The findings are consistent with the finding of previous research studies. These imply that social and economic infrastructures developed with assistance of Japanese ODA has contributed to economic growth and development in the country. This impact was further supported through the micro-level evidence found in ex-post impact evaluations and third party impact evaluations. Overall evidences clearly reflect that Japanese ODA has not contributed to current foreign debt burden faced by the country.

Analisis Dampak Ekologis Proyek ODA Jepang di Indonesia dalam Mendukung Pembangunan Dunia Berkelanjutan (2012-2018)

Japan is the biggest donor for Indonesia. Under bilateral cooperation, Japan has actively sent foreign aids to Indonesia within the framework of Official Development Assistance (ODA) since 1960s. By receiving assistance worth 45% of the total foreign aid received by Indonesia, Japan is also considered important in various Indonesian national development programs. Along with the commitment to support Sustainable Development Goals, Japan also contributes in funding various projects which aim to increase the environmental quality and sustainability of Indonesia. Although not all Japanese assistance to Indonesia is specifically aimed at addressing environmental issues, it cannot be denied that every Japanese ODA project has its own ecological impact on Indonesia.Departing from the case, the author will analyze the extent to which Japanese foreign aid to Indonesia has an impact on environmental conditions in Indonesia. The author groups Japanese ODA projects in five categories, namely: (1) environmental strictly defined (ESD); (2) environmental broadly defined (ESD); (3) neutral (N); (4) dirty broadly defined (DBD); and (5) dirty strictly defined (DSD). Based on the data collected, the authors found that the Japanese ODA project had varied ecological impacts for Indonesia. Therefore, the authors argue that Japanese ODA projects in Indonesia not only have positive implications, but also negative implications for the environment.

Perceived contributions to national development

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how Mongolian alumni of three different scholarship programs sponsored by governments of Japan and Mongolia view their role in national development after graduation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reports findings from a phenomenological study (Creswell, 2007) – the first phase of an exploratory sequential mixed-methods study in a recent PhD study. Based on semi-structured interviews with 24 alumni the study aimed to understand alumni’s perspectives in their voices.FindingsAlumni were motivated to contribute to their communities, institutions, economic, political, social and legal conditions of Mongolia. However, they faced various structural challenges including getting jobs in the public sector even when they had binding agreements with employers. The findings call for long-term support for alumni projects and hubs as well as policy frameworks that tie the scholarship programs with national development goals.Originality/valueDespite the high mobility rate of Mongolian scholars and a long history of Japanese Official Development Assistance to develop human resources in developing countries especially in Asia, little is known about the impact of these programs on the Mongolian national development. Through the phenomenological study, this study expands the understanding of ways in which alumni contribute to their national development.

Triangular Cooperation in East Asia: Challenges and Opportunities for Japanese Official Development Assistance

The article examines the potential contribution of triangular cooperation (TrC) as an emerging form of foreign aid. By reviewing the Japanese TrC practices, it addresses some critical questions from the perspective of national interests, development impact, and ownership. Under the declining trend of foreign aid as a form of resource transfer to the global South, future TrC should address questions beyond the realm of technical cooperation. The article claims that the primary function of TrC is to maintain donor relationships with emerging powers that are graduating from aid recipient status, while highlighting its potential and limitations for promoting TrC among China, South Korea, and Japan.

War Memory: Evidence from Assistance during Great East Japan Earthquake

On the basis of a natural experiment related to the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, the present work empirically analyzes the relationship between historical events and current attitude and determines whether regions that suffered severely during the Japanese invasion in World War II expressed small concern during the earthquake. After controlling for geographical distance, bilateral trade, and political characteristics, a negative relationship is found between the duration of invasion and number of related deaths in the invaded regions and their governments’ efforts in assisting Japan after the earthquake. Further analysis shows that political similarity to Japan helped in assisting them after the earthquake, but this effect was reduced for regions that sustained many deaths during the Japanese invasion. In addition, a mediation effect test shows that the help extended by Japan to several countries after the war through the Japanese official development assistance did not positively influence the amount of aid provided by such regions to Japan after the earthquake. These studies provide new evidence of the long-lasting influence of war. However, no robust evidence is found about the relationship between death rate and war memory. Therefore, even large countries cannot tolerate serious suffering during painful historical events.

Opini Publik dan Politik Luar Negeri: Sikap Masyarakat Indonesia terhadap ODA Jepang dalam Proyek PLTA Koto Panjang dan Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia-Jepang

Japan has been playing an important role in the international society, especially in the field of the development of developing countries, through its ODA (Official Development Assistance). Indonesia, which has the biggest economic potential in Southeast Asia, is the largest recipient of Japanese ODA. Economic cooperation through ODA now functions as the core of the amicable bilateral relations between the two countries. However, ODA alternatively has had some negative aspects on its recipients. Some of the ODA projects (called Mondai-ankens) have actually triggered various problems at project sites and have consequently afflicted the local people. The most well-known mondai-anken that aroused national discussion on ODA policy is Koto Panjang Hydropower Plant Project implemented in Riau Province, in 1991-1997. The local community has been critical of Japanese ODA since the implementation of the project, which was done in a coercive manner under the Soeharto administration, caused costly damage to the local people such as poverty, scarcity of food, environmental destructuion, and so on. Although the mondai-anken issue caused considerable damage to the recipient country’s people, and the local commnity filed a complaint to the donor country, this issue had no political impact to the bilateral relations between the two countries.Keywords: ODA (Official Depelopment Assistance), Mondai-anken, Economic cooperation, Japan, Indonesia

Role of Japanese official development assistance in enhancing infrastructure development in India

Assistance to India from Japan under its Official Development Aid (ODA) programme has been particularly important for infrastructure development. India has been the single largest recipient of Japanese ODA since 2003–2004. Most of it has been directed towards long-term participation in infrastructure, much of which comes from the enormous demand. With the Indian Prime Minister’s visit on 3 August 2014, Japan committed to invest $35 billion in different sectors focusing on infrastructure in the coming five years. This investment will boost India’s infrastructure sector. Poor infrastructure is a constraint to sustaining India’s high and inclusive growth rate. One major bottleneck in infrastructure development is infrastructure financing (along with many others, such as land acquisition, environment clearance, and cost-time overruns). In this context, the paper explores the impact of Japanese ODA on the infrastructure sector in India, the trends and priority sectors for Japanese ODA, and the problems and challenges of this developing relationship.

Japan's Development Ambitions for Myanmar: The Problem of “Economics before Politics”

Myanmar and Japan have had an important shared history since the Pacific War, when Japan occupied the British colony of Burma and established the country's first postcolonial state and army. The period from 1941 to 1945 also witnessed the “militarization” of Myanmar as the country was turned into a battlefield by the Japanese, the Allies and indigenous insurgents. After independence from Britain in 1948, the Union of Burma continued to suffer insurgency and became a deeply conflicted society, especially under the isolationist socialist regime of General Ne Win (1962–1988). However, Japan played a major role in Myanmar's economic development through its allocation of war reparations and official development assistance (ODA), especially yen loans. During the period of martial law from 1988 to 2011, Tokyo exercised some self-restraint in giving aid due to pressure from its major ally, the United States, with its human rights agenda. However, with the transition from junta rule to constitutional government in 2011 came a dramatic increase in Japanese ODA, as Tokyo forgave large amounts of debt and invested in ambitious new special economic zones (SEZ). Japan will no doubt benefit from Myanmar as close ties are expanded: Not only will Japanese companies profit, but Japan will have access to Myanmar's raw materials and gain ability to compete more effectively with an economically expansive China. On Myanmar's side, though, it is unlikely that anyone other than the military and crony capitalist elites will benefit from the flood of new yen loans and infrastructure projects. This paper argues that without a political resolution of Myanmar's many conflicts, including the establishment of genuinely open political institutions, the aid of Japan (and other countries) is likely to make these deep-rooted social and ethnic conflicts even worse.

From humanitarianism to trade promotion: the changing emphasis of Japanese development co-operation to Africa

It is only in the last 20 years that Africa has become a region to which Japanese official development assistance (ODA) personnel have attached significance. Until then, in its development aid programs, Japan long focused on Asian countries with which it has strong relationships, not only in terms of history and culture, but also economically and politically. As Japan became the top bi-lateral donor in 1989, it started to explore its unique approach of leadership in international development and launched the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD), which has convened every five years since 1993. The latest conference (TICAD V) was held in 2013. In this article, the author examines the diverse interests of stakeholders involved in the discourse on aid to Africa from business, diplomatic, and humanitarian perspectives. The background of these different motives will be analysed through published and unpublished documents, supplemented by interviews with people involved in the planning and implementation of TICADs, particularly those in 2008 and 2013. The paper find that while Japanese aid to Africa will likely be sustained at the current levels, the focus is likely to shift more toward pragmatic partnerships between African states and Japan economically and diplomatically.

Introduction to Special Issue: Japan–China Fragile Partnership: At Fortieth Anniversary of Diplomatic Normalization

The rise of China was not an issue in 1971 or 1972. Therefore, neither the United States nor Japan thought about the consequences of US–China and Japan–China rapprochement in the early 1970s (Kissinger, 2011). The diplomatic normalization between Japan and China took place in 1972 as an appendage of the United States–China rapprochement in 1971, at least in American eyes. At this time, the United States was waging war in Vietnam, while the Cold War was still at the heyday of massive nuclear buildups by the United States and the Soviet Union. China was in the midst of domestic turmoil called the Cultural Revolution, while facing the hostile Soviet Union. To ease their burdens, both countries concluded the surprising rapprochement. It was a great surprise to Japan because it had not been notified about this rapprochement even a couple of days before. In 1971, China entered the United Nations. Japan went ahead of the United States and had achieved diplomatic normalization by 1972. Japan wanted to develop a new market in China when its economy was booming whereby Japan wanted to alleviate the extreme of ‘leaning to one side’ (to the United States). China wanted to alleviate security threats coming from the Soviet Union (‘anti-hegemonism’) and to have Japan involved in the development of the half-frozen economy, especially with the massive Japanese official development assistance. On the disputed islands called Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Islands, the Japanese government wanted to settle the issue, but the Chinese government saw no immediate urgency to do so. In 1978, both the United States and Japan consolidated their ties with China, again with Japan going ahead of the United States. In December 1978, Deng Xiaoping came back into power, paving the road to ‘economic reform and the opening to the world’. His famous sentence, yangguan taohui (keep low profile, nurture strength), was propagated as the new Chinese policy line, both internally and externally (Vogel, 2011). He focused on economic development while keeping peace on all borders. China started to grow in the 1980s in a strident fashion, although voices for political reform were also on the rise. Such voices culminated in 1989 after the death of former Secretary General Hu Yaopang, a reformist who was dismissed from office in 1987 by Deng Xiaoping. On 4 June 1989, large numbers of demonstrators assembled in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, demanding more freedom and democracy. Deng Xiaoping ordered the all-out suppression of the dissidents. The Tiananmen Square massacre led to embargos by the West and by Japan. The embargos were lifted in 1991. Both Japan and Europe were keen on this. The Chinese economy then registered a two digit annual growth rate for two decades until 2011. Meanwhile the terms of the Japan–China Friendship Treaty of 1978 − that is China forgiving Japan for not paying indemnity − became known in China, giving rise to opposition to the Friendship Treaty in the 1990s. The United States was preoccupied with anti-terrorism after 9/11 in 2001, and the thought of growth in China in the 2000s scarcely came to mind. But by 2011, the growth of China was visible and tangible; a fact that no one can deny is that China is expected to surpass the United States in terms of Gross National Product sooner or later.

Human Security and Japan International Cooperation Agency and Non-governmental Organizations Collaboration (A Case Study of Great East Japan Earthquake/Tsunami)

Abstract Human security norm has emerged as a key focus for Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA) Charter in 2003. Since then, Japan has been playing a more active role in promoting human security as a leading country. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), which is an organization under Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), plays important roles in the implementation of Japanese ODA in order to improve the lives of the local people in developing countries. JICA has been strengthening its collaboration with various parties; such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), universities, local governments, and so on to cope with complicated non-traditional security threats. Moreover, a number of Japanese non-governmental organizations activities are undertaken by JICA in order to protect the lives, livelihood and dignity of human beings, which is based on the perspective of human security. In response to Japanese ODA policy on human security, JICA's practice of human security is based on these four kinds of cooperation as follows; 1) cooperation that comprehensively targets freedom from fear (conflicts and disasters) and want (poverty); 2) cooperation that involves through consideration for the social vulnerability; 3) cooperation that establishes mechanisms to protect and empower people; and 4) cooperation that addresses global risks. Based on the implementation, JICA seek closer cooperation not merely from the governmental agencies, but also from international organizations and NGOs. In order to empower communities and individuals, JICA expands its cooperation at local level. This reflects the way of JICA's operation which is based on the bottom-up approach. However, environmental degradation and climate change are directly related to many natural disasters, like flood and drought, which can be understood as a human security issue. In fact, human security conceives natural disasters as a threat to people's survival as well as a trigger of vulnerabilities related to issues of want, which is about people's basic needs and livelihoods (Carvalho, 2011:3). In case of Great East Japan Earthquake/Tsunami hitting in the Northeast of Japan on March 11 th , 2011, it destroyed not only people's lives nd livelihoods but also people ability to access basic goods and public services. Thus, this natural disaster affects human security directly so the links between the natural disaster and human security are clearly seen. The aim of this paper are to deepen the understanding of JICA's operation in response to natural disasters that has become a major threat to human security as well as the cooperation between JICA and Japanese NGOs on the perspective of human security. It also aims to investigate how JICA collaborates with Japanese NGOs in assisting emergency response, providing reliefs and performing rehabilitation activities of NGOs in the domestic context. The paper argues that JICA-NGOs collaboration on human security in the domestic context should be developed since their close collaboration will pave the way for strengthen linkages and cooperation with state actor and non-state actor's activities, in which can be lessons learned for other countries. In this study, qualitative methodology based on documentary research and field research was applied. The latter was carried out through a case study using observations at Sendai City in Miyagi Prefecture. The result of this study will shed light on the direct damages and indirect damages of the Great East Japan Earthquake/Tsunami in relation to human security. Furthermore, the roles of JICA and NGOs in collaborative activities for rehabilitation after the disaster will be investigated. Lastly, policy implications of JICA-NGOs collaboration will be proposed in order to address more precious activities that bring about the enhancement of human security to cope with natural disasters.

From crisis to Kyoto and beyond : The evolution of environmental concerns in Japanese official development assistance

From crisis to Kyoto and beyond : The evolution of environmental concerns in Japanese official development assistance