Japanese Industrial Standards Research Articles

Physical and mechanical properties of fiberboard made from corn cob and coconut fiber with natural adhesives

Developing fiberboard from agro-industrial and natural waste has a significant impact on environmental practices. Fiberboards made from corncobs and coconut fiber have become a desirable by-product that can serve as a wood substitute. This research aims to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of fiberboard composites created from coconut husks and corn cobs, using natural adhesives like tapioca glue and citric acid. Corn cob particles and coconut fruit fibers were weighed in a 1:1 ratio. Tapioca glue or citric acid was then added in varying percentages: 10%, 14%, 18%, 22%, and 26% of the total mixture. This blend was poured into molds, spread evenly with a spatula, and pressed under 30 kg/cm² (426.7 psi). Subsequently, the samples were carefully removed for physical and mechanical testing. The findings of the study indicated that the different mass variations of corncobs and coconut fibers mixed with natural adhesives successfully produced fiber composites that met the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) A 5095:2003 for the "hardboard" classification. The most effective composition was found in sample A5, which contained 26% tapioca glue. Tapioca glue proved to be the superior natural adhesive, surpassing citric acid. Tests conducted on fiberboard A5 revealed the highest density at 0.90 gr/cm³, the lowest porosity at 7.35%, optimal impact strength at 119.99 J/m², tensile strength of 730.50 MPa, and flexural strength of 109.34 MPa. Therefore, this fiberboard demonstrated favorable physical and mechanical properties.

Examination of Permeation Resistance of Chemical Protective Gloves Made of Laminate-Film Materials Against Chemical Substances.

This study investigated the permeation resistance of chemical protective gloves made of laminate film comprising nylon, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), and other materials against different chemical substances to examine their usability in different work processes. The permeation resistance of the chemical protective glove was tested using the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) test method against twelve substances: acetone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1,4-diethylene dioxide, and ethanol. After 480 min, no substance, except for methanol and ethanol, permeated at a standard permeation rate of 0.1 μg/cm2/min. Methanol and ethanol showed permeation at 1 min and 30 min elapsed, respectively. Hence, the gloves tested in this study exhibited permeation resistance to various chemical substances, and can thus be used in many work processes. Some film materials have short permeation time against certain chemical substances, but the chemical protective gloves tested in this study can be used at work sites, such as manufacturing sites, that require permeation resistance to different chemical substances.

The RPUF Composite’s Physical and Mechanical Properties with Ramie Stem Particle Reinforcement

Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is a common insulation material that has low thermal conductivity and good mechanical properties. The qualities of RPUF may be enhanced by adding natural fiber reinforcing. The purpose of this work is to examine how the mechanical and physical characteristics of RPUF composite are affected by the amount of ramie stem particles present. Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908-2003 is the basis for the mechanical test (modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, compressive strength, internal bond) and the physical test (density, moisture content, water absorption). The study's findings suggest that the physical properties of the RPUF composite were affected by the addition of ramie particles for reinforcement. The density increase in particle content 2.5% – 7.5% range, is not statistically significant. The MC and WA increased statistically significantly. The values of MOE and MOR were not significantly different. In fact, with the addition of 2.5% and 5% ramie particles, the compressive strength value was higher than the RPUF composite without ramie particle filler. Then overall, the IB value was increased by increasing the ramie particles in the RPUF composite. The addition of 2.5-5% ramie particles into the RPUF composite showed optimum results in mechanical properties. Thereby, the addition of ramie particles in the RPUF composite means reducing the use of polyurethane. Therefore, it can reduce production costs. Then the product is more environmentally friendly

Performance of Particleboard Made of Agroforestry Residues Bonded with Thermosetting Adhesive Derived from Waste Styrofoam.

This paper investigated the upcycling process of thermoplastic waste polystyrene (WPS) into thermosetting particleboard adhesive using two cross-linkers, namely methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and maleic anhydride (MA). The WPS was dissolved in an organic co-solvent. The weight ratio of WPS/co-solvent was 1:9, and 10% of cross-linkers based on the WPS solids content were added subsequently at 60 °C under continuous stirring for 30 min. The adhesive properties, cohesion strength, and thermo-mechanical properties of WPS-based adhesives were examined to investigate the change of thermoplastic WPS to thermosetting adhesives. The bonding strength of WPS-based adhesives was evaluated in particleboard made of sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) wood and rice straw particles at different weight ratios according to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908:2003. Rheology and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis revealed that modification with MDI and MA resulted in thermosetting properties in WPS-based adhesives by increasing the viscosity at a temperature above 72.7 °C and reaching the maximum storage modulus above 90.8 °C. WPS modified with MDI had a lower activation energy (Ea) value (83.4 kJ/mole) compared to the WPS modified with MA (150.8 kJ/mole), indicating the cross-linking with MDI was much faster compared with MA. Particleboard fabricated from 100% sengon wood particles bonded with WPS modified with MDI fulfilled the minimum requirement of JIS A 5908:2003 for interior applications.

Evaluation of Blood Cell Destruction by Measuring Occlusion Distance

Roller pumps are commonly used for electric motor-driven blood purification. Even the optimal occlusion for a roller pump is stimulated in JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) -T1603, the blood cells can be destroyed if an applied pressure is too strong on the tube. On the other hand, the perfused blood volume might decrease if the pressure becomes weaker. Therefore, skilled operation is required. However, as there are no techniques to automatically measure occlusion, a highly reproducible method is urgently required to obtain an optimal setting. In this study, we classified the occlusion specified in JIS-T1603 into five categories (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 drops/min) and measured those using a laser sensor. The distance between each occlusion was only a few microns. Based on the microscopic observation of the blood cell morphology at each occlusion, the blood cells with normal outlines were classified as normal blood cells, while those with protrusions were labeled as acanthocytes. Further, we calculated the normalized milligram index of hemolysis (mgNIH) to confirm hemolysis for each occlusion. By classifying occlusion into five categories and converting them into distances, we derived a safe, easy, and highly reproducible method.

Vibrations induced in wheeled equipment by curved protrusions on guide blocks for the visually impaired

ABSTRACT The number of visually impaired people continues to increase as the global population grows and ages, making the provision of textured guide blocks on the floor surfaces of public spaces increasingly critical. However, these blocks can also be obstacles for people with walking difficulties, wheelchairs, luggage, strollers, and other wheeled equipment. This study experimentally measured the vibration levels generated when passing a wheeled bogie over various convex curved guide block protrusions. The curved shape characteristics that induced less vibration in wheeled equipment while still effectively guiding the visually impaired were subsequently identified. The results indicated that curved shapes with widths greater than 13.5 mm and heights less than 5.0 mm exhibited reduced maximum vibration levels compared to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) guide block. Even with a width and height matching those of the JIS block (27.0 mm and 5.0 mm, respectively), the curved shape induced less vibration. However, the maximum vibration level induced by the curved shape was greater than that induced by the JIS block when the height of the former was greater than 5.0 mm, regardless of width. Finally, the faster the bogie passing speed, the greater the maximum vibration level following an approximately linear relationship.

S2C1-01 Overview and application of the new Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) Z8505-1 for low back pain risk assessment

S2C1-01 Overview and application of the new Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) Z8505-1 for low back pain risk assessment

Effect of Lignin or Lignosulfonate Addition on the Fire Resistance of Areca (Areca catechu) Particleboards Bonded with Ultra-Low-Emitting Urea-Formaldehyde Resin

As a way to accommodate the rising demand for “green” wood-based products, agricultural waste from Areca (Areca catechu) nut farms, which is generally burned on-site, can be used to raise the value of alternative lignocellulosic raw materials. This research aimed to investigate and evaluate the effect of technical lignin (kraft lignin or lignosulfonate) addition on particleboard properties from areca bonded with ultra-low-emitting urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. The physical properties, mechanical properties, and fire resistance of the laboratory-made particleboards were tested and evaluated in accordance with the applicable Japanese industrial standards (JIS). The highest density of 0.84 g/cm3 was determined for the laboratory boards, bonded with an adhesive mixture of UF resin and kraft lignin with three washing treatments. The lowest moisture content of 9.06%, thickness swelling of 71.16%, and water absorption of 129.17% were determined for the boards bonded with lignosulfonate with three washing treatments, with commercial lignin, and with lignosulfonate with five washing treatments, respectively. The highest MOR and MOE values, i.e., 113.49 kg/cm2 and 10,663 kg/cm2, respectively, were obtained for the particleboards bonded with lignosulfonate with five washing treatments. Interestingly, all laboratory boards exhibited good fire resistance following the UL-94 standard. Based on the gas torch test, the lowest weight loss of 16.7% was determined in the boards fabricated with lignosulfonate with five washing treatments. This study demonstrated that adding lignin-based fire retardants represents a viable approach to producing lignocellulosic composites with enhanced fire resistance and a lower carbon footprint.

Performance of Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) Made from Kelempayan Wood with Different Lamina Assembly Patterns and Adhesive Spread Rates

This study investigates the impact of adhesive spread rates and lamina assembly patterns on the physical and mechanical properties of glue laminated lumber (glulam) manufactured from Kelempayan wood (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser). For this purpose, lab-scale 3-ply homogenous glulams were manufactured using low-MOE, average-MOE, and high-MOE laminas, and 3-ply mixed glulams of low-high-low-MOE and high-low-high-MOE lamina, with an adhesive spread rate of 100 g/m2 applied on both sides of the lamina. A 3-ply homogenous glulam was also manufactured using the average-MOE lamina with an adhesive spread rate of 200 g/m2. The physical and mechanical properties of the glulam, including moisture content, density, modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE), were examined and compared to the Japanese Industrial Standards (JAS) for glulam. The results found that the adhesive spread rates did not have a significant effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the glulam. However, the lamina assembly patterns had a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the glulam. The highest MOR and MOE were observed in the homogenous glulam manufactured from the high-MOE laminas, followed by the mixed glulam manufactured from the high-low-high-MOE laminas. These assembly patterns meet the MOR and MOE requirements specified in the 3-ply homogeneous structural grade glulam standard, indicating that Kelempayan wood can be a feasible option for glulam production.

Optimization of edible film production: natural dyes addition

Several studies have been conducted to enhance the properties of nata de coco (NDC) based edible films. Previous works include the use of different concentrations of plasticizers, NDC slurry preparation to improve solubility, and the incorporation of essential oils as antibacterial agents. This paper focuses on enhancing the appearance of edible film by adding natural dyes. Commercial natural dyes at varying concentrations were added to the NDC-based edible film formulation and subjected to characterization. The physical properties analysis revealed that the use of natural brown dye from caramelized carrots was the most suitable option. The edible film with 1% v/v brown dye demonstrated 18.701% GL, 20.163 MPa, and 213.900 MPa for elongation, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus, respectively. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of NDC edible film with brown dye also complies with the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), measuring 1.395 g/m2. Given the increasing demand for environmentally friendly packaging that also offers food preservation, it is anticipated that further improvements in edible films will continue to be explored in the food industry.

Comparison of Temperature Rise Test Methods for Series Reactors Connected with High Voltage Power Capacitors

In substation, phase advance capacitors are used to improve the power factor. Series reactors are generally connected with the capacitors to reduce the waveform distortion and suppress the inrush current. The fifth harmonic current usually flows into the series reactors for a high voltage power capacitor. Japanese Industrial Standards provide three types of temperature rise test methods, and manufacturer chooses one of them. However, which test method should be selected has not been examined. In this paper, compare the advantages and disadvantages of the test methods using a prototype reactor.

A Proposal of a New Temperature Rise Test Method for Series Reactors Connected with High Voltage Power Capacitors

In substation, phase advance capacitors are used to improve the power factor. Series reactors are generally connected with the capacitors to reduce the waveform distortion and suppress the inrush current. The fifth harmonic current usually flows into the series reactors for a high voltage power capacitor. Japanese Industrial Standards provide three types of temperature rise test methods. Each test method has its own problems. To alleviate them, we have devised a new test method called “Middle Frequency Test” which uses a meddle frequency between the fundamental and fifth harmonics for excitation. This paper presents an implementation method and demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed test method.

PRODUCTION PROCESS OF ZX - 200 5G SIDE FRAME AT PT. OHGISHI INDONESIA

Excavator is one of the heavy equipment used to move material from one place to another. The excavator consists of several parts, one of which is the side frame. The side frame is the bottom part of the excavator which functions to hold the load, steer, support the unit and act as the driving force for the heavy equipment. The data collection method was taken by reading data supporting books, making direct observations and conducting question and answer. The side frame uses SS400 material, SS 400 steel is low carbon steel with carbon content (max 0.17% C) or low carbon steel according to ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) A36 or JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) G3101 standards. SS 400 steel can only be hardened by surface hardening such as caburizing. In the process of making the ZX – 200 5G side frame, the first process is tack welding idler bracket and motor bracket which uses 322 watt amperes and 29 – 36 V voltage. Then full idler and motor bracket welding takes ±42 minutes. Followed by the process of full welding of the idler and motor bracket with the middle body using amperes of 275 – 300 A, voltage 33 – 35 V. Then the process of making the center line and ending the process of visual inspection of the welds.

DEPENDENCE OF POLYURETHANE CONTENT ON PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD FIBER/PALM KERNEL SHELL COMPOSITES

Wood-based composites with different ratiosof wood fiber (WF)/palm kernel shell (PKS) and polyurethane (PU) content have been prepared using the wet-process method. Samples of WF85/PKS15 and WF75/PKS25 were fabricated where each sample was applied with 20% and 70% of PU contents and itsphysical and mechanical properties had beenstudied. The physical results show that the samples with 70% of PU content were denser, had low porosity, low moisture content,and low water absorption. Surface morphology observation shows both series samples with high PU content tend to form tube-like shape with different diameter. Inmechanical studies, generally, the sample with high PKS and PU possesseshigh flexural strength, flexural modulus, tensile strength, tensile modulus,and hardness. However, theincreased of PKS content in the composite reduces the tensile strength for both sampleswith 20% and 70% of PU. The effects of the binder and palm kernel shell in the composite were also explained. Based on the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5905 standard, the sample composites meet therequirement under medium density fiberboard (MDF) category and classified as board type 5 which suitable as furniture, house,and automotive interior design and construction materials.

In situ scanning electron microscopy of hydrogen embrittlement by near atmospheric-pressure hydrogen microplasma jet.

Elucidation of microstructures responsible for hydrogen embrittlement is hoped for research and development of high-strength low-alloy steel. For this purpose, a novel in situ scanning electron microscopy method of hydrogen embrittlement was developed by using a near atmospheric-pressure hydrogen microplasma jet excited by pulsed glow discharge. By the developed method, propagations of hydrogen embrittlement cracks in typical martensitic steel, Japanese Industrial Standards SCM435 steel, were successfully observed at frame rates at least up to 10.2Hz with the same image quality as in high vacuum. The hydrogen microplasma jet neither elevated the specimen temperature nor damaged the specimen surface. Strain evolution prior to the crack propagations was also successfully observed in conjunction with the digital image correlation technique. It was found that a small electron scattering cross section of the hydrogen molecule, a large density of hydrogen ions in the near atmospheric-pressure microplasma jet, and stabilization of the glow discharge by the electron beam of the scanning electron microscope play a crucial role in the realization of the in situ observations.

Performance of glued laminated timber (glulam) made from Rubberwood with different lamina assembly patterns and adhesive spreads rates

Glued laminated timber (glulam) is a great building material with strong mechanical properties that comprises laminated layers of wood (lamina) glued together with long-lasting structural adhesives. As the supply of large dimensional lumber for construction projects has been in shortage, glulam is the ideal material to replace the lumber because it can be made in various sizes and shapes, including unique arches using relatively small dimensional lumber. This research aims to investigate the effects of different lamina assembly patterns and adhesive spread rates on the physical and mechanical properties of rubberwood glulam. For this purpose, the lab scale of the 3-ply glulam was made from homogenous grades lamina of low-MOE, average-MOE, and high-MOE. In addition, the lab scale of the 3-ply glulam was also produced from mixed grades lamina of low-high-low-MOE and high-low-high-MOE. The glulam was tested to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties based on the Japanese Industrial Standards for glulam (JAS 234-2003). The results show that the lamina assembly patterns significantly affect the mechanical properties of the glulam. Accordingly, the glulam made from a high-MOE lamina at its compression and tension surfaces has the best mechanical properties compared to that made from the other assembly patterns. In addition, although the difference was insignificant, the results showed that adhesive spread rate has positively affected the mechanical properties of the glulam. The results showed that Rubberwood has the potential to be used as raw material for glulam production.

Three-dimensional modelling of tensile behaviour for standard aluminium specimens

The effect of specimen width and incorporation of a circular hole on the tensile behaviour of commercially available aluminium alloy AA 1100 was studied using finite element analysis (FEA) for convergence with the already published experimental work of other researchers. Static structural analysis was conducted to simulate tensile loading of Japanese industrial standard (JIS) specimen JIS Z 2201 No. 13B and No. 5 until the point of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was reached. A strain rate of 0.25 mm/s was used for both the neat specimen and the one bearing a circular hole of 8 mm in diameter at the centre of the specimen. The numerical results exhibited a good agreement with the experimental work by comparison of the percentage elongation for numerical and experimental data. The normal stresses calculated using analytical and numerical approaches also reflected a good convergence. For neat specimens of JIS Z 2201 No. 13B and No. 5, a 100 % increase in specimen width enhanced the load required to reach UTS by 100 %, while elongation was increased by 30 %. On the other hand, for specimens of JIS Z 2201 No. 13B and No. 5, bearing an 8 mm circular hole reduced the load required to reach UTS by 300 %, while elongation was only increased by 25 %. The 200 % decrease in load required to reach UTS and 57 % reduction in elongation was observed by incorporating an 8 mm circular hole in the neat specimens.

Fabrication and Characterization Studies of Alginate Biocomposite Film for Potential Use in Food Sensing Application

This research is about the fabrication and properties study of the alginate bio-composites film for potential use in food sensing applications. A response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the concentration of sodium alginate (1 to 5% w/v), glycerol (0.4 to 0.8% w/v), and maltodextrin (0.4 to 0.8% w/v) as a function of the tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) and toughness (T) of the biofilms. The coefficientdetermination (R2) result obtained for TS against alginate, glycerol and maltodextrin is 81.05%, while for EB and T are 32.07% and 64.70% respectively. It showed that the addition of sodium alginate, glycerol and maltodextrin at different concentrations had significantly affected the TS but no effect on EB and T was observed. The optimization study of the film produces two conditions which are conditions 1 and 2. The optimum conditions parameter for condition 1 is a film with 3.0% alginate concentration, 1.0g/g of glycerol content, and 1.50g/g of maltodextrin content while condition 2 was 1.0% of alginate concentration, 1.0g/g of glycerol content and 0.0g/g maltodextrin content. The values of the TS obtained at the optimized condition were 4.75 MPa and 22.99 MPa which is lower than the predicted value of condition 1 (7.0 MPa) or the maximized TS at condition 2 respectively. The thickness value of edible films in this study had an average of 0.54 mm which was higher than the maximum standard thickness of edible films according to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) which is 0.25 mm. Water Vapour Permeability (WVTR) study indicated that all alginate films in this study had a value higher than the JIS 1975 standard of WVTR for edible films which is at a maximum of 10 g/m2/24 hours. The natural colour from Clitoria Ternatea was successfully immobilized into the alginate-based film and the film become dark purple. Based on the result obtained, prediction equations for responses studied are adequate to describe the experimental data on tensile strength, elongation at break, and toughness. However, further modifications are necessary for improvements in mechanical characteristics in the future.

Effect of maleic anhydride compatibilizer addition on mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA)/cellulose acetate (CA) composites film

Environmental problems caused by the use of undegradable conventional plastics are still the major issue. According to the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) in 2021, plastic waste in Indonesia accumulated as much as 66 million tons per year and is expected to raise gradually. PLA and CA, derived from renewable resources, are biodegradable, thermoplastic, resistant to pressure, and are often used as raw materials for the manufacture of composite plastics. PLA is hydrophobic and CA is hydrophilic, so a compatibilizer is needed as a substance that can improve the mechanical properties, compatibility, and homogeneity of the resulting composite film. This research aims to obtain the ratio of PLA/CA and the concentration of maleic anhydride (MA) compatibilizer to produce PLA/CA composites film with good mechanical strength and according to packaging material standards. The method in this research is solvent casting by synthesizing composite films through sample preparation, modification of CA with MA, grafting of PLA/CA and MA, synthesis of composite films of PLA/CA and MA, as well as several characteristic tests. The results showed that the obtained films were identified as having PLA, CA, and MA, had a relatively smooth surface and were degraded at a temperature treatment of 543 o C. The best film was obtained from mass variations of PLA/CA and MA (6:4:1.5 gram) with a tensile strength of 7.38 MPa, and elongation at break reached 18.11% and met the packaging standard values by Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS).

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Pemlastis Pada Aplikasi Edible Coating Dari Tepung Pektin Apel Pada Buah Tomat

The edible coating is a protective layer that can regulate the rate of respiration. The purpose of the study is to see the effect of adding a plasticizer to the edible coating application of apple pectin flour on tomatoes. Edible coating was made with 2% apple pectin flour and plasticizers glycerol and sorbitol in concentrations of 0.5 percent, 0.6 percent, 0.7 percent, 0.8 percent, 0.9 percent, and 1 percent (v/v). Plasticizer concentrations of 1 percent glycerol and 0.7 percent sorbitol were found to be optimal. The addition of 1% glycerol resulted in 3.673 percent tomato fruit weight loss with a shelf life of more than 20 days, and the addition of 0.7 percent sorbitol resulted in 5.718 percent tomato fruit weight loss with a shelf life of more than 7 days. The percentage of elongation (2.47 percent and 1.125 percent), tensile strength (17.10 and 6.61 Mpa), water vapor transmission rate (5.955 and 7.070 g/m2/day), and thickness (0.06 mm) of edible coating with 1 percent glycerol and 0.7 percent sorbitol were obtained. The thickness, tensile strength, and water vapor transmission rate all met Japanese Industrial Standards, according to these results.