Item-total Correlation Analysis Research Articles

Turkish Cross-cultural Adaptation of the Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire for Ambulatory Surgery (PHBQ-AS)

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to cross-culturally adapt the Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire for Ambulatory Surgery (PHBQ-AS) to Turkish and test its validity and reliability. DesignThis is a methodological study. MethodsThis study was conducted with 121 children aged 1 to 12 years who underwent ambulatory surgery. The data of the study were collected using a Descriptive Information Form, PHBQ-AS, and the Parents’ Postoperative Pain Measure. Data analysis and evaluation were performed using factor analysis, Cronbach's α analysis, item-total score correlation analysis, content validity, construct validity, and concurrent validity. FindingsPHBQ-AS showed a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.801). The item-total correlation values of PHBQ-AS were found to be 0.458 to 0.753. PHBQ-AS was determined to be a single-factor scale explaining 66% of the variance in the examined variable. PHBQ-AS and Parents’ Postoperative Pain Measure scores were moderately correlated. ConclusionsThe Turkish version of PHBQ-AS was highly valid and reliable for the Turkish population. A recommendation for health care professionals in Turkey is to use the PHBQ-AS scale to evaluate posthospitalization behavioral changes in children who are admitted for ambulatory surgery.

Select a winning Lean Six Sigma 4.0 project: Best Worst Method based decision making approach

Manufacturers are adopting Lean Six Sigma4.0 (LSS4.0) to improve their operations. However, poor project selection results in substantial losses. The aim of this study is to provide a framework for LSS4.0 project selection in an industrial context using the Best-Worst-Method (BWM)-based ‘multi-criteria decision making’ (MCDM) technique. First, 25 project selection criteria were pre-selected using a literature review and expert opinions. All criteria were then grouped into six different dimensions, closely related to the LSS4.0 principles, based on expert opinion and similarity with literature findings. To finalize the selection, a rigorous evaluation is undertaken using corrected item-total correlation (CIMTC) and importance index analysis methods, resulting in a final set of 22 project selection criteria, prioritized using BWM. The practical applicability of this method is demonstrated by a case study in a Moroccan manufacturing context. Operational and technical feasibility, strategic orientation, finance and business development emerged as top priorities. This research can help senior managers make informed choices about projects and recognize potential in uncertain scenarios.

Development and Preliminary Validation of Self-management Scale for Breast Cancer Patients in a tertiary hospital in southeastern Nigeria

Background: Self-management process of diseases aims to equip patients with specific information that will improve adherence with prescribed medication and develop strategies that will help to maintain good quality of life. This study developed and validated a self-management scale for breast cancer patients in two tertiary hospitals in southeastern, Nigeria.
 Methods: A set of 35-potential self-management model was developed for the breast cancer patients in 2 domains from extensive literature search. The Instrument was validated using Delphi technique, item-total correlation analysis, factor analysis, construct validity and reliability analysis. Consensus was reached on the content validation of the self-management scale with mean score > 3.5, median > 3.5, absolute value between the median and mode < 1.00.
 Results: Forty-three items emerged after content validation in 2 domains: demographic characteristics of patients, and self-management content. Construct validity for selected items of the instrument showed values above 0.5. Item-total correlation analysis resulted in 31-items of the instrument. Factor analysis revealed a multi-dimensional instrument. The internal consistency of the instrument was determined with values between 0.5 - 0.8. The Cronbach’s alpha for the reliability of the items of the instrument were : Items 1 to 11: 0.60; Items 12 to 17: 0.60; Items 18 and 19: 0.80; Items 20 to 30: 0.50; and Items 31 to 33: 0.60.
 Conclusion: Preliminary validation of the instrument showed the instrument is valid but the internal consistency needs to be evaluated further with larger population size. The self-management scale revealed level of self-management among the breast cancer patients. This instrument should form a reliable tool for evaluating self-management in breast cancer patients in Nigeria.

Assessment of the Psychometric Properties of the Online Education Student Satisfaction Scale: A Methodological Study.

Background and Purpose: Assessing student satisfaction is essential in evaluating the quality of education. The number of valid and reliable tools that measure students' satisfaction with online education is limited. This methodological study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the online education student satisfaction scale. Methods: Eleven academicians from the nursing field provided expert opinions on content validity. Separate 25 students evaluated the language clarity of the draft scale. The study sample included 525 third- and fourth-year nursing students. Finally, a group of 30 nursing students different from the sample participated in the test-retest. The study created an item pool based on the recent literature. The researchers calculated the items' content validity rates and the scale's content validity index by taking the experts' opinions. In addition, item-total score correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, discrimination analysis, stability test, and internal consistency analysis were performed. Results: An item with a low-correlation value was excluded from the scale. The correlation coefficients of the remained items were between .536 and .811. In the second round of exploratory factor analysis, a five-factor structure emerged that explained 72.1% of the total variance. In addition, item discrimination, stability, and internal consistency test results ensured that the scale was valid and reliable. Conclusions: The online education student satisfaction scale with five subdimensions containing 28 items is a valid and reliable tool. Researchers, educators, and managers may use it to evaluate students' satisfaction with online education.

Psychometric Testing of the Newborn Skin Assessment Attitude Scale in Neonatal ICU Nurses.

To develop a Newborn Skin Assessment Attitude Scale (NSAAS) for neonatal ICU (NICU) RNs. The study was conducted with 326 nurses working in NICUs in three cities in Turkey. The researchers evaluated the content and construct validity and reliability of the scale with item-total score correlation analysis, the test-retest method, and calculating the Cronbach α reliability coefficient. The content validity index of the scale ranged between 0.87 and 1.00. Prior to exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient of the NSAAS was 0.976, and the Bartlett test of sphericity result was χ2 = 15,337.052 (P < .001). The scale was constructed with 35 items with factor loads greater than 0.40 and three subdimensions. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit indices of the NSAAS were χ2/df = 3.57, root mean square error of approximation = 0.08, normed fit index = 0.98, non-normed fit index = 0.98, comparative fit index = 0.98, and standardized root mean square residual = 0.05. The overall reliability coefficient of the NSAAS was α = .978. The test-retest coefficients of correlation were r = 0.558 for the overall scale and r = 0.615, r = 0.504, and r = 0.598 for the Awareness, Practice, and Avoidance subdimensions, respectively. In addition, no statistically significant difference was observed when comparing the test-retest mean scores for the total scale and the subdimensions (P > .05). The NSAAS can be reliably used for measuring NICU nurses' attitudes toward newborn skin assessment.

Development, validation and measurement of patient satisfaction questionnaire in Spanish in drive thru services adapted to hospital pharmacies during COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThere are no validation studies on patient satisfaction surveys in Spanish that can evaluate a hospital pharmacy drive-thru service. ObjectiveTo develop and apply a pharmacy drive-thru satisfaction survey in Spanish during the COVID-19 pandemic with an analysis of the instrument validation. MethodsThis was a qualitative study for developing, validating, and measuring patient satisfaction who used the drive-thru pharmacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Content validity was obtained by a two-round Delphi and patient interview for apparent validity. The questionnaire was administered to 110 patients. The researchers made an item reduction by inter-item and item-total correlation analysis, stability validation by a test–retest, a test of reliability by Cronbach's alpha, and extraction of factors by an exploratory factorial analysis. Likewise, confirmatory factor analysis was developed to obtain a structural equation model based on generating an instrument of two sub-models of latent factors (service and place) with ten observed variables (items). ResultsA questionnaire was developed that relates six observable variables to the latent factor service and four observable variables to the latent factor place which are ten items based on a Likert scale from 1 to 5, obtaining a Cronbach's alpha = 0.901. The mean population satisfaction score was 4.523. The model presented a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) of 0.026 (0.000–0.098), and standardized beta values greater than 0.2 according to the confirmatory factor analysis. Therefore, the goodness-of-fit of our model is consistent and the instrument of patient satisfaction with the use of drive-thru has been validated. Patient satisfaction had a mean of 4.9 points. ConclusionsThis study developed and validated a reliable scale that evaluates satisfaction in a hospital pharmacy drive-thru service during COVID-19 pandemic that can be applied in other Spanish speaking countries. A great percentage of the patients that were evaluated had good satisfaction.

Strength of Pornography Craving Experience (PCE-S): Psychometric properties of a new measure based on the elaborated intrusion theory of desire

IntroductionPornography use is a common sexual activity with potentially addictive use in some people. Even though craving is being recognized as an important characteristic of addictive behaviors, there is a lack of a specific validated instrument measuring the pornography craving experience.The present study aimed at adapting and validating an instrument measuring the users’ strength of pornography craving experience (PCE-S) based on the Elaborated Intrusion theory of desire. MethodsItems from the “strength” form of the Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) were adapted to pornography use and used to create the PCE-S. The PCE-S was then administered online to 1584 English-speaking cyberporn users aged 18–75 years old (M = 33.18; SD = 10.84]; 63.1 % male, 35.2 % female, and 1.7 % non-binary). All participants completed an assessment of compulsive cyberporn use (CIUS adapted for cyberporn). Confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) was used to examine the construct structure validity; Cronbach alpha coefficient, corrected item-total correlation, regression, and discriminant analysis were used to assess the instrument’s psychometric properties. ResultsAfter using the modification indices to improve the initial model, a relatively good fit for the three-factor model was confirmed. Concurrent validity with the compulsive cyberporn use (CCU) measure was demonstrated. The PCE-S discriminated between participants with high CCU and those with low CCU scores. ConclusionsA specific pornography craving experience instrument scale, based on the Elaborated Intrusion theory of desire seems to capture key constructs of the theory and correlate with measures of compulsive cyberporn use.

The Impact Of Perceived Social Support On The Academician's Flourishing While Mediated By The Organizational Identification

This study aimed to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of perceived social support on the flourishing of academic professionals. Based on pertinent research, it has been shown that academicians' perspectives on organizational identification serve as mediating factors in investigating the indirect connections between these two constructs. A structural equation model has been developed and validated using suitable statistical techniques, with organizational identification as the foundation. Four study hypotheses were formulated based on the theoretical frameworks of social exchange and social identification theory. These hypotheses encompass the direct influence of perceived social support on academicians' flourishing and the indirect effect of organizational identification acting as a mediator. The present study examined the mediating function of organizational identification in the relationship between perceived social support and academician flourishing after identifying the interactions among variables. Relevant statistical approaches such as partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) were employed to analyze the data. The study employed many statistical techniques, including data analysis, reliability testing, item-total correlation analysis, regression analysis, and the t-test. The study's findings indicate sufficient supervisor and organizational support at higher educational institutions in Sindh, Pakistan, which considerably impacts academicians' flourishing. However, it was observed that co-worker support does not play a significant role in contributing to their flourishing. The results of this study indicate that organizational identification serves as a partial mediator in the association between supervisor support and organizational support.&#x0D; Nevertheless, organizational identification did not demonstrate any mediating influence in the correlation between co-worker support and the flourishing of instructors. The present study utilizes a theoretical and structural model to examine the perceived social support (supervisor, co-worker, and organization), employee flourishing, and organizational identification among faculty members at Public sector higher educational institutions in Sindh, Pakistan. Therefore, it is recommended that targeted measures be used to provide authentic relational support inside Pakistani higher education institutions by implementing coaching initiatives, establishing discussion forums, providing orientations, and implementing learning programs. These measures aim to promote academicians' well-being and professional development in higher education institutions.

Psychometric Properties of the Acoso Sexual en las Instituciones de Educación Superior Scale (ASIES) in an Ecuadorian Sample.

Sexual harassment has become increasingly common in Ecuador's higher education centers. However, due to the lack of instruments that evaluate sexual harassment, the magnitude of this phenomenon in Ecuador is unknown. This research aims to analyze the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of a sexual harassment measurement scale in higher education institutions (ASIES). The instrument analyzes 21 behaviors related to sexual harassment. The sample consisted of 4628 people. A descriptive analysis of the items, item-total correlation analysis, and both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis are performed to test the internal structure of the scale. It was found that the 4-factor model and a second-order factor presented a better fit (CFI = .99, TLI = .99, SRMR = .075, and RMSEA = .018). The results confirm the four dimensions proposed.

Development and evaluation of cardiac implantable electronic devices knowledge scale.

Patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) need specific education to successfully adapt to life with new devices in their bodies. This requires specifically-tailored training processes. To determine the educational requirements, robust measurement tools are essential; however, a literature review revealed that no reliable and valid knowledge scale currently exists for patients with CIEDs. The study was conducted to develop and test the psychometric properties of the scale for measuring the knowledge of patients with CIEDs. The cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted with 150 patients with CIEDs. Data were collected with a specially-developed cardiac implantable electronic devices knowledge (CIEDsK) Scale consisting of 14 questions. To determine the reliability of the scale, the following tests were performed: Kuder Richardson-20 reliability coefficient, intraclass correlation (ICC) analysis, and corrected item-total scale correlation analyses. The content validity, predictive validity, and item discrimination index were examined to evaluate the validity of the scale. The Kuder Richardson-20 reliability coefficient indicated very good internal consistency (.92). ICC was .92, demonstrating excellent reliability. Four questions were removed after failing to meet the inclusion criteria for the content validity index (<0.70), the discrimination index (<0.10), and item-total correlation (<0.20). Predictive validity analyses showed that the following were effective in predicting the total score: age, income status, implantation length, and informed by a healthcare professional, however, education level was not. After all analyses, 10 multiple-choice questions remained in the final scale about living with CIEDs. The study showed that the CIEDsK scale is valid and reliable for measuring the knowledge of patients with CIEDs in daily practice. Thus, patient-tailored education sessions can be designed according to the knowledge level of the patients determined.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Anger Control and Self-Disclosure

The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between anger control and self-disclosure. In addition, within the scope of the research, the demographic variables of the sample of adolescents' anger control, and self-disclosure variable; gender;class level. Anger Control Scale for Adolescents is a 26-item measurement tool that includes a four-point Likert response format (almost never, sometimes, often, and almost always). The sample of the study consists of 653 adolescents. 370 students are female and 253 students are male. Within the scope of the scale adaptation study, reliability was examined with item analysis corrected item-total score correlation and confirmatory factor analysis. In the confirmatory factor analysis for the scale, it was observed that the uni-dimensional model fitted well. The reliability coefficient of the scale was found to be .86. As a result of the research; the anger control level of adolescents did not differ according to gender. There was no significant difference between the digital commitment levels of female and male students. Also, the anger control level of adolescents did not differ according to the class variable. There is no significant difference between the anger control level of female and male students. In addition, the level of self-disclosure of adolescents did not differ according to the gender variable. There was no significant difference between the self-disclosure levels of female and male students. Also, the level of self-disclosure of adolescents did not differ according to the class variable. There was no significant difference between the self-disclosure levels of female and male students. Finally; there was a significant relationship between the levels of self-disclosure and anger control levels of adolescents.

Preliminary revision of the Physical Education Grit Scale in Chinese athletes.

The work aimed to revise the Physical Education Grit Scale (PE-Grit) applicable to Chinese athletes. Five hundred and thirty-eight professional athletes from Chinese sports colleges and provincial sports teams were selected by cluster random sampling. Then, the PE-Grit was analyzed for project analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity analysis, and reliability analysis. Independent sample t-test and item-total correlation analysis of the questions showed that 16 items of the scale had good discrimination. According to the confirmatory factor analysis model, the factor structure consisted of 2 subscales and 4 dimensions (χ2/df = 1.827; CFI = 0.961; TLI = 0.953; IFI = 0.961; RMSEA = 0.051). Moreover, Cronbach's α of the total scale and the 4 dimensions were between 0.751 and 0.865. A significant positive correlation existed between the PE-Grit, and self-control, which showed good criterion-related validity. Revised PE-Grit can measure Chinese athletes' physical education grit for its good reliability and validity.

A Scale Development Study for Socio-Technical Pedagogical Usability of Mobile Applications

This study aims to develop a measurement tool to determine the socio-technical pedagogical usability of mobile applications that can be used in an educational context. The study group consists of a total of 1012 students who are studying at a higher education institution in Turkey in the fall semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. A draft scale of 24 items was prepared by the researcher following a literature review. After taking expert opinions within the scope of content validity studies, it was reduced to 20 items. While performing the data analysis, firstly exploratory factor analysis was applied on the first data set (N=604). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the second data set (N=408). Within the scope of validity and reliability studies of the scale, content and construct validity were examined and internal consistency coefficient, item-total correlation analysis, composite reliability, and average variance extracted analyses were performed. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, the final scale consisting of 17 items and three dimensions was obtained. The total variance explained was 74.75 % and the Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient for the whole scale was .946. The model fit indices obtained as a result of CFA were found as: χ²/df=2.870&lt;3, NFI=.951, CFI=.968, TLI=.961, GFI=.915, AGFI=.885, RMSEA=.068, which verified the resulting structure. In line with the data obtained, it was concluded that the socio-technical pedagogical usability scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool with three factors and 17 items. Thanks to the developed scale, the socio-technical pedagogical usability of mobile applications and software that can be used in education processes can be revealed.

Gaming Disorder Scale for Parents: Reliability and Validity Study of the Turkish Form.

This study aimed to conduct the validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Gaming Disorder Scale for Parents (GADIS-P). In this methodological study, the study sample consisted of 345 parents who had children within the age range of 10-17 years who played digital games. The study data were collected through the Gaming Disorder Scale for Parents, the Scale for Determining Parents' Perceptions of Computer Game Addiction, and the Digital Parenting Attitude Scale. The Cronbach's alpha analysis for reliability, item total correlation analysis, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis for construct validity, and clustering analysis for identifying gaming disorder according to the scale scores were used. It was determined that the content validity index of the scale was 0.97, that item loads varied between 0.617 and 0.863 according to exploratory factor analysis, and that the scale had good fit indices in the confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's reliability coefficient of the scale was found to be α=0.907, and the item total correlations were determined to be adequate. The criterion validity analysis found a positive and strong correlation with the Scale for Identifying Parents' Perceptions Regarding Digital Game Addiction (r=0.717 p0.001). As a result of the clustering analysis, it was determined that the cut-off value was found as >9 points for "Cognitive Behavioral Symptoms" subscale and as >6 points for "Negative Consequences" subscale. The results obtained show that the Turkish version of the Gaming Disorder Scale for Parents is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Development and psychometric analysis of the nurses' perceptions of the discrimination scale

Aim: This study aimed to develop the Nurses’ Perceptions of Discrimination Scale (NPDS) and evaluate its reliability and validity. Materials and Methods: The study included a convenience sample of 352 nurses working in hospitals on the European side of Istanbul. Data were collected between December 2020 and April 2021 using a personal information form and the NPDS, both of which were prepared and developed by the researcher. Validity analyses consisted of content validation with the Lewis technique and construct validation by explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability analyses consisted of Cronbach’s alpha and item-total correlation analysis. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine the significance of relationships between scale scores and individual characteristics. Analyses were performed with IBM SPSS 26 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) statistical package program. Results: Factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure (Personal Preferences and Individual Characteristics, Kinship and Closeness, Nurse Individual and Professional Characteristics, and Patient and Disease Characteristics) explaining 52.97% of the total variance. The content validity index for the scale items was 0.96-1.00, factor loadings were 0.49-0.80, and internal consistency coefficients for the subscales were 0.66-0.92. The Cronbach’s alpha value of the scale was 0.89. NPDS total and subscale scores differed significantly according to the nurses’ institution, unit, and years of professional experience. Conclusion: The final NPDS consists of 30 items answered on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The total score is obtained as the average item score and ranges from 30 to 150, with higher scores indicating higher perceived discrimination. Perceptions of discrimination varied according to certain work-related variables. The NPDS can be used to evaluate nurses’ perceptions of discrimination.

Cross-Loadings in Scale Development: Monte Carlo Study of Structural Item-Total Correlation Analysis with Small Samples

Cross-Loadings in Scale Development: Monte Carlo Study of Structural Item-Total Correlation Analysis with Small Samples

Indonesian Version of Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI): Validity and Reliability Test of Worker’s Fatigue Assessment Instrument

Background: The Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI) is an instrument to assess a person’s fatigue, which is not limited to workers of a company, but can also be used for the general public. SOFI can determine fatigue from physical, cognitive and psychosocial conditions.1 This study aims to translate the instrument so that it can be used in Indonesia, then assess its validity and reliability.Methods: This study was conducted using a 10-step transcultural adaptation method from ISPOR followed by item validity and reliability tests on 224 workers at a geothermal company in Indonesia. Item-total correlation and Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed using online version 0.14.3 of JASP statistic program. And for reliability test using SPSS tool.Results: Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI) has been adapted into an Indonesian version through the ISPOR transcultural adaptation method. All items in the Indonesian version of SOFI which amounted to 20 items proved the validity and reliability of this questionnaire was very good (α-Cronbach 0.969) and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis test showed: Factor model (224, p &lt; 0,001) = 337.649, CFI = 0,958, NFI = 0,924, RFI = 0,909, IFI = 0,958, TLI = 0,950, dan RMSEA = 0,070, 90% CI: 0,060 – 0,081. Fit indices results had acceptable model fits corresponding to the structure of the original instrument. Item-rest correlation range from 0.321 to 0.847, these results reveal that each item-rest correlation is extremely strong.Conclusion: The Indonesian version of SOFI is proven to have good validity and reliability as an instrument for assessing fatigue/work fatigue for workers in Indonesia.

Developing the Level of Political Conversation of Parents with Their Children

In this study, it was aimed to develop a measurement tool that measures the level of talking about politics with children (11-14 years old) attending secondary school. In this direction, the draft of the scale consisting of 23 items and the personal information form were applied to 153 participants consisting of parents of secondary school students (11-14 years old). The obtained data were subjected to Cronbach’s Alpha reliability test, item-total correlation and exploratory factor analysis. The data obtained as a result of factor analyzes show that the scale consists of a single factor. The percentage of variance of the scale consisting of a single factor was calculated as 81.94%. After the EFA analysis, the scale item became 22. Then, the revised scale and personal information form were applied to the parents of 168 middle school students for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The fit indices obtained as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis were found to be in agreement between the model and the data, and the proposed model showed good and acceptable fit. In the final version of the scale, the Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient was determined as 0.940. As a result of the analyzes, a 5-point Likert-type, 22-item scale of talking about politics with the children of families was developed. According to the findings, it was determined that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Development of a Problematic Khat Use Screening Test (PKUST-17) in Ethiopia: Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory Analysis

Problematic khat use has been poorly defined and measured. This study aimed to develop a problematic khat use screening tool in the Gurage Community, South-central Ethiopia. We have used a series of methods (systematic review, qualitative study and cognitive interviewing) to generate a pool of items for problematic khat use screening tool. Classical test theory (inter-item, and item-total correlation, intraclass correlation, Cronbachalpha and exploratory factor analysis) and a 2-parameter item response theory statistics were used for initial psychometric evaluation of the scale. Initially, we developed a pool of 50 items. IRT analysis indicated that the item, ’’during the past three months, how often have you experienced irritability when you didn’t chew khat?” showed the highest discrimination (α thresholds =2.44). The item about “during the past three months, to what extent have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of your use of khat? was the most difficult (first β thresholds =0.25) item, which was the only positive coefficient. The test information function graph depicts that the scale provided a lot of information in the latent trait’s moderate range. We found that employing series of methods is very important for item selection and refinement. We developed a Problematic Khat Use Screening Test with 17 items which will have a good utility for the general population or primary health care setting more than for the clinical population. Future studies should do full-scale validation of the scale.

Aydınlık Üçlü Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

This study aims to adapt the light triad scale of participants to Turkish. The research carried out for this purpose includes the validity and reliability process in the scale adaptation stage. In this context, an application was made to 139 participants who received postgraduate education in different branches in the field of physical education and sports sciences. The scale developed by Kaufman, Yaden, Hyde, and Tsukayama (2019) consists of 12 items. It consists of three sub-factors: belief in humanity, humanism, and Kantianism. The data collected with the language validity scale were processed into the SPSS-25 package program. Item-total correlation analysis was performed to test the internal validity of the items on the scale. In order to test the confirmation of the previously defined structure of the scale, confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the AMOS-25 package program. Cronbach Alpha and Gutmann coefficients were calculated in testing the reliability analysis of the scale. In the study, it was concluded that previously defined structure was confirmed and the items were distinctive, and their internal validity was ensured within the Turkish adaptation of the three-factor, 12-item light triad scale. It was determined that the reliability coefficients of the sub-factors and general of the scale are at an acceptable level. İt was concluded that the 3-factor, 12-item structure of the light triad scale, which was adapted into Turkish, was valid and reliable. The structure of the scale adapted within the scope of the research can be retested in larger samples and in each branch.