Jackson's Personality Research Form Research Articles

Trait dominance and cardiovascular functioning during social stress.

Cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) to stress has been found to be an important indicator of future ill health, and individual differences in personality have been posited to explain disparities in outcomes. Dominance is associated with forceful persons who desire hierarchy in social interactions. This study investigated dominance and CVR during social or asocial stressors. Sixty-one women, categorized as low, moderate, or high in dominance using the Jackson Personality Research Form, completed a social or asocial stressor while undergoing cardiovascular measurement during baseline, stressor, and recovery phases. A 3 × 2 × 3 analysis of covariance revealed a significant Phase × Stressor × Dominance interaction for systolic blood pressure (SBP). Women with lower and moderate dominance-but not women with higher dominance-exhibited greater SBP responses to stress in the social condition compared with the asocial condition. No significant difference was found for women with higher dominance, indicative of blunted SBP during the social stressor. During recovery, women with lower dominance had marginally elevated SBP in the social condition compared with the asocial condition. The current study extends prior knowledge of the association between dominance and CVR, such that greater dominance was associated with blunted SBP and lower dominance was associated with attenuated recovery to social stress.

Predicting Leader Emergence with Bright and Dark Traits

Leader emergence was regressed on five factor model (FFM; NEO Five-Factor Inventory) traits and four additional traits (achievement, dominance, aggression, and Machiavellianism) in a sample of 280 undergraduates (229 women (82%), 51 men; M age = 19.7 (SD = 1.4). The Jackson Personality Research Form (Jackson, Personality research form manual (3rd ed.). Port Huron, MI: Sigma Assessment Systems, Inc.) measured achievement, dominance, and aggression. Christie and Geis’ (Studies in machiavellianism. San Diego: Academic Press) Mach IV scale measured Machiavellianism. In an independent groups analysis, six of the nine traits showed significant differences, indicating that leaders are less neurotic and Machiavellian, and more extroverted, open, agreeable, and dominant. However, in a logistic regression analysis, which controlled for shared variance among traits, only extraversion, openness, and dominance predicted leader emergence. Previous studies that did not use regression models showed significant differences for a large number of traits. Results from the present study indicate the importance of accounting for shared variance when analyzing personality traits in order to develop parsimonious models.

Trait dominance is associated with vascular cardiovascular responses, and attenuated habituation, to social stress

Both exaggerated and diminished levels of cardiovascular reactivity have been associated with cardiovascular ill health. Dysregulation of hemodynamic mechanisms which control cardiovascular functioning may account for some individual differences in health outcomes. Trait dominance has also been associated with poor cardiovascular health in studies of humans and animals. The current study investigated the relationship between trait dominance and cardiovascular habituation to repeated social stress in humans.Forty-seven undergraduate women completed two consecutive speech tasks, preceded by a baseline period, and separated by an inter-task resting phase. Continuous cardiovascular functioning was monitored using the Finometer device. The trait dominance subscale of the Jackson Personality Research Form was completed.Mixed ANCOVA with trait dominance revealed a significant 3 (dominance)×4 (phase) interaction for total peripheral resistance (TPR), such that TPR varied across experimental phases and was associated with trait dominance, F(1, 43)=12.88, p=.001, partial η2=.23. Further mixed ANCOVA for TPR reactivity to Exposures 1 and 2 revealed a significant 3×2 interaction with trait dominance, F(2, 40)=7.77, p=.001, partial η2=.28, such that higher dominance was associated with attenuated TPR habituation to Exposure 2.Trait dominance was significantly associated with vascular-oriented cardiovascular functioning, and with attenuated habituation to social stress. Vascular-dominated stress responses have in some instances been associated with ill-health, suggesting that a failure to habituate to stress, and a vascular response style could reflect potential mechanisms through which dominance is associated with poor future cardiovascular health.

Psychometric Properties of the Trauma Stages of Recovery

Of the trauma theories available, Herman's has captured the essential features common to most traumatic etiologies. Continued development of this theory has included dimensions within stages of recovery. The Trauma States of Recovery is presented here as a way of assessing stages of recovery and inherent components. Three samples of about 500 college students each and a clinical sample (n=34) were recruited. Independent principal components analyses, employing a scree plot, gave a five-component solution accounting for 40.2% of the total variance. The component solution employed Promax rotation for the correlated components. The five components were named Emotional Awareness and Control, Symptom Mastery, Coping, Memory, and Relationships. Internal consistencies, test-retest reliability, and split-half reliability were acceptable. Response bias was low. Convergent validity (with various subscales from the Beck Depression Inventory, the Self-esteem Scale, the Spielberger Anger-Expression Scale, and the Dissociative Experiences Scale) and discriminant validity (with various subscales of the AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes Survey and Jackson's Personality Research Form Dominance Scale) were promising. The Trauma Stages of Recovery also significantly discriminated between clinical and nonclinical samples on three of the five components, Symptom Mastery, Coping, and Memory.

A five-factor versus six-factor model of personality structure

We evaluated two models of the factor structure underlying the variables of Jackson's ( Personality Research Form Manual, 1984) Personality Research Form (PRF). One model posits the well-known Big Five factors of personality. The second model, in contrast, splits the Conscientiousness factor of the Big Five into an Achievement factor, having to do with ambition and hard work, and a Methodicalness factor, having to do with the need for organization and orderliness. Substantial support for the latter of these two models is presented in three studies, both from results of confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analyses and from the differential predictability of the factors with regard to various criteria. It is concluded that at least six factors are needed to account for behavior consistencies at the highest level of the personality hierarchy.

Studying Intimacy through Dream Narratives: The Relationship of Dreams to Self-Report and Projective Measures of Personality

This study examined whether dreams can be considered narratives in the context of McAdams' model of identity as a life story [1]. Dream reports were collected and scored for intimacy motivation, then compared to more traditional projective and self-report measures. Dreams, autobiographical memories, TAT-type stories, and the Achievement, Affiliation, Dominance, and Nurturance scales of the Jackson Personality Research Form were collected from thirty-two undergraduate subjects. Levels of intimacy in the various measures were consistent with a self-schema model of cognition [2], and the role of dreams within this pattern suggests that dreams can be used effectively as a narrative measure of motivation.

Implicit and Self-Attributed Intimacy Motivation

This study examined relations among implicit intimacy motivation (n Int), self-attributed intimacy motivation (san Int) and social interaction variables; n Int was measured by thematic analysis of imaginative story content, whereas san Int was measured with a self-report questionnaire adapted from the Jackson Personality Research Form. Forty university students kept a daily record of their social interactions for a 1-week period. The results indicated that n Int and san Int were not significantly correlated, were associated with different quantitative dimensions of social interaction and were both independent predictors of the valence of social interaction. Although neither n Int nor san Int were significantly related to self-disclosure, the two types of intimacy motivation seemed to be particularly responsive to different environmental cues in social interaction for self-disclosure. These results are consistent with research on the implicit and self-attributed measures of other social motives.

SASB: A Bridge Between Personality Theory and Clinical Psychology

Four promising approaches from personality psychology are assessed for validity and clinical utility-Allport's theory of personality; the jive-factor model (FFM); the Interpersonal Circle (IPC), first applied to clinical problems by Leary; and Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB), applied in a Trait × State × Situation context. The FFM (derived from Jackson's Personality Research Form), IPC (as measured by Wiggins's Interpersonal Adjective Scales-Revised [IAS-R]), and SASB (as measured by Intrex questionnaires) approaches were compared in a sample of 73 hospitalized psychiatric inpatients. The FFM showed moderate structural validity. Correspondences between theory and data for IAS-R and for SASB were better. Each of the three approaches yielded significant differences among Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic groups. Canonical Rs between the symptoms of anxiety and depression and the three selected social measures also were significant. Clearly, there were associations among these personality measures, psychiatric symptoms, and diagnosis. It is suggested that clinical usefulness is greater for models that invoke hypothetical constructs (e.g., IPC, SASB) than for models that are purely descriptive (e.g., FFM). The SASB model is preferable for clinical use because, compared to the IPC, it is able to describe more features of personality. Recent applications of the SASB model to DSM categories of personality are expected to improve reliability of diagnosis. The SASB model also has generated testable and refutable hypotheses about psychosocial causes of personality problems. These formulations have clear psychotherapeutic implications.

Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality.

The article presents a theoretical framework for studying emotion-personality relations and an empirical study of the stability of 88 normal middle-class mothers' emotion experiences and their relations to personality during the 3 years after childbirth. Ss completed the Differential Emotions Scale (DES), Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire, Jackson's Personality Research Form, and Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale. The DES demonstrated stability over 3 years. There was individual stability despite changes in group means during the postpartum period. Positive emotionality, as well as the discrete emotions of interest, enjoyment, and shyness, predicted Extraversion. Negative emotionality and the discrete negative emotions were significant predictors of Neuroticism. Positive emotionality was inversely related to Neuroticism. There were expectable correlations among specific emotions and primary traits of personality.

A preliminary comparison of selected PRF and DPQ scales

Seven pairs of personality scales were selected from Tellegen's differential Personality Questionnaire (DPQ) and Jackson's Personality Research Form (PRF) on the basis of similar or opposite scale definitions. It was hypothesized that the conceptual relationships that are seen in the scale definitions would be reflected in strong correlations between the selected scale pairs. The items which compose each pair of scales were examined to determine the degree of item similarity. Pearson correlations between the scale pairs showed strong and significant relationships in the directions predicted from scale definitions. These findings were presented in the form of an abbreviated Campbell-Fiske matrix and discussed in relation both to the degree of item similarity in the scale pairs and to convergent and divergent validity issues. An intercorrelation matrix of all DPQ and PRF scales was also presented.

Personality characteristics of Zimbabwean men who visit prostitutes: Implications for AIDS prevention programmes

Prostitutes and their clients are at heightened risk for HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. There are several HIV prevention programmes for prostitutes and some for clients, but the latter have faced considerable difficulties. In an attempt to provide insights that may improve the effectiveness of AIDS prevention programmes for clients, Jackson's Personality Research Form was used to compare the personality characteristics of 77 male teacher-trainees who reported having visited a prostitute and 67 male teacher-trainees who reported never having done so. In relation to those who have not visited a prostitute, those who had done so were significantly lower in achievement-orientation and desire for detailed, unambiguous knowledge and higher in impulsivity, pleasure seeking, exhibitionism and ego-defensiveness. It is concluded that AIDS prevention programmes for clients should ensure that these men always carry condoms, try to promote sufficient self-control to enable them to defer sex until a condom is available and fitted, stress the hedonistic and exhibitionistic dimensions of condom use and above all, given the high ego-defensiveness of men who visit prostitutes, avoid arousing their suspicion or insecurity.

The relation between dominance, anger, and hormones in normally aging men: results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.

This paper examines the relation of two personality characteristics (dominance and anger) to hormones in normally aging men. The relation of the Jackson Personality Research Form E Dominance subscale and the Spielberger Anger Expression scale to serum levels of 17 endocrine variables, including testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), cortisol, and prolactin, was examined in 1709 men aged 39 to 70 years randomly sampled from the Boston Metropolitan Statistical Area. Canonical correlation analysis resulted in the identification of a personality profile characterized as dominant with some aggressive behavior that tends to correlate with a hormonal pattern labeled the "availability of androgens." These results partially support previous findings in animals, adolescents, and criminal populations that "aggressive dominance" is related to testosterone.

Personality correlates of chemically dependent patients scoring high versus low on the MacAndrew scale.

This article assesses the relationship between high or low standing on the MacAndrew scale (Mac) of the MMPI and personality traits from the Jackson's Personality Research Form. Subjects were 376 adult patients being treated in a specialized substance abuse program

Perceptual Aberration, Magical Ideation, and the Jackson Personality Research Form

Perceptual Aberration, Magical Ideation, and the Jackson Personality Research Form

Person-Environment Fit as a Predictor of Hospital Pharmacist Job Performance

The relationship between person-environment fit and job performance of hospital pharmacists was examined. Person-environment fit is the extent to which personal needs are supplied in the work environment. Pharmacists (n = 86) from 10 hospitals completed a survey that assessed their need for certain attributes in the work environment and their perception of the extent to which those attributes were supplied. Statements from the Jackson Personality Research Form A were used to assess need for achievement, autonomy, cognitive structure, endurance, order, and social recognition. Statements from the same form were used to assess the degree to which respondents perceived that the hospital pharmacy environment supplied the six attributes. Person-environment fit was calculated by subtracting the environmental supply score from the personal need score. Job performance was rated by supervisors. The respondents' highest need was for achievement and lowest need was for autonomy. The supply of five of the attributes was rated similarly; the supply of autonomy was perceived to be significantly lower. Scores for person-environment fit showed that the need for endurance was most closely matched by the work environment and the need for autonomy was most poorly matched. Overall job performance was not predicted by the person-environment fit score for any of the attributes. The supply of autonomy predicted 17% of the variance in performance scores. Job performance was significantly associated with the environmental supply of autonomy but not with person-environment fit.

The Protestant ethic and self-characterization

The present study investigated the relationship between endorsement of the Protestant Ethic and self-characterizations reflected in personality test scores and self-ratings. As anticipated, the stronger the endorsement of Protestant Ethic ideology, the greater the tendency to describe oneself as having dispositions that are highly valued by that ideology. Endorsement was positively related to scores on Jackson's Personality Research Form (PRF) [ Personality Research Form Manual (2nd edn), 1974] for Achievement, Endurance, and Order, and negatively related to scores for Impulsivity and Autonomy. Strength of Protestant Ethic endorsement was also positively related to the tendency to rate oneself as high in willpower and self-discipline, and as low in anxiety in comparison with ‘other college students’. A negative correlation between endorsement and scores on the Infrequency scale of the PRF suggests that persons who avow the Protestant Ethic may indeed be predisposed to act in accordance with its prescriptions.

Personality correlates of eating attitudes in a nonclinical sample

Few studies have investigated the relationship between eating history, attitudes and/or behaviors, and personality in nonclinical populations. This is a report of a serendipitous finding with 122 female undergraduates and a partial replication of that study with 40 older college females. Multiple regression analyses were carried out with the Restraint Scale, Eating Attitudes Test, and self-report of weight history used as predictors of personality. The Jackson Personality Research Form scales were found to have significant relationships, modest in size but large in number of scales affected, with eating history and/or lifestyle. This suggests an overlooked connection between eating behaviors and personality in normal as well as clinically impaired females.

DO PEOPLE MAKE THE PLACE? AN EXAMINATION OF THE ATTRACTION‐SELECTION‐ATTRITION HYPOTHESIS

This study tests the hypotheses that (1) congruence between internal need states and external environments drives the organizational‐choice process and (2) those attracted to particular organizations are more homogeneous than the applicant pool in general. Subjects were evaluated on 14 needs using the Jackson Personality Research Form. They then viewed two video‐taped segments of simulated campus interviews to gain information about two distinct types of organizational reward systems. The interview segments entered the discussion in progress to avoid any reference to a particular job that might introduce an occupational confound. Subjects received job offers from both organizations and were asked to indicate which of the two organizations they found more attractive by accepting one of the offers. Analysis of variance results indicated only weak support for the congruency hypothesis. Differences were observed in nAch between the groups of subjects attracted to each organization. No differences were found for any of the other need strength measures. This suggests that the subjects attracted to the different organizations were substantially similar. Hierarchial factor analysis of the PRF has suggested a six‐factor structure that appears consistent with the second‐order factors from other respectable personality measures. This suggests that the second‐order solution may be a parsimonious mapping of the personality domain and may therefore be more relevant in testing these hypotheses. The analysis was repeated using these dimensions. The results suggest that work force homogeneity may be more complex than originally considered. Implications for the homogeneity hypothesis are discussed, and suggestions for further study of this concept are offered.

Longitudinal psychological assessment in tetralogy of Fallot.

To determine whether preoperative psychological testing in children with cyanotic heart disease could provide an accurate estimate of adult performance, we studied 21 subjects (mean age, 30.3 +/- 4.8 years) who had undergone surgical repair for tetralogy of Fallot between 1958 and 1966 (mean age, 8.7 +/- 3.9 years); 17 received childhood preoperative testing (mean age, 8.9 +/- 4.2) and four had early postoperative testing. Follow-up psychological tests administered in 1983 included Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised, Jackson Personality Research Form E, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and a questionnaire-interview on educational, occupational, and psychosocial status. Adult IQ (x = 93.4 +/- 15.6) and child IQ (x = 97.5 +/- 14.6) scores were highly correlated (r = 0.87, p less than 0.01), revealing considerable stability across 22.3 +/- 2.2 years. On 17 of 22 Jackson personality scales, the subjects (S) were within the normal range. Scoring below the 16th percentile were 11/21 S on intellectual curiosity, 9/21 S on adaptability to change, and 8/21 S on leadership skills. Scoring above the 84th percentile were 8/21 S on harm avoidance and 8/21 S on giving nurturance to others. Univariate one-way ANOVAs indicated that those subjects with the higher IQ scores had the higher incomes, job levels, and educational attainments. We conclude that the results of perioperative psychological testing in children with tetralogy of Fallot are congruent with postoperative adult intellectual and psychosocial status.

Women's Underrepresentation in Pharmacy Practice Managment Positions

Three speculations concerning women in pharmacy management positions were examined: (1) women have not been in practice long enough to have risen to manapement positions, (2) women are not motivated to assume managerial responsibilities, and (3) childbearing and rearing roles result in reduced labor force participation which interferes with women's professional development. Results from a mail survey of 228 chain pharmacists indicate that (1) women are underrepresented in management positions during their first four years of practice, but achieve statistical parity with men in management positions by their fifth year; (2) men and women demonstrated no differences in their degree of ascendancy, as measured by the Jackson Personality Research Form; and (3) women's reduced labor force participation appears to be rooted more in economics than social roles. The data do not support fully any of the three speculations concerning women in pharmacy management positions.