Question Items Research Articles

The Influence of Differentiated Learning Strategies by Paying Attention to Different Learning Styles of Students to Improve Science Learning Outcomes

The study aims to examine the Influence of Differentiated Learning Strategies by Paying Attention to Different Learning Styles of Students to Improve Science Learning Outcomes. The study was conducted at SDN 2 Sanggrahan in grade VI students. The sampling technique used the purposive sampling area method. The study used a quasi-experimental design with data collection techniques through post-tests in the form of multiple choice and descriptive questions, observation, documentation and interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical tests including normality tests, Data Analysis using Paired Sample t-Test. Based on the Validity Test, the results showed r = 0.82 α> (0.05) so that all question items showed valid results. Reliability test if the value of α> 0.738 the value is reliable, namely 0.789 Then the results of the normality test of the learning outcome value of 0.389> α (0.05) exceed the significant value, then the variable value is normally distributed, continued using the Paired Sample t-Test, the results of the t-test learning outcomes at a sig value of 0.00 <α (0.05) then reject H0. So it can be concluded that there is an Influence of Differentiated Learning Strategies by Paying Attention to Different Learning Styles of Students to Improve Science Learning Outcomes.

Application of the Rasch Model to the Evaluation of Biological Problems

Evaluation of student abilities in Biology subjects often faces challenges in ensuring that the instruments used actually measure what they are supposed to measure. The data analysis used is the Rasch model, which is part of item response theory, offering a more accurate approach in analyzing evaluation data. This model allows the identification of items that are inappropriate or too difficult, as well as providing more in-depth information about individual student abilities. Through analysis of instruments and question items from 30 multiple choice questions that emphasize critical thinking skills, the aim of this research is to assess the quality of Biology questions for class X SMA. Testing was carried out using WinStep software and Rasch modeling analysis on 166 students from five high schools/vocational schools. The research method used is quantitative. The results of the instrument investigation show that the issue has very good dependability and the unidimensionality of the instrument is indicated by unexplained changes in the first differentiation. These results show that the Rasch test can help educators in selecting questions that meet the evaluation criteria and contribute to improving the quality of national education. The implications of this research are By applying the Rasch Model, educators can develop more accurate and fair evaluation tools, which are able to identify individual student difficulties and strengths.

Developing and validating a content quality evaluation tool for cancer mobile applications

IntroductionCancer remains a leading cause of death, underscoring the importance of reliable health apps. This study aims to design and validate a content quality evaluation tool for cancer mobile applications ensuring they provide standard services and features to users.MethodThis descriptive-analytical study was conducted in steps including identifying mobile application contents, designing and validating evaluation tool. Studies published until February 19, 2023, in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Scientific Information Database (SID) databases, as well as mobile applications in Myket, Bazaar, and Google Play, were searched. Data extraction and expert panel validation followed, leading to four expert sessions to design the tool. Nineteen oncologists, health information management and medical informatics specialties were included in the study as a research community. The tool’s face validity, content validity and reliability were assessed using CVR (Content Validity Ratio), CVI (Content Validity Index), and Cronbach’s alpha respectively.ResultsOut of 242 initial search results in databases and 125 mobile applications in app stores, 25 articles and 20 mobile applications included based on the search limits. The designed tools consist of 8 main themes (prevention, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, education, communication, requests/order and other) with 43 question items. All items received scores above 0.79 in CVI and 0.42 in CVR, leading to their approval and the reliability of the tool was accepted with a score of 0.967.ConclusionEvaluating cancer mobile applications can be very helpful in developing useful and supportive mobile apps, and assist health policymakers in identifying and recommending high-quality cancer-related apps. This will enable patients to choose the most suitable apps, enhancing the quality of cancer care.

Korelasi Antara Kecerdasan Emosional dengan Interaksi Sosial Siswa di Sekolah Dasar

This research explains whether there is a relationship between students' emotional intelligence and social interaction in class V students. This research uses quantitative research with a descriptive approach and uses a questionnaire with a Likert scale type and has 5 alternative answers. At the start of the research, the questionnaire was tested by a team of experts (validators) to ensure that the questionnaire was suitable for use in research. Then the questionnaire sheet was tested on fifth grade students, then analyzed using validity and reliability tests. You can see whether the question items are valid or not, then analyzed for research using valid and reliable question items (validity test and reliability test). Then further research was carried out using data analysis tests using simple linear regression tests and hypothesis testing was carried out using the t test, f test and coefficient of determination. The results of the research can be concluded that the research data carried out is in accordance with the collection procedures carried out using the SPSS 22 program. This is proven by the results of data analysis tests using simple linear regression techniques so that the F_regression value = 15.352 > 4.14 with a significance of 0.000<0.05 is obtained. From these results, emotional intelligence has an effective contribution of 31.7% to social interaction. These data can be said to show that there is a relationship between emotional intelligence and social interaction.

Pengaruh Store Atmosphere, Shopping Lifestyle, dan Fashion Involvement terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen Generasi Z pada Produk UNIQLO

This quantitative study aims to analyze the effects of store atmosphere, shopping lifestyle, and fashion involvement on Generation Z consumers' purchasing decisions for UNIQLO products. The study sample comprises 100 consumers aged 17–23 years who have purchased Uniqlo products directly from outlets. Data collection was conducted using a survey method with a questionnaire as the instrument. Instrument testing showed that all question items were valid and reliable. The classic assumption tests indicate that the data is normally distributed, and the regression model is free from multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity. Hypothesis testing using Multiple Linear Regression analysis reveals that: (1) store atmosphere positively and significantly influences purchasing decisions, (2) shopping lifestyle positively and significantly influences purchasing decisions, and (3) fashion involvement positively and significantly influences purchasing decisions. The study findings suggest that a well-crafted store atmosphere enhances consumer purchasing decisions. Additionally, the more resources consumers allocate to obtaining desired clothing, the higher the purchasing decisions are likely to be. Likewise, higher consumer involvement in fashion-related aspects strengthens purchasing decisions. These insights can help companies develop marketing strategies, including optimizing store atmosphere, designing targeted promotions to stimulate a shopping lifestyle, and increasing consumer engagement in fashion-related aspects.

A pilot translation and adaptation of the Diabetes Obstacle Questionnaire (DOQ) to measure obstacles and challenges in diabetes management for people with diabetes in Indonesia

Introduction: Identifying the issues faced by Indonesians living with diabetes is crucial to address them appropriately. However, a standardized tool cannot measure the obstacles encountered in managing illness. Therefore, there is a need for widely accepted assessment tools to investigate these problems. This article explains the findings of the pilot translation and adaptation of the Diabetes Obstacle Questionnaire (DOQ) for people with diabetes in Indonesia. Methods: The English version of the DOQ was cross-culturally adapted and translated into Bahasa, Indonesia. The completion of the questionnaire required approximately 30 min for each of the 61 respondents, all of whom were Indonesians diagnosed with diabetes. Factor analysis, product moment, and Cronbach’s alpha were used in STATA SE 13.1 for data analysis. Results: The original 78 items underwent a systematic process of translation and adaptation to align with the Indonesian context. Twenty-one items were eliminated, leaving 57 valid question items following a judgement of expert and statistical analysis. The reliability coefficient of the Indonesian version of the DOQ was acceptable, with a value of 0.96 for all items. The coefficient varied between 0.82 and 0.99 for different scales, indicating high internal consistency reliability. Conclusions: The Indonesian version of the 57-item DOQ is an acceptable instrument that can be used to identify obstacles faced by people with diabetes in Indonesia. This can facilitate researchers in investigating the problems faced by those living with diabetes in managing their condition.

Validity and Reliability of Mathematical Reasoning Ability Instruments in High Schools with Winsteps

The mathematical reasoning ability in understanding mathematical material in high school students still has not touched perfect scores. A valid and reliable instrument is needed in measuring mathematical reasoning skills in students. Validity and reliability testing of the instrument is carried out to ensure whether an instrument can be used to provide accurate results in a measurement being performed. Therefore, this study aims to determine the level of validity and reliability of mathematical reasoning skills in students using Winsteps. The method used in this study is a quantitative survey method, with 252 respondents in high schools in Jakarta. This study uses 3 indicators that are a reference in measuring the mathematical reasoning ability possessed by students. The validity test on the instrument shows that all items on the instrument are valid because they meet the criteria of MNSQ, ZSTD, and Pt Mean Corr except for item 1 which has a ZSTD value of > 2.0 and item 3 has a ZSTD value of < -2.0. Meanwhile, the reliability test obtained an Alpha Cronbach calculation of 0.74 which means that the value of the reliability item is high so that the instrument is declared reliable for use. The DIF analysis using winsteps shows that all question items used in the instrument are valid because none of the question items contain bias referring to the DIF Analysis criteria, namely the DIF Contrast value > 0.5 and the probability value < 0.05 where all the value of the question items actually obtained a DIF Contrast value of < 0.5 and a probability value > 0.05.

Exploring the Variations in the Use of Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) in Literature: A Survey of Studies Published from 2014 to 2023.

Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) is a frequently used psychometric tool to evaluate the dental anxiety level of dental patients or the general population. However, it was largely unclear if MDAS was consistently administered in the original format in the academic literature. This work aimed to survey the literature published in the last 10 years to reveal the current usage of MDAS. Web of Science and Scopus were queried to identify papers that mentioned the use of MDAS. Among a total of 260 analyzed papers, 101 papers included comprehensive information regarding both the questions posed and the response format employed. Two papers only used an explicitly renamed MDAS with modified contents. Among the 258 papers that used MDAS that were supposed to be standardized, many discrepancies from the original version were discovered. There were only 39 papers that strictly followed the recommended scoring scheme: if a participant had a score of ≥ 19, he or she might be highly dentally anxious. Notable modifications included the use of a cut-off score different from the original recommendation, the use of multiple cut-off scores, modifications of the response format or descriptors, and modifications to the question items especially adding extra questions. These modifications would create confusion when researchers and clinicians tried to compare data across studies. Researchers are recommended to administer MDAS in its original format.

Increased accessibility of computer-based testing for residency application to a hospital in Brazil with item characteristics comparable to paper-based testing: a psychometric study

With the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, online high-stakes exams have become a viable alternative. This study evaluated the feasibility of computer-based testing (CBT) for medical residency applications in Brazil and its impacts on item quality and applicants’ access compared to paper-based testing. In 2020, an online CBT was conducted in a Ribeirao Preto Clinical Hospital in Brazil. In total, 120 multiple-choice question items were constructed. Two years later, the exam was performed as paper-based testing. Item construction processes were similar for both exams. Difficulty and discrimination indexes, point-biserial coefficient, difficulty, discrimination, guessing parameters, and Cronbach’s α coefficient were measured based on the item response and classical test theories. Internet stability for applicants was monitored. In 2020, 4,846 individuals (57.1% female, mean age of 26.64±3.37 years) applied to the residency program, versus 2,196 individuals (55.2% female, mean age of 26.47±3.20 years) in 2022. For CBT, there was an increase of 2,650 applicants (120.7%), albeit with significant differences in demographic characteristics. There was a significant increase in applicants from more distant and lower-income Brazilian regions, such as the North (5.6% vs. 2.7%) and Northeast (16.9% vs. 9.0%). No significant differences were found in difficulty and discrimination indexes, point-biserial coefficients, and Cronbach’s α coefficients between the 2 exams. Online CBT with multiple-choice questions was a viable format for a residency application exam, improving accessibility without compromising exam integrity and quality.

Diminished sense of agency inhibits paretic upper-limb use in patients with post-stroke motor deficits

Post-stroke motor deficits often disrupt the voluntary control of body movements, leading to abnormal feelings. Among these, alterations in the sense of agency (SoA), the feeling of controlling one’s movement, are notable because SoA facilitates actions. However, whether patients with more severe motor deficits experience poorer SoA and SoA’s clinical impact on motor activity remain unclear. To address these questions, this longitudinal study quantified SoA in 156 post-stroke patients through factor analyses with multiple question items to differentiate SoA from potentially confounding discomfort. Structural equation modeling revealed that SoA decreased significantly with upper-limb motor deficit severity and that reduced SoA correlated significantly with decreased paretic upper-limb use. Notably, this effect persisted after controlling for motor deficit severity, suggesting a direct clinical impact of SoA on motor activity. Further, improvements in SoA were significantly associated with increased upper-limb use in patients with moderate or severe motor deficits, emphasizing the role of SoA in maintaining or increasing paretic upper-limb activity. These findings highlight the importance of rehabilitation treatments that consider patients' subjective experiences, particularly agency attribution.

Analyzing Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction with Organic Coffee in E-Commerce

In recent years, there has been a notable increase in interest in sustainable products, particularly organic goods, driven by the push for sustainable societies. However, Japan’s organic market lags behind the global trend, representing just 0.3% of total farmland in 2021. To tackle this issue, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries introduced the “Green Strategy,” with the goal of raising the organic share to 25% by 2050. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant lifestyle changes, such as increased remote work and reduced outdoor activities, leading to a surge in the E-commerce market and an increased need for analyzing consumer satisfaction. To enhance Japan’s organic market, it is crucial to familiarize consumers with organic products like coffee, tea, and snacks. This study proposes a model using E-commerce customer reviews to predict consumer satisfaction. The aim is to improve services and develop new strategies based on customer preferences, promoting sustainable growth and enhancing customer satisfaction. This study delves into the impact of factors derived from latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) on consumer satisfaction with organic coffee, utilizing three years of data from Rakuten Marketplace customer reviews (2017–2019). A total of 1444 review texts were analyzed, including 154 low-rated reviews (ratings 1–3) and 1290 high-rated reviews (ratings 4–5). To build a satisfaction prediction model using regression analysis, a survey was conducted using question items explored through factor analysis to assess the reliability of items in conveying the consistent meanings of high frequency words extracted by LDA: “taste,” “aroma,” “gift,” “sales/discounts,” “freshness,” and “decaffeinated.” The results of the regression analysis revealed that “gift,” “sales/discounts,” and “decaffeinated” significantly impact consumer satisfaction. Insights derived from these factors illuminate marketing strategies that focus on delivering happiness through products, adding value through pricing strategies, and introducing benefits and consumption methods that effectively meet customer needs. These findings underscore the potential of customer reviews to enhance consumer satisfaction and inform strategic marketing decisions, thereby contributing to the growth and success of the organic coffee market.

Pengaruh Stres Kerja, Pengembangan Karir dan Kepribadian terhadap Komitmen Organisasional: Studi pada RSUD Dr. Gondo Suwarno Ungaran Kabupaten Semarang

The research aims to analyze the influence of work stress, career development and personality on organizational commitment at RSUD Dr. Gondo Suwarno Ungaran, Semarang Regency. The type of data used is primary data, namely data obtained directly from original sources in the form of questionnaires. The population of this study were employees at RSUD Dr. Gondo Suwarno Ungaran. Sampling was carried out using a purposive sampling technique, namely a sampling technique using certain criteria, so that a sample of 315 respondents was obtained. The data collected was analyzed using factor analysis to test the validity of the question items, test reliability using Cronbach Alpha, and test hypotheses using multiple linear regression. The research results show that the work stress variable has no effect on organizational commitment, the career development variable has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment, and the personality variable has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment.

Optimizing the frequency of question items for bird species in quiz-style online training

Citizen science plays an important role in monitoring for biodiversity conservation. More efficient online training is needed to help citizens improve their species-identification skills, but such training remains a challenging task. We previously developed an online birdsong-identification training tool called TORI-TORE. However, its adaptive algorithm, in which question items regarding the species with lower correct answer rates for each user were presented more frequently, was not as effective as the conventional baseline training, in which the frequency of question items was uniform among species. In the present study, we introduce new algorithms, namely, the frequency-adjustment algorithm, which prioritizes species that are expected to have a large training effect, and the interactive algorithm, which allows users to adjust the frequency of question items regarding species by themselves. We then evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithms in a randomized controlled trial, based on test scores and questionnaire responses. At the same time, we compare the new algorithms with the previous adaptive algorithm. The frequency-adjustment group showed the most improvement in scores, ahead of the interactive group, the frequency-Adjustment + interactive group, and the baseline group. The frequency-adjustment algorithm also improved scores to a greater extent compared with the adaptive algorithm implemented in our previous experiment in 2021. However, participants in the frequency-adjustment group had difficulty perceiving changes in their own interest in learning birdsongs, and so a future version of TORI-TORE may need to allow for the selection of not only the frequency-adjustment algorithm but also the frequency-adjustment + interactive algorithm.

Development of Assessment Instruments with a Contextual Approach to Determine the Profile of Conservation Education and Learning Independence on Biodiversity

Conservation education is one of the noble values that must be preserved and students can maintain the sustainability of biodiversity around them. This study aimed to develop an assessment instrument to determine the profile of conservation education and learning independence on biodiversity. This type of research is R D with a 4-D model. The population of the study is all students of grade 10 of State Senior High School 1 Godean and the samples used are grade 10D and 10F. The data collection technique used a five-question essay instrument sheet to determine conservation education and a Guttman scale questionnaire instrument to determine learning independence. The analysis technique used descriptive quantitative and qualitative. The results of this study were that the instrument was said to be good with revisions according to the construct validator. The validity of the question items showed that the essay questions were said to be valid, reliable, had a discriminatory power between good enough, and the difficulty level ranged from easy to moderate according to the empirical validator. The value of students' conservation education fell into the good category with a complete value achievement of 73%. Students' learning independence is also classified as very high, because all indicators are dominated by very high indicators. These results indicate that the profile of conservation education and learning independence of students at State Senior High School 1 Godean is classified as good and very high

THE EFFECT OF BOOKLET MEDIA HEALTH EDUCATION ON MOTHERS’ KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PICKY EATERS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Introduction: Picky eating is a behavior that is difficult to eat in children with a strong tendency to be picky about food, consuming less varied food, limiting intake of certain foods, both familiar and new types of food to try. Good maternal knowledge is needed to be able to deal with picky eater behavior in children appropriately and prevent the picky eater problem from getting worse. Lack of knowledge causes limited information as a reference for action. Health education about picky eaters is carried out as an effort to increase mothers' knowledge about picky eaters. Carrying out health education using booklet media will help receive information about picky eaters more optimally. This research aims to analyze the effect of booklet media health education on mothers' knowledge about picky eaters in preschool children. Methods: This research design uses pre-experimental with one group pre-test and post-test. Using total sampling with a population of 40 respondents. The data collection method uses a questionnaire with 20 question items whose validity and reliability have been tested. The questionnaire is suitable to be used to measure mothers' knowledge about picky eaters in preschool children. Results: The results of the research using the Wilcoxon test obtained sig (0.000) <0.05) which means there is an influence on mothers' knowledge about picky eaters before and after health education. Conclusions: Booklet media health education has a significant effect on mothers' level of knowledge about picky eaters in preschool children.

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORTS ENGAGEMENT AMONG GEN Z PARTICIPANTS IN MODUL NUSANTARA INBOUND RELATED TO PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSIONS: A FOLLOW-UP REVIEW

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the active personality habits of student exchange in the Modul Nusantara movement toward their level of participation in sports and the risk of psychological impacts during the inbound activity. This study did not include a review of the Modul Nusantara activity process and lectures based on scientific areas. Methods: This study utilises a quantitative descriptive research design, combining two methods: survey and bibliometric analysis. The primary goal is to identify barriers in engaging in sports among specific students who participate in the Modul Nusantara activity. The participants were selected from a list of 99 student populations. These students were accepted by Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta to participate in student exchanges under the MBKM program, which is facilitated by the PMM scheme administered by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology. Participants were selected using a population of 85 individuals, including 37 males and 48 females, who voluntarily participated part in generating the information. The study used questionnaires to assess motives engaging sports activity through exercise barrier questionnaires, as well as bibliometric measurements using digital learning media to verify the effects of obstacle activities on stress, depression, and anxiety levels. Data measurement analysis is conducted using descriptive statistical tests and calculation formulas that are based on the measurement category approach of each instrument, with a particular focus on the psychosocial element. Additional investigation into the association between variables related to barriers to physical activity, in connection to mental factors, including sub-indicators such as depression, anxiety, and stress. Results: Distinct findings from the distribution of perception to the exercise motive questionnaire revealed that most participants expressed disagreement with the statements in the instrument. However, the second highest response, particularly among inbound students, demonstrated agreement with the 12 indicators of challenge motivations in exercise. Psychosocial aspect data revealed a leftward trend in the distribution of responses. Each question item reflects the individual's condition, with answers indicating experiences at a certain level or throughout a certain period of time, some time, or experiences that do not apply to the subject at all. A thorough investigation of each item related to the correlation between barrier to exercise and psychosocial aspects revealed that variables such as lack of a preferred exercise location in close location, unfamiliarity with the nearest exercise facility, living at a considerable distance from colleagues, a far-off exercise location, preference for activities besides exercise, laziness, lack of motivation to exercise, and insufficient time or minimal time allocation for exercise exhibit a strong correlation (r0.05; p: 0.05) and a very powerful correlation (r0.05; p: 0.01) with dimensions of depression, anxiety, and stress. At the same time, weather conditions are strongly correlated with depression and stress. Additional variables, plenty of college assignments (r: 0.298 0.05; p: 0.006 0.05) and insufficient time for physical exercise (r: 0.355 0.05; p: 0.000 0.01) are strongly and significantly associated only with anxiety. In contrast to other variables, lack of exercise among friends and family members proved to be rather unsatisfactory in terms of depression, anxiety, and stress. In conclusion, Objectives xdriving physical activity and exercise among students participating in the Modul Nusantara strongly associated with the likelihood of developing depression, anxiety, and stress. This, in turn, can lead to a decrease in the willingness to engage in physical activity, therefore reducing the chance of impaired immunity associated with mental illnesses. More extensive study will be expected to explore in greater depth about the ratio of lectures load during inbound in each inbound students, possibilities for physical activity and recreation, and more thorough psychological factors.

The legality and appropriateness of keeping Korean Medical Licensing Examination items confidential: a comparative analysis and review of court rulings

This study examines the legality and appropriateness of keeping the multiple-choice question items of the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (KMLE) confidential. Through an analysis of cases from the United States, Canada, and Australia, where medical licensing exams are conducted using item banks and computer-based testing, we found that exam items are kept confidential to ensure fairness and prevent cheating. In Korea, the Korea Health Personnel Licensing Examination Institute (KHPLEI) has been disclosing KMLE questions despite concerns over exam integrity. Korean courts have consistently ruled that multiple-choice question items prepared by public institutions are non-public information under Article 9(1)(v) of the Korea Official Information Disclosure Act (KOIDA), which exempts disclosure if it significantly hinders the fairness of exams or research and development. The Constitutional Court of Korea has upheld this provision. Given the time and cost involved in developing high-quality items and the need to accurately assess examinees’ abilities, there are compelling reasons to keep KMLE items confidential. As a public institution responsible for selecting qualified medical practitioners, KHPLEI should establish its disclosure policy based on a balanced assessment of public interest, without influence from specific groups. We conclude that KMLE questions qualify as non-public information under KOIDA, and KHPLEI may choose to maintain their confidentiality to ensure exam fairness and efficiency.

Item Analysis of School Examination Questions Using the Iteman Program

This study aims to analyze and describe question items based on validity, reliability, difficulty index, differentiation index and the effectiveness of distractors on the final exam of the odd semester of class X SMA Kartika 1-5 Padang in the 2023/2024 school year. The method used is descriptive quantitative. Data obtained in the form of answer sheets of 23 students of SMA Kartika 1-5 Padang using the Iteman program. The results showed that the reliability of the questions carried out on students obtained an Alpa Cronbach score of 0.830 in the Iteman program. The question is declared reliable because the reliability index is above 0.60. Based on the Differentiation Index, it is known that 23 questions are categorized as feasible, 7 questions are categorized as inappropriate and need to be revised. Then based on the Difficulty Level Index, it is known that 5 questions are at a difficult level, 21 questions at an easy level and 5 questions at a very easy level.

Meningkatkan Mutu Evaluasi Pembelajaran: Analisis Soal Pilihan Ganda Bahasa Arab

<p style="text-align: justify;">Learning evaluation is one part of the learning process. Through evaluation, a teacher can find out students' abilities and understanding of the material they have studied. Evaluation instruments require quality tests or questions in terms of validity, reliability, level of difficulty, distinguishing power and effectiveness of distractors. Question items prepared by a teacher to test students' abilities must be recommended to be tested for suitability based on these aspects so that the instruments that have been prepared can be used according to their function. This research was conducted using a descriptive methodology and quantitative research form. The research instrument used was 15 grade 5 PAS Arabic multiple choice questions and the research subjects were 5th grade students at SDIT Al Inayah for the 2023-2024 academic year who were tested by 37 participants. The results of the analysis of the questions in this study in the validity aspect were still not good because only 3 questions (20%) were valid. Then, in terms of the level of difficulty, it is sufficient but not yet balanced because no difficult questions were found. From the aspect of discriminating power, the questions studied were quite good and produced a discriminating power of each question which was 40% and good, reaching 33%. The effectiveness of the distractors in this study was also sufficient because 25% of the distractors were found to be functional, and 25% were rejected. Thus, from the results of this analysis, a teacher can improve and develop question items that are still not good in some of these aspects.</p>

Do impulse control difficulties moderate the relationship between intermittent fasting and disordered eating?

BackgroundRecent findings suggest positive associations between intermittent fasting (IF, i.e., an eating pattern that consists of alternating between consuming and abstaining calories over specified periods of time) and disordered eating (DE), including binge eating, laxative use, and self-induced vomiting. However, as not all individuals who engage in IF present with DE, the current study aimed to investigate whether 1) IF was associated with elevated DE, and 2) impulse control difficulties differentially predict DE in intermittent fasters compared to non-intermittent fasters. MethodsParticipants included 929 undergraduates (M = 19.8, SD = 2.97) from a university in the United States. IF was assessed with a single item question, “Do you intentionally engage in intermittent fasting in order to lose/maintain your weight or due to health-related motivations?” The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire was used to measure DE (i.e., global score, restraint, eating, shape, and weight concerns). One subscale from the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale was used to measure impulse control difficulties. Hierarchal regressions examined whether impulse control difficulties moderated the relationship between IF and DE while controlling for age, gender, race, and ethnicity. ResultsIF was significantly associated with all DE outcomes. Adjusted analyses indicated that impulse control difficulties moderated the relationship between IF and two DE outcomes (i.e., global score (b = 0.038, se = 0.017, t = 2.17, p < 0.05) and restraint (b = 0.042, se = 0.019, t = 2.22, p < 0.05)). DiscussionThese results support previous literature that suggests an association between IF and elevated DE. Further, individuals engaging in IF with impulse control difficulties may experience more feelings of restraint towards eating and increased overall DE though effects were small. Future research delineating who is at highest risk for DE when engaging in IF is needed.