Item Analysis Research Articles

Development of an Inclusive Demographic Survey for Clinical Care and Research.

There is a need to accurately capture family demographic information to ensure appropriate delivery of services, optimize patient experiences, and examine health disparities; however, we lack a standardized and inclusive approach to collect demographic data. Our objective was to design a set of inclusive survey items for common demographic categories that can be used for clinical care and research. In this prospective, mixed-methods study, we used a rigorous survey design approach to conduct a literature review, seek expert validation, and perform cognitive pretesting with families between October 2021 and September 2023 to iteratively develop an inclusive demographic survey. Survey iterations were made based on triangulation of rankings for each candidate survey item and content analysis of feedback from content experts and families. We incorporated 21 sources from the literature review, feedback from 7 content experts, and cognitive pretesting data from 57 patient and family respondents from diverse backgrounds. We developed a final survey assessing the following categories: gender identity and sex (2 items), race and ethnicity identity (1 item), language for care (4 items), household education (1 item), and household socioeconomic status (1 item). The final survey captures nuances in demographic information (eg, racial and ethnic identity) within a parsimonious survey structure and optimizes the use of respectful, inclusive language. We used a rigorous, family-centered survey design approach to develop a novel inclusive demographic survey, providing a standardized tool for comprehensive and accurate demographic data collection in clinical care and research.

Translation and validation of the Chinese version of the Attitudes Related to Trauma-Informed Care (ARTIC-C) scale in nursing inters: a psychometric analysis

BackgroundNursing interns, the future nurses, often find it challenging to interact with trauma survivors due to their lack of experience and training. Assessing their attitudes and knowledge in trauma-informed care can improve their clinical performance.ObjectiveTo culturally adapt and assess the reliability and validity of the Attitudes Related to Trauma-Informed Care Scale in Chinese nursing interns.DesignQuantitative cross-sectional design.MethodsThe translation of Attitudes Related to the Trauma-Informed Care (ARTIC) Scale followed guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation process. A survey was conducted with 490 nursing interns from two colleges in China in February and May 2024, and seven experts evaluated the content equivalence of each item. Reliability and validity were assessed using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency reliability, and test–retest reliability.ResultsThe Chinese version of the ARTIC-C retained 35 items and demonstrated high content validity. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 6-factor structure, explaining 61.887% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 6-factor model adequately represented the scale structure: chi-square/degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) = 1.544, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.045, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.969, incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.969, Tucker Lewis index (TLI) = 0.966, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.046. The scale had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.916 and test–retest reliability of 0.876.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the ARTIC-C scale has demonstrated strong reliability and validity, making it an effective tool for measuring Chinese nursing interns' attitudes and knowledge regarding trauma-informed care.

A cross-sectional study applying the PRECEDE model to explore factors influencing epidemic prevention behaviors among preschool educators

BackgroundThis study investigates the epidemic prevention behaviors of preschool educators and the factors influencing these behaviors, applying the PRECEDE model as a framework for analysis.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 190 preschool educators from public and private institutions in Taipei City and New Taipei City. A 64-item self-developed questionnaire was used to assess epidemic prevention behaviors and their determinants. The instrument’s reliability was supported by internal consistency (Cronbach’s α ranging from 0.85 to 0.92), while its validity was confirmed through expert review, item analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Statistical analyses included hierarchical regression to examine the influence of predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors on behavior.ResultsThe model explained 54% of the variance in epidemic prevention behaviors. Enabling factors had the strongest influence (β = 0.46, p < 0.001), followed by reinforcing factors (β = 0.15, p < 0.05) and predisposing attitudes (β = 0.14, p < 0.05). Background variables, such as age (β = 0.23, p < 0.001) and years of service, collectively explained 14% of the variance.ConclusionThe findings underscore the critical role of institutional support and professional training in enhancing epidemic prevention practices among preschool educators. Recommendations include integrating disease prevention training into professional development initiatives.

Development and psychometric testing of the modeling scale for novice nurses: a cross-sectional survey design

BackgroundModeling is the learning of new patterns of behavior by observers through observation. In order for novice nurses to learn effectively in a busy, multi-tasking clinical environment, they need a learning strategy that is integrated into their daily work. Modeling is a necessary learning strategy for nurses because they learn skills, knowledge, and attitudes by observing senior nurses in action. In nursing, it is important to learn skills, knowledge, and attitudes by observing the behavior of senior colleagues. However, previous studies have shown that there are situations in which modeling is not done smoothly. Therefore, in this study, we decided to develop a modeling self-assessment scale to assist novice nurses in modeling.Methods1,457 novice nurses from a random sample of 103 hospitals in Japan were selected, of which 337 novice nurses were surveyed from November 2019 to January 2020 by anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of the draft Modeling Scale for Novice Nurses, The Scale Measuring a Sense of Generalized Self-Efficacy and a simplified version of the Scale of Self-Regulated Learning Strategy for Nurses for review of criteria-related relevance to the Modeling Scale for Novice Nurses, and personal background. Factor analysis was used for analysis, and correlation coefficients were calculated for criterion-related validity. For stability, the number of intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for consenting subjects by retesting method 3 weeks after their responses.ResultsThe demographics of the participants were 316 women and 21 men, with a mean age of 22.7 ± 1.8 years. Item and factor analyses yielded 21 items with four subscales. Cronbach’s α coefficient for the 21 items was 0.930. The correlation coefficients for the Modeling Scale for Novice Nurses and the Scale of Self-Regulated Learning Strategy for Nurses ranged from 0.266 to 0.480. In the retest method, the intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.771 to 0.786.ConclusionsThe Modeling Scale for Novice Nurses can be used to obtain novice nurses’ self-assessment of modeling and to assist novice nurses in modeling smoothly.

Developing and testing a draft scale evaluating older adults' perceptions of community-based connectedness with people: A pilot study.

Objective Connectedness is essential for maintaining the physical and mental health of older adults. However, measurements that consider the presence of community-dwelling people and explicitly focus on an individual's subjective sense of connectedness have not yet been established. This pilot study aimed to develop a draft scale that comprehensively measured older adults' perceptions of community-based connectedness with people.Methods The scale development comprised three phases; item review, pre-test, and field verification. Phase 1 (item review) involved creating an item pool and evaluating content validity. Phase 2 (pretest) involved evaluating face validity and conducting item analysis on the preliminary version of the scale. Phase 3 (field verification) involved distributing the preliminary scale to 800 Japanese men and women aged ≥ 65 years residing in Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan. Validity was assessed by factorial validity using exploratory factor analysis and concurrent validity using correlation analysis. Reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's α coefficient using the internal consistency method.Results The evaluation of content validity in Phase 1 and face validity in Phase 2 yielded 30 items. In phase 3, of the 800 questionnaires that were distributed, 343 were returned, of which 309 included responses to all items and were analyzed. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 22-item scale comprising three factors that assessed perceptions of community-based connectedness. The Cronbach's α for the total scale was 0.967, and the α coefficients for inclusion, reciprocity through provision, and reciprocity through reception were 0.941, 0.915, and 0.928, respectively. The total scale scores were significantly positively correlated with purpose in life (rs = .453, P < .001) and negatively correlated with loneliness (rs = -.307, P < .001).Conclusion The 22-item draft scale exhibited adequate reliability and validity. Perceptions of connectedness measured by this scale can be used to support public healthcare interventions for community-dwelling older adults.

Methodological proposal for analyzing critical thinking test scores as a tool for development in higher education

The development of critical thinking (CT) enhances academic and professional opportunities. A review of literature reveals the use of fragmented analysis techniques, such as descriptive and correlational methods, among others, which hinder a deeper understanding of CT levels. This research aims to develop a methodology for analyzing Critical Thinking test scores, integrating five phases: exploratory, item analysis, scoring, gap analysis, and correlational. Using a quantitative approach, CT skills were analyzed with the Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment, which includes both open- and closed-ended questions to measure five skills: Verbal Reasoning (VR), Argument Analysis (AA), Hypothesis Testing (HT), Probability Use (PU), and Problem Solving (PS). The sample consisted of 214 students aged 18 and older. The item analysis phase categorized the items into quadrants: satisfactory, for review, or for elimination, based on difficulty and discrimination indices. The gap analysis revealed that Verbal Reasoning and open-ended formats were less satisfactory. The correlational phase, using heat maps, showed a stronger association between Verbal Reasoning and Probability Use. The methodological contributions include a variety of strategies that provide recommended procedures for analyzing tests or questionnaires in general. In today’s digital age, the development of critical thinking is not only a desirable skill but an essential necessity for the higher education system.

Application of the Rasch Model to the Evaluation of Biological Problems

Evaluation of student abilities in Biology subjects often faces challenges in ensuring that the instruments used actually measure what they are supposed to measure. The data analysis used is the Rasch model, which is part of item response theory, offering a more accurate approach in analyzing evaluation data. This model allows the identification of items that are inappropriate or too difficult, as well as providing more in-depth information about individual student abilities. Through analysis of instruments and question items from 30 multiple choice questions that emphasize critical thinking skills, the aim of this research is to assess the quality of Biology questions for class X SMA. Testing was carried out using WinStep software and Rasch modeling analysis on 166 students from five high schools/vocational schools. The research method used is quantitative. The results of the instrument investigation show that the issue has very good dependability and the unidimensionality of the instrument is indicated by unexplained changes in the first differentiation. These results show that the Rasch test can help educators in selecting questions that meet the evaluation criteria and contribute to improving the quality of national education. The implications of this research are By applying the Rasch Model, educators can develop more accurate and fair evaluation tools, which are able to identify individual student difficulties and strengths.

Development of the Job-Related Uncertainty Stress Scale for Platform Workers.

This study reported the development of the Job-Related Uncertainty Stress Scale for Platform Workers (JUSSPW) and examined its reliability and validity. The research was conducted in two phases. In Study 1, item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were conducted on data from 343 platform riders (male:321; female:22; mean age:27.03±6.67) in Guangzhou, China. In Study 2, an additional 391 platform riders (male:328; female:63; mean age:30.36±4.49) were recruited. This phase involved conducting confirmatory factor analysis and assessing criterion-related validity by utilizing Uncertainty Stress Scale (USS-4), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and Job Satisfaction Inventory (JSI). The JUSSPW scale comprises 8 items under a unidimensional structure, covering four perspectives: work environment, interpersonal relationships, industry-specific characteristics, and personal development prospects, and explained 71.07% of the total variance. CFA results indicated that this one-factor model provided a good fit (χ²/df = 2.681, RMSEA = 0.066, CFI = 0.987, IFI = 0.987, GFI = 0.964, TLI = 0.982). This scale also demonstrated good convergent (AVE = 0.668, CR = 0.941) and criterion validity (AUC= 0.935). The total score of JUSSPW was significantly positively correlated with the USS-4 and MBI-EE scores, and remarkably negatively correlated with the JSI scores. Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability were 0.939 and 0.935, respectively. These results suggested that this scale shows good reliability and validity and can be used as a sound measure to capture platform workers' job-related uncertainty stress. Limitation and implications were discussed.

Qatar dental student perceptions of Sirona prep-check software for learning crown preparations.

Contemporary dental education requires swift assimilation of technological advancements to prepare the future generation of dentists. Integrating digital tools, such as prepCheck software in crown preparations offers a promising avenue for enhancing the learning experiences of dental students. This study aimed to evaluate the perceptions and experiences of undergraduate dental students regarding the use of PrepCheck software for learning crown preparations. An interventional study design was employed to investigate the perceptions of undergraduate dental students regarding the use of Sirona prepCheck software their learning experiences in the prosthodontics course at the College of Dental Medicine. were recruited using purposive sampling. Participants received training on crown preparations using standard didactic and practical teaching methods. A total of 64 dental students (Mean age 22.4years) participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to two groups, 32 participants each. The study group utilized prepCheck software and the control group relied solely on supervisor feedback. Both groups completed their crown preparation labs concurrently, ensuring consistency in training and assessment conditions. Out of a total number of 66 students enrolled on the course, 64 participated in the study giving a response rate of 96.96%. The overall mean score for all items was 1.01 (95%CI 0.77-1.25), indicating positive perceptions of the participants about prepCheck software. Analysis of variance revealed no significant variation by gender. Thematic analysis of open-ended items identified key themes related to the advantages and challenges of using prepCheck. Advantages included immediate self-evaluation, objective analysis, and feedback, while challenges included operational difficulties and cost concerns. This study provides insights into the effectiveness of prepCheck in dental education, offering perspectives derived from both quantitative and qualitative analyses. A majority of the participants recommended that digital assessment should be integrated with conventional methods, underscoring the importance of human input through supervisor feedback. The study demonstrates the potential of prepCheck software in enhancing participants' learning experiences in crown preparation assessment. While digital tools offer advantages such as self-evaluation and objective analysis, they need to be supported with input and feedback from the supervisors.

Development and Validation of a Novel Tool to Measure Medication Adherence for Noncommunicable Diseases in India: Protocol for an Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Multicentric Study.

In high-income countries, only 50% of patients treated for chronic diseases adhere to the prescribed treatment. This issue is even more pronounced in resource-limited countries. Medication adherence scales are simple, low-cost approaches to identify nonadherence in clinical practice. In India, nonadherence to medication varies from 18.7% to 74%, assessed using scales validated in the Western population, as there is no validated medication adherence tool contextualized to the Indian setting. The phrasing of questions in scales validated elsewhere and its interpretations may vary when applied in Indian patients unless accounting for the unique cultural, social, and economic factors influencing medication adherence in India. This could result in inaccurate reports of adherence behavior. This study aims to develop and validate a novel medication adherence tool for select noncommunicable diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, and coronary artery disease) in the Indian population. An exploratory sequential mixed methods design will be used, beginning with a qualitative phase where the construct of the scale is defined and preliminary items are generated through a scoping review, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. This will be followed by the tool's development phase, including an expert panel review and item revision. Finally, a quantitative phase in 4 zones in India (North, South, East, and West) will be conducted to confirm and validate the newly developed scale. In the first phase, we will frame the construct definition and develop an inventory of potential items for the proposed medication adherence tool. In the second phase, item-level and scale-level content validity indices, along with content validity ratio, will be estimated. In the third phase, we will conduct an item reduction analysis and determine the scoring matrix and item weightage after expert review. We will assess the tool's psychometric properties, plot the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to set an adherence cut-off score, and compute the construct validity and test-retest reliability from the quantitative survey. A medication adherence tool for noncommunicable diseases, developed after ensuring it is ethnically, culturally, and linguistically appropriate incorporating stakeholder perspectives and validated in community settings, would offer a real-world perspective of adherence. The tool will have 2 versions for clinical practice and research, aiding policy makers in adopting tailored adherence policies. PRR1-10.2196/60805.

LearningViz: a dashboard for visualizing, analyzing and closing learning performance gaps—a case study approach

The availability of large-scale learning data presents unprecedented opportunities for investigating student learning processes. However, it is challenging for instructors to fully make sense of this data and effectively support their teaching practices. This study introduces LearningViz, an interactive learning analytics dashboard to help instructors identify, analyze, and close performance gaps among students in their classes. In this dashboard, we incorporated three modules to enhance human and computer interactions for better supporting the teaching practices: the Student Overall Performance Analysis Module, which provides a comprehensive understanding of students’ learning in the course; the Student Group Performance Analysis Module, which examines performance gaps across different groups and identifies factors contributing to these gaps; and the Final Exam Item Analysis Module, which evaluates the quality of exam questions and identifies strategies for closing performance gaps. The overall design of the platform follows a user-centered approach, integrating data analysis with various visualization strategies in a unified platform. A case study is then conducted to highlight the effectiveness of LearningViz in supporting instructors analyzing students’ learning patterns and associated factors impacting learning performance. We further conduct a usability test with several domain experts, to evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of this platform in supporting the teaching practices. Our findings underscore the platform's ability to support instructors in detecting performance gaps among students, investigating influential factors, evaluating assessment quality and implementing targeted instructional strategies for closing performance gaps.

Construction of Attitude Scale towards Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

The academic reform necessarily includes changes in admission procedures in various courses, modification in assessment and examination methods. Now education evaluation system has entered into semester based system to introduce Choice Based credit System known as well as CBCS. This study aims to explore the quality of each item of attitude related to choice based credit system (CBCS). Purpose sampling technique has been used for the collection of relevant data in this study. A self-made structured questionnaire was drafted for this study to a group of undergraduate students. After review of previous paper and article, thirty two (32) items has been selected under the different type dimensions i.e., Curriculum and Subject Selection, Evaluation and Feedback, Students Interest, Skill and Development, and Time, in the item pool for this attitude scale. Likert summative five (5) point rating scale was used in this scale/tool. After item analysis, it was found that in the attitude scale six (6) items were eliminated from this tool/scale on the basis on Discrimination Index (DI). The final form of attitude scale twenty six (26) items respectively consider for this scale. Pearson’s product-moment coefficient (r) was used to determine the reliability of the test items. The coefficient of correlation of two tests of attitude scale were found as 0.89 i.e. highly positive correlation. Finally, every effective item was selected for this questionnaire that can be assessing students’ attitude towards choice based credit system successfully. That is significantly reliable.

Lifestyle Profile Scale for Gravida with Urinary Incontinence: scale development and psychometric testing in Chinese Mainland

ObjectivesA significant number of women may experience urinary incontinence (UI) during pregnancy. While lifestyle modifications are recommended as important measures for preventing and treating UI, little is known about the...

Test Item Writing Competence Among Oman College of Health Sciences Nurse Faculty

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Background&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: The demand for nursing faculty to deliver high-quality teaching and assessment has surged, emphasizing the need for accurate learning assessment through effective testing and outcome measurement. Yet, the literature reveals that many nursing faculty are underprepared in measurement and evaluation, lacking essential competencies in test development and often failing to follow established guidelines. While both teacher-made tests (TMT) and standardized test scores are used to inform nursing faculty what the students have learned, the validity and reliability of TMT remain a significant concern. This study, guided by Social Justice Theory, assessed nursing faculty competencies in TMT development within Oman’s College of Health Sciences, evaluating the fairness and effectiveness of these assessments based on content coverage, difficulty level, and test validity and reliability. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Methodology&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: Descriptive statistics were used to portray the sample; Pearson&amp;apos;s correlation was used to determine the relationship between TMT and committee-designed standardized end-of-semester final examinations (CDESFE). &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Results&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: Results showed a strong positive correlation between student scores on teacher-made tests (TMT) (&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;M&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; = 23.95, &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;SD&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; = 4.74) and committee-designed standardized exams (CDESFE) (&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;M&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; = 31.99, &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;SD &amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;= 6.22), &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;r&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (1672) =.613, &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;.001. MANOVA analysis indicated no significant differences between TMT and CDESFE regarding best-practice guidelines and item analysis (Wilk’s Ʌ =.93, &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;F&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; (2, 21) =.78, &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; =.47, partial &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;ŋ&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; =.69). Multiple regression analysis further demonstrated that both TMT and CDESFE scores significantly predict students&amp;apos; overall academic achievement (&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;F&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; (2, 1671) = 2241, &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;.001, &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;R²&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; =.73), underscoring the predictive value of both testing methods for student success. &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: With a gap in how nurse faculty implement TMT, there are potential negative consequences on students’ progress towards licensure examination. This study contributes to nursing science and education through objective, efficient, fair, and equitable assessment measures in the classroom setting. These findings may also transfer to the clinical setting, where nursing students, staff, and faculty are assessed during and after educational sessions and workshops.

Women’s Views of Birth Labor Satisfaction Questionnaire: Turkish Validity and Reliability Study

Aim: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish translation of the "Women's Views of Birth Labor Satisfaction Questionnaire (WVBLSQ)", a tool designed to gauge postpartum women's contentment with the birthing experience. Material and Method: In this methodological study, 320 healthy women who gave birth spontaneously vaginally in the postnatal unit of a state hospital in the Central Anatolia Region of Türkiye participated. The study data were collected between April 2023 and April 2024. The WVBLSQ and the participant introduction form were utilized to gather data. The study's methods included language and content validity, item analysis, test-retest reliability, and exploratory internal consistency coefficients. Results: The women's average age was 27.09±5.76 years. After the fifth and sixth sub-dimensions were removed from the 26-item version of the scale, Cronbach's alpha value was found to be 0.77 when the reliability of the scale and its seven sub-dimensions were evaluated separately. The sub-dimensions in the scale are ‘Professional support in labour, home assessment at the beginning of labour, expectation of labour, spouse/partner support during labour, control, environment during labour and pain relief’. For each of the scale's sub-dimensions, the Cronbach's α value ranged from 0.26 to 0.75. The results of the test-retest used to assess the scale's temporal invariance revealed that there was a highly significant correlation between the measures. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the scale proved to be suitable for assessing labor satisfaction in women who had normal spontaneous labor.

The Development and Validation of an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Dependence Scale.

In recent years, a plethora of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots have been developed and made available to the public. Consequently, an increasing number of individuals are integrating AI chatbots into their daily lives for various purposes. This trend has also raised concerns regarding AI chatbot dependence. However, a valid and reliable scale to assess AI chatbot dependence is yet to be developed. Therefore, this study was designed to develop and validate an AI chatbot dependence scale. We obtained initial items from previous publications and in-depth interviews. Subsequently, item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability, and validity analyses were performed to validate the AI chatbot dependence scale. Seventeen items underwent item analysis and EFA, resulting in a single-factor model with eight items explaining 58.42% of the total variance. The CFA indicated that our AI chatbot dependence scale had acceptable model fitting indices, with standardized loadings ranging between 0.50 and 0.76. In addition, this scale exhibited good reliability and validity. Thus, the current AI chatbot dependence scale can effectively evaluate individuals' dependence on AI chatbots in their daily lives.

Development and validation of the Out-of-Hospital Adherence Questionnaire for Stroke Patients (OHAQ-SP).

The extent of rehabilitation of stroke patients outside the hospital is contingent upon their dedication to rehabilitative exercises, adherence to a suitable diet, and medication protocols. Therefore, multiple aspects of compliance must be assessed. Questionnaires are indirect measurements that are economical and easy to use. However, questionnaires should meet specific criteria to minimize errors and ensure reprehensibility of the results. To develop a new questionnaire-based assessment tool for out-of-hospital treatment adherence in stroke patients and to evaluate the psychometric properties and feasibility of the questionnaire by conducting preliminary measurements in the stroke population. The questionnaire should have at least one validity measure and one reliability measure. A preliminary "OHAQ-SP" was developed based on a literature review and two rounds of Delphi expert consultation. Between April 1 and July 2022, 308 stroke patients revisited the neurology departments of four Grade A tertiary hospitals in Shanghai using the convenience sampling approach. Various statistical methods, such as item analysis, correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and the internal consistency measure Cronbach's α coefficient, were employed to assess the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. A total of 290 questionnaires were collected; the Cronbach's α coefficients were 0.936, 0.862, 0.916, and 0.928 for the different sections, and the overall Cronbach's α coefficient for the entire scale was 0.902. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis were CMIN/DF = 2.490, RMR = 0.05, GFI = 0.901, NFI = 0.927, IFI = 0.955, and RMSEA = 0.054. The standardized loading values varied between 0.717 and 0.916. The combined reliabilities of the four dimensions were 0.936, 0.864, 0.917, and 0.929, respectively. The average variance extraction values for the four dimensions are 0.676, 0.614, 0.611, and 0.652, respectively. The OHAQ-SP is a reliable and accurate instrument for evaluating medication use, nutritional status, and behavior throughout the out-of-hospital rehabilitation phase.

Developing a learners' attitude scale for the 'Diploma in Agri Inputs (DAI)' program in open and distance learning (ODL)

Attitude is a relatively enduring and general evaluation of an object, person, group, issue, or concept on a dimension ranging from negative to positive. It plays a vital role in the persuasion of one's behaviour concerning a particular psychological object. The present study aims to measure the attitude of learners towards the "Diploma in Agri Inputs (DAI)" programme offered through Open and Distance Learning (ODL) mode in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU). To accomplish this, a standardized attitude scale was developed using Likert's summated raring approach, which followed the steps of item collection, relevancy test, item analysis, reliability test, and validity test. A total of 45 statements were collected, of which 25 were retained after editing. The statements were sent to Judges to judge its proper relevancy with a 5-point continuum. Finally, 14 statements were selected equal to or greater than the "t" value of 1.75. The reliability coefficient was found to be 0.82, which showed the scale's reliability. The developed attitude scale will be useful for researchers and extension functionaries in similar studies. Moreover, results revealed that most (70.86 percent) ODL learners had highly favourable attitudes towards the DAI programme. The reason might be the various attracting factors of the DAI programme, such as the teaching-learning process, Knowledge generation through Personal Contact Programme (PCP) classes, Affordable fees, Course duration, Practical exposure to diagnosing pests and diseases, Advanced study material, Student-centred learning, Success stories of agripreneurs and 'Fertilizer dealership license'.

Diseño y validación psicométrica de una escala de medición del clima organizacional en pequeñas y medianas empresas

The objective of the study was to design and validate the psychometric properties of a measurement scale for organizational climate in small and medium enterprises. An empirical, retrospective, instrumental study was carried out, which involved a literature review, construction of the instrument, content validity and a pilot test in 109 participants, evaluating the relevance, representativeness and reliability of the items. It was then applied to 595 collaborators, whose responses allowed for discriminant analysis of items, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The psychometric properties of the instrument made up of four dimensions were determined: a) organizational conditions, b) benefits, rewards and work development, c) sense of belonging, empowerment, and openness to change, and d) managerial leadership, communication, and interpersonal relationships. It is concluded that the scale can be applied to evaluate the organizational climate.

Analysis of biology midterm exam items using a comparison of the classical theory test and the Rasch model

In biology learning, test instruments are essential for assessing students' understanding of complex concepts. A test instrument is a crucial factor in learning evaluation; however, its implementation remains minimal. This descriptive quantitative study aims to analyze the quality of test items using the classical approach in terms of validity, reliability, difficulty index, discrimination power, distractor effectiveness, and the Rasch model analysis. The data consists of 30 multiple-choice questions from a biology midterm exam administered to 40 students. Classical test data analysis uses Microsoft Excel, while Rasch model analysis uses Winsteps software. The validity test results from both approaches show 14 valid questions and 16 invalid ones. The reliability scores are 0.619 (adequate) for the classical approach's Cronbach's Alpha, 0.85 (good) for the Rasch model, and 0.65 (weak) for personal reliability. The classical test theory and the Rasch model categorize item difficulty into four levels. The classical approach produces five categories for item discrimination, while the Rasch model identifies three groups based on the item separation index (H=3.45) and two groups based on respondent ability (H=1.96). Distractor effectiveness shows 93.3% functional distractors in the classical test and 80% in the Rasch model. The Rasch model offers greater precision in measuring student ability and detecting bias. Both models should be integrated for comprehensive item analysis. Future tests should focus on improving invalid items and the quality of distractors.