Italy Research Articles

Clinical characteristics and burden of non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a real-world survey in Italy and Spain

Abstract Background Research describing non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (nHCM) and the associated burden of illness is sparse. Purpose This research aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with nHCM and the associated clinical and societal burden of illness in Italy (IT) and Spain (ES). Methods Data were from the Adelphi HCM Disease Specific Programme (DSP), a cross-sectional survey with retrospective data collection in IT and ES (July 2022–January 2023). Ethics approval was obtained from the Pearl Institutional Review Board. Cardiologists provided data on patient demographics, employment, clinical characteristics, symptoms, support needs and treatment for up to ten consecutively consulting adult HCM patients. Patients voluntarily completed a survey containing the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-23 (KCCQ). Analyses were descriptive and the mean [SD] was summarized for continuous variables. Results Overall, 112 cardiologists provided data for 483 patients with nHCM from IT (243) and ES (240). The mean age [SD] was 54.3 [14.1] and 58.0 [16.0], with 66.3% and 61.7% of patients being male, in IT and ES respectively. Eighty-four percent and 92.1% of patients were classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) II, 14.8% and 7.1% were NYHA III, and 1.2% and 0.8% were NYHA IV, in IT and ES respectively. Among patients who completed the KCCQ, the mean [SD] KCCQ-clinical summary score was 84.9 [12.9] in IT and 81.8 [20.7] in ES. Regarding work-related impact, 30.8% (IT) and 16.7% (ES) of patients had taken time off work due to nHCM in the last three months, and 41.6% (IT) and 48.4% (ES) were not working full-time, of which 5.6% (IT) and 11.0% (ES) were not working full time due to nHCM. Additionally, 17.6% and 18.2% of patients experienced a delayed diagnosis in IT and ES respectively, with 24.0% (IT) and 25.0% (ES) having multiple delays to diagnosis. The most common symptoms reported by physicians were dyspnoea when active (83.7%), palpitations (29.3%) and fatigue (25.7%). The most prevalent concomitant conditions were hypertension (20.5%), anxiety (18.6%), and atrial fibrillation (18.4%). In IT and ES, respectively, 77.8% and 74.2% of patients were currently prescribed treatment for nHCM. The most frequently prescribed treatments were beta-blockers (83.3%), diuretics (32.1%) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (20.5%), alone or in combination. In IT and ES respectively, 14.4% and 18.8% of patients required caregiver support, at a mean [SD] of 46.3 [52.4] and 44.2 [47.5] hours per week. Conclusions While the majority of patients with nHCM were classified as NYHA II, a considerable clinical and societal burden is evident. Burden was demonstrated by the high prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, disruptions to employment and the requirement for caregiver support among these patients, highlighting the need for new treatment and management approaches to enhance health outcomes and reduce societal impact.

Changes in the diagnostic landscape of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM): a comparison of tests ordered and test Intervals in 2020 Q4 and 2023 Q4

Abstract Background Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is a genetic disease caused when misfolded transthyretin protein is deposited in the myocardium. Amyloidosis driven stiffness in heart muscles results in heart failure symptoms. ATTR-CM is underdiagnosed, requiring specialized tests to identify the condition. Purpose This paper examines and compares diagnostic tests and the time intervals between rounds of testing conducted to identify ATTR-CM in 2020 Q4 and 2023 Q4 in France (FR), Germany (DE), Italy (IT), Spain (ES) and the United Kingdom (UK). Methods A multi-centre online medical chart review was performed between November and December 2020, with 210 (FR: 46, DE: 40, IT: 43, ES: 42, UK: 39) cardiologists/internists providing data on 320 (FR: 71, DE: 63, IT: 64, ES: 63, UK: 59) patients diagnosed with ATTR-CM; and between October and November 2023, with 225 (FR: 45, DE: 48, IT: 48, ES: 45, UK: 39) cardiologists/Internists providing data on 780 (FR: 151, DE: 163, IT: 172, ES: 175, UK: 119) patients. Participants were screened for ATTR-CM patient management. We analysed the diagnostic tests ordered and tracked the intervals between batteries of tests to understand how the timing of diagnosis has changed across the EU4+UK. Results The average number of ATTR-CM diagnostic tests received by reported patients rose from 5.9 in 2020 to 7.4 in 2023, with ECHO with strain imaging (87%), Genetic tests (78%), Cardiac MRI (74%), Laboratory tests (67%), and Scintigraphy tests (65%) as the top 5 tests in Q4 2023. There was a notable increase in the use of ECHO with strain imaging, Laboratory tests, and Scintigraphy tests recorded in the Spanish patient cohort (p<0.01). Reported patients in Italy, Spain & UK received an increased average number of tests (p<0.05) [Table 1]. The recorded interval between the 1st and 2nd test batteries remained consistent between Q4 2020 and Q4 2023 (4.8-4.9 wks.), but the interval between the 2nd to 3rd rounds increased from 4.3 to 5.0 weeks. Timings between batteries increased in the France, Germany, Italy and UK data. Reported patients in Germany continue to experience the shortest intervals between batteries of tests (4.1 wks. between 1st and 2nd; 4.4 wks. between 2nd and 3rd batteries). Between Q4 2020 and Q4 2023, reported patients in Spain had an increase in the average number of tests received from 5.2 to 7.2, and were the only group with decreased time intervals (7.3 to 4.5 wks. between 1st and 2nd; 5.8 to 5.1 wks. between 2nd and 3rd batteries) Conclusion Results indicate that the use of certain diagnostic tests as well as the number of tests used to diagnose ATTR-CM has increased, however, intervals between testing batteries have also increased. This suggests that the increase in the number of tests used to diagnose ATTR-CM is possibly negating the necessity for more frequent testing. Further research in needed to confirm this and assess its impact on early detection of ATTR-CM.Table 1:Diagnostic Procedures by RegionTable 2:Testing battery intervals

LAWSUIT: a LArge expert-Written SUmmarization dataset of ITalian constitutional court verdicts

AbstractLarge-scale public datasets are vital for driving the progress of abstractive summarization, especially in law, where documents have highly specialized jargon. However, the available resources are English-centered, limiting research advancements in other languages. This paper introduces LAWSUIT, a collection of 14K Italian legal verdicts with expert-authored abstractive maxims drawn from the Constitutional Court of the Italian Republic. LAWSUIT presents an arduous task with lengthy source texts and evenly distributed salient content. We offer extensive experiments with sequence-to-sequence and segmentation-based approaches, revealing that the latter achieve better results in full and few-shot settings. We openly release LAWSUIT to foster the development and automation of real-world legal applications.

Economic insecurity in the 2022 Italian general election: mobilization or withdrawal?

A right-wing coalition led by Giorgia Meloni’s Brothers of Italy (FdI) emerged as the clear winner of the 2022 Italian general election, with voter turnout reaching its lowest level in the history of the Italian Republic. This result unfolded amidst a long-standing sense of economic stagnation, escalating inequality, and rising inflation. The article explores the relationship between individual economic insecurity and the 2022 election results. There is an assumption in both public and scholarly discourse that economic insecurity is responsible for the rise of populist and, particularly, populist radical-right (PRR) parties. Does the 2022 Italian general election represent a case of mobilization or withdrawal of the economically insecure electorate? Building on the literature on populist success and the economy’s effects on political behavior, we find that economic insecurity was not behind the success of the PRR parties (the League and FdI) in the 2022 election. It was also not associated with the vote for the main populist non-radical-right party in the Italian political landscape: the 5-Star Movement. On the contrary, in this election, economic insecurity mostly deterred voters from casting their ballots, and the success of the PRR can mostly be explained by anti-immigration attitudes.

The Right to Oncological Oblivion: A Legislative Response to Cancer Survivor Discrimination in Italy.

Despite the increasing efficacy of modern medicine in diagnosing and treating cancer, survivors often face discrimination in employment, economics, insurance, and society. Law no. 193/2023, also known as the "Oncological Oblivion Law", aims to provide an initial legislative response to discrimination against cancer survivors in Italy. After defining oncological oblivion in Article 1, the Law provides, in Articles 2, 3, and 4, directives to prevent discrimination against cancer survivors in the area of access to banking and insurance services, adoption procedures and access to or retention in employment. The aim of this work is to illustrate the content and the critical aspects of the recent Law 193/2023 in the landscape of European directives. The legislative process at the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Italian Republic has been retraced through the consultation of preparatory works and bills registered on institutional databases. Law 193/2023 represents the first initiative in Italy aimed at the recognition of the right to oncological oblivion, not only in access to banking and insurance services as in other countries, but also in adoption, employment, and re-employment. Our opinion piece highlights the need for further clarification and expansion to prevent discrimination and protect the social-work-relational rights of people who have been affected by oncological diseases.

The personalization of government: concept and comparative analysis

ABSTRACT The personalization of politics is one of the most important political phenomena of our time. Following the decline of traditional party government, various political systems have seen a radical shift of power from collective to individual actors. In this context, one of the main forms of the personalization of politics is the personalization of government. Heads of government have become more central to democratic executives due to their direct relationship with citizens, their greater control over government action, and structural changes in the institutional setting in which they operate. Although a large body of comparative evidence seems to support this trend, the existing literature has not yet offered a precise conceptual lens through which to do a detailed analysis of this transformation over time. This article introduces the concept of “monocratic government” as a way to study the personalization of government in terms of the ability of leaders to create consensus and use their powers effectively, and to analyse other contextual factors such as the party-system and executive-legislative relations. The last section analyses the Italian Republic over different time periods, paving the way for further comparative analysis.

The ‘fascist threat’ in Berlusconi’s Italy

ABSTRACT It is still frequently the case today that the Italian political media use the term ‘fascist’ as an epithet aimed at opponents who do not proclaim themselves to be such in order to discredit them in the eyes of democratic public opinion, a usage with a long history in the Italian Republic. In recent times the alarm over an imminent fascist threat was reiterated with regard to Silvio Berlusconi’s government, which in the years between the 1990s and the first decade of the twenty-first century offers a paradigmatic case. Following the collapse of the First Republic, the profound transformation of the political framework and Berlusconi’s entry onto the scene, the category of fascism was in fact revived in an attempt to delegitimize a right-wing coalition that in turn disavowed the values of anti-fascism. By examining how the political media debates of the period between the birth of Forza Italia and the fall of the last Berlusconi government, the aim of this article is to highlight these tendencies to use the past and bend it to current needs with effects that are still visible in the current situation of political communications.

Historical and legal foundations of the development of insurance in the Republic of Italy: theoretical and legal analysis

The article examines the historical and legal aspects of the development of insurance and the legal regulation of insurance relations in Italy. It is noted that the foundations of insurance relations and their legal regulation were observed in many countries of modern Europe, including Italy. It has been investigated that the first forms of insurance in Italy were observed as early as the times of the Roman Empire in the form of activities of religious societies and military colleges. It has been proven that the initial forms of insurance in the Roman Empire were built on the basis of the common interests of the participants, were non-commercial in nature and were not aimed at making a profit. It was established that from the 13th century. in Italy, there are mutual aid associations, which were created within the framework of craft guilds, which aimed to help their members in the event of certain insurance cases. It has been studied that starting from the 13th century. Italy becomes the center of marine insurance formation, centered in Genoa, Florence and Venice. The article states that the legal regulation of marine insurance was carried out in accordance with the norms specified in the Pisa Statute and other legislative acts, as well as insurance contracts that had a notarized certificate. It is noted that at the end of the 13th century. special courts were established to resolve disputes in the field of marine insurance. It has been studied that starting from the 14th century. in Italy, the formation of commercial insurance was observed, which was regulated by the Venetian Code of Marine Insurance and the Florentine Ordinance of 1523. It was analyzed that in the 15th-16th centuries. Art. in Italy, such types of insurance as dowry insurance, as well as annuities, tontines and loans, bets have become widespread. It was found that starting from the 18th century. in Italy, insurance companies are created in the form of joint-stock companies, marine insurance is provided by the Maritime Exchange Insurance Chamber, and fire insurance is developed. It is noted that since the XX century. in Italy is developing life insurance. It has been established that today Italy is one of the leading states that carries out insurance activities on the market of insurance services.

Encavis AG and Italian Republic (ICSID Case No. ARB/20/39) AWARD 11 March 2024

Encavis AG and Italian Republic (ICSID Case No. ARB/20/39) AWARD 11 March 2024

Reelekcja prezydenta w systemie politycznym Republiki Włoskiej. Od teorii do praktyki

The Constitution of the Italian Republic, in the section devoted to the head of state, does not refer anywhere to the issue of re-election or term limits. From the beginning of the Italian Republic, the debate on this issue was theoretical in nature, until 2013. Then, for the first time in history, a sitting president was elected for another term. The situation took place again in 2022. These events resulted in the transfer of the topic of re-election from a theoretical to a practical one, being perceived as a real tool in the hands of the electors. The aim of this work was to examine the issue of presidential re-election in the Italian political system. Legal and political analysis has shown that the presidential re-election, which for years was perceived in Italy as an undesirable solution, ultimately contributed twice to the stabilization of the Italian political system.

E066 Baseline characteristics of patients initiating ixekizumab, secukinumab or a tumour necrosis factor inhibitor by country in the 24-month Prospective Psoriatic Arthritis Observational Study of Persistence of Treatment - PRO-SPIRIT

Abstract Background/Aims The Psoriatic Arthritis Observational Study of Persistence of Treatment (PRO-SPIRIT) is the first large-sample, multinational, prospective, observational study to provide real-world evidence for ixekizumab (IXE) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) who start a new biologic/targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (b/tsDMARD), with a primary end point of persistence at 24 months. Aims: To describe baseline characteristics of PRO-SPIRIT patients initiating or switching to IXE, secukinumab (SEC) or a tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) in Canada (CA), France (FR), Germany (DE), Italy (IT), Spain (ES) and the United Kingdom (UK). Methods PRO-SPIRIT enrolled adults diagnosed with PsA (≥6 months) between December 2019 and June 2022 to be initiated or switched to a new b/tsDMARD, locally approved for the management of PsA. Baseline characteristics, including patient demographics, therapy and disease activity measures, are described here by country for patients initiating IXE, SEC (both IL-17A inhibitors) or a TNFi (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab or biosimilar) only. Results This analysis included 943 patients (Table 1). The overall proportion of patients with BMI ≥30 mg/kg2 was highest in CA (67.2%) and lowest in IT (24.5%); across countries, higher proportions of patients initiating an IL-17A vs a TNFi had BMI ≥30 mg/kg2 (except IXE groups in IT, ES and UK). Higher proportions of patients initiating an IL-17A vs a TNFi were diagnosed with PsA ≥3 years before baseline (except SEC groups in DE and ES). The highest proportions of b/tsDMARD-naïve patients were observed in the TNFi groups in all countries (range 46.2% [CA] to 81.9% [UK]). Patients in the IL-17A groups were more likely to be on monotherapy than patients in the TNFi groups (except in FR). There were no clear trends in baseline disease activity for patients initiating IL-17As or TNFis, although country-specific differences were observed. Conclusion The PRO-SPIRIT baseline characteristics described offer important insights into country-specific patient demographics and treatment patterns when initiating or switching to a new b/tsDMARD in a real-world setting. Between-country variations observed in PRO-SPIRIT baseline characteristics may be due to differences in healthcare systems and/or the evolution of treatment options for patients with PsA in each country. Disclosure N. Gullick: Consultancies; AbbVie,Novartis, UCB. Honoraria; AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, UCB. Grants/research support; AbbVie, Astra Zeneca, Eli Lilly, Novartis. M. Sheesh: Corporate appointments; Eli Lilly and Company. Shareholder/stock ownership; Eli Lilly and Company. C. Laedermann: Corporate appointments; Eli Lilly and Company. Shareholder/stock ownership; Eli Lilly and Company. M. Ngantcha: Corporate appointments; Eli Lilly and Company. Shareholder/stock ownership; Eli Lilly and Company. B. Gittens: Corporate appointments; Eli Lilly and Company. K. Ng: Corporate appointments; Eli Lilly and Company. Shareholder/stock ownership; Eli Lilly and Company. W. Tillett: Consultancies; Abbvie, Amgen, Eli Lilly and Company, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Pfizer, UCB. Member of speakers’ bureau; AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly and Company, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB. Grants/research support; Janssen, UCB, Pfizer, Eli Lilly and Company. J. Morel: Consultancies; Pfizer, AbbVie, Boerhinger Ingelheim, Galapagos, GSK. Member of speakers’ bureau; Biogen, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squib, Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis, Sanofi, MSD, Mylan, Fresenius Kabi, Roche, Union Chimique Belge, Janssen, Medac, Nordic Pharma. Grants/research support; Fresenius Kabi. E. Lubrano: Member of speakers’ bureau; Abbvie, Janssen Cilag, Lilly, UCB, Pfizer, Novartis. R. Alten: Consultancies; AbbVie, BMS, Celltrion, Galapagos, Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UC. Member of speakers’ bureau; AbbVie, BMS, Celltrion, Galapagos, Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB. L. Kristensen: Consultancies; Pfizer, AbbVie, Amgen, UCB, Gilead, Biogen, BMS, MSD, Novartis, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen. Member of speakers’ bureau; Pfizer, AbbVie, Amgen, UCB, Gilead, Biogen, BMS, MSD, Novartis, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen. Grants/research support; Pfizer, Abb- Vie, UCB, Gilead, Biogen, Novartis, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen. V. Chandran: Consultancies; AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Amgen, Janssen. Grants/research support; AbbVie. A. Martinez-Ferrer: Grants/research support; Eli Lilly and Company. B. Kirkham: Consultancies; Abbvie, Eli Lilly and Company, Galapagos, Novartis. Member of speakers’ bureau; Abbvie, Eli Lilly and Company, Galapagos, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB. Grants/research support; Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis.

The history of the formation of "soft power" resources in the foreign cultural policy of the Italian Republic

The subject of the research in this article is the history of the formation of the resources of the "soft power" of the Italian Republic. The object of research in this article is the activities and experience of the Italian Republic in the XX century within the framework of foreign cultural policy to promote a positive image of the country on the basis of its own national culture and its components. The article aims to provide an overview of the development of the concept of "soft power", the history of its formation, as well as the study of Italy's experience in using its cultural heritage as tools for forming a positive image of its national culture abroad. The study of this issue in several directions, depending on the goals of the state, allowed us to consider in dynamics what was the basis for the current state and functioning of foreign cultural policy, in Italian practice based mainly on elements of national culture. One of the key aspects of the formation of Italy's soft power resources is its rich cultural heritage. Italy is known for its great works of art, architecture, music, cuisine and fashion. These cultural elements have become an important tool for attracting attention and respect to the country abroad. When using general scientific methods of information analysis and synthesis, observation, systematization, classification, interpretation and forecasting, the main milestones of the development of "soft power" in the Italian Republic are examined in detail, which makes it possible to trace on which resources the popularization of national culture is based and which areas have been allocated by the state over time to increase the attractiveness and prestige of the country, as well as establishing trusting relationships with potential partners. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that today the connection between national culture and soft power is an important aspect of the state's foreign policy, which arouses some interest in the topic. The interest in studying this aspect is also explained by the fact that today the skillful application of the policy of "soft power" comes to the fore in cultural diplomacy, which shows the country's ability to achieve its goals through the attractiveness of its lifestyle, values and culture, and not through military force, implying the emergence of certain threats. In connection with the conclusions obtained, it is possible to identify how the development of modern trends in the transmission of the image of national culture developed, which are now actively promoted by the Italian Republic through the policy of "soft power", contributing to the establishment of friendly relations, increasing prestige and increasing influence in the international arena.

TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN KAZAKHSTAN AND ITALY

The article discusses the main directions of strategic cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Italian Republic in the trade and economic fields. It is emphasized that the strategic partnership between the two countries is based on a solid foundation, and mutually beneficial relations with the Italian Republic, which is the third largest economy in the eurozone, has become a priority of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In August 1992, an agreement was signed between the Italian Republic and the Republic of Kazakhstan to establish diplomatic relations. In 2007 the Business Council of Kazakhstan and Italy was created, the Intergovernmental Working Group on Industrial and Economic Cooperation and Exchange also operates.During this period the two states were able to raise the level of bilateral relations to a strategic partnership, went through formation, development and transformation and are looking for reserves to continue effective multilateral cooperation. The need for research is due to a number of factors. Firstly, for Italy, as a country with an open economy, the market of Kazakhstan and Central Asia is an important platform for promoting its goods and services. Secondly, establishing multilateral relations between the two countries is in the interests o f both the European Union and the Eurasian integration. Thirdly, the participation of Italy and Kazakhstan in achieving common goals on the world stage within the UN and the OSCE contributes to an understanding of the goals of foreign policy and constructive dialogue. Kazakhstan is interested in Italy’s experience in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises; we are talking about combining efforts in creating new enterprises in various fields.The relevance of the article lies in the fact that Kazakhstan and Italy build their relations on alliance and respect for national interests and understand the importance of strategic interaction, which will only increase in connection with the integration processes taking place in Europe and the Eurasian space. Today large-scale political transformations are being carried out in Kazakhstan. The Head of our state has proposed a program of reforms aimed at modernizing the political system, improving mechanisms for protecting human rights, and building a New Kazakhstan. In this context the dynamic relationship with the Italian Republic makes an important contribution to the implementation and promotion of the reforms carried out in our country.Kazakhstan intends to continue to pursue a foreign policy aimed at comprehensively strengthening and developing the strategic partnership with Italy.

КІНЕЦЬ ЕПОХИ БЕРЛУСКОНІ –ГІРКИЙ ПРИСМАК ПОЛІТИКИ. ЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ НАДБАННЯ

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of Berlusconi, his political activity in the Parliament of the Italian Republic from the perspective of linguistic gainings, in other words, considering the enrichment of italian political vocabulary within the political life of Italy, appearance of neologisms, idioms and other derivatives, related with this odious man. We deliberately translate “calice” as “flavour” instead of “cup”, to highlight the danger of the usurpation of power, since the new lexicon, which appeared during the ministry of Berlusconi, almost always carries a negative connotation. With the development of his political activity, on each stage of his lightning fast career new lexicon, related with his personality, appears.

CONSTITUTIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL CONDITIONS FOR CIVIC EDUCATION IN THE ITALIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM (PROLEGOMENA)

At European level, civic education is enshrined in the Treaty of Lisbon. This treaty confirms the concept of European citizenship. In particular, Art. 9 of the Treaty states that everyone who holds the nationality of an EU Member State is also a citizen of the European Union. Furthermore, Art. 2 of the Treaty establishes the imperative of respect for fundamental rights, including freedom, democracy, equality and solidarity. In Italy, civic education is already enshrined (albeit indirectly) in the Constitution of the Italian Republic. Art. 3 of the Italian Constitution establishes the principle of equality of all citizens before the law, regardless of sex, race, language, religion, political convictions, personal and social conditions. The effort to respect these values requires an adequate level of civic knowledge and, in addition, a certain sense of responsibility on the part of the inhabitants and, in particular, of the citizens of the Italian Republic. Civic education is essential to meet the challenges of the current national, European and even global context of building civil society. Therefore, the key challenge is to promote civic education and awareness and to support actions that appear to be instrumental in its consolidation.

APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE

Considering today’s challenges to medicine and provision of social protection to vulnerable population groups, the issue of developing pediatric palliative care is relevant and crucial. The aim of the study is to analyze the development level of pediatric palliative care in Ukraine and European countries. Material and methods: analysis and generalization of data from scientific-methodological and specific literature, documentary materials, information resources on the Internet, and regulatory and legal frameworks of Ukraine, the Republic of Poland and the Republic of Italy. Research results. The goal of pediatric palliative care is to support the child and their family as soon as a life-threatening disease is diagnosed. Such care is provided throughout the entire trajectory of the child’s disease. Pediatric palliative care is aimed at improving the level of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being of the child and their family within the limits of the diagnosed incurable, often progressive, disease. The solution of multidisciplinary tasks requires the work of an interdisciplinary team in a palliative inpatient department, a mobile crew, and assistance at home. The family-centered model of pediatric palliative care is one of the unique models of supporting the family to adhere to a series of socio-medical interventions and maintenance of intra-family communication, avoid social deprivation of the family, and promote and coordinate the care of a child with an incurable disease. Conclusions. Palliative pediatric care contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of the child and their family. Pediatric palliative care in Ukraine and the world needs solving a range of problems related to financing and specialized education of specialists and parents of the child. The functioning of the inpatient and mobile pediatric palliative care team should be coordinated and continuous. The family-centered model is an effective approach to pediatric palliative care for the child and family.

The President’s Influence on the Formation of the Government on the Example of the Italian Republic

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the legal, primarily constitutional, constraints that govern the formation of the government of the Italian Republic and the involvement and significance of the President of the Republic in this process. The study is conceived as a synthesis of legal and socio-political perspectives, aimed at examining this pivotal yet complex process for the state. Considering the constitutional foundations that underlie the government formation procedure, the study first examines the legal limitations on the actions and duties of the President in that process. The interaction between the exercise of the head of state’s powers and their limitations, both by legal regulations and established constitutional precedents, is subjected to scrutiny. The role of the President, viewed through the lens of the boundaries of the authority of the office, is characterized, in conclusion, by the delicate balance between discretion and the legal and political-constitutional constraints on the President’s actions. While the study mainly concerns the circumstances surrounding the establishment and ultimate selection of the Meloni cabinet, it can be viewed as a notable addition to the overall analysis of the President’s influence on the formation of the government in politically fractured and divided Italy.

EU migration policy: policy of humanism vs threat to national security

Uncontrolled migration sweeping Europe is a priority of the political leadership led by a number of European states such as France, Italy, as well as their allies in the United States. The climate crisis in Europe also plays an important role here, which can be resolved, according to Germany, with the help of future “new citizens” who arrived from countries in Africa and the Middle East, exclusively with a Muslim population. What are the migration and immigrant policies in EU countries? How is the immigration policy of European countries being transformed? A detailed analysis of the current state of affairs in Europe is based on official data from the national statistical services of Germany, France, Great Britain, the Ministry of European Integration of the Republic of Serbia, the Department of Civil Liberty and Immigration of the Italian Republic, as well as international organizations - the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Eurostat, World Bank. The article examines the security problem in connection with the penetration of radical Islam along with refugees. The authors reveal the consequences of the migration crisis in Europe and make an attempt to answer the question: is the reception and integration of refugees an act of humanity or a problem of national security for EU countries.

The Principle of Solidarity Within the Italian Constitution. Recent Issues and Developments in the European Context.

The Constitution of the Italian Republic asserts the principle of solidarity in a particularly evident manner and marks one of the clearest instances and one of the most strongly enshrined manifestations of that principle within Europe. The centrality and pervasive way this watchword of the contemporary political and legal lexicon is used takes on a particular depth in the light of the immense tragedy of the migrants crossing the Mediterranean Sea, who for several years now have been knocking on the doors of Europe day after day, with a profound effect on the Old Continent. The word solidarity has taken on an even more dramatic depth since Russia launched an unprovoked war of aggression against its peaceful neighbour, Ukraine, resulting in a significant armed conflict in Europe and an increase in the number of refugees and asylum-seekers from Ukraine. In contrast to the weak and uncertain European solidarity towards those migrants who reach its southern boundaries, the EU’s solidarity towards the Ukrainian people has been clear and evident.

Elaborazione e cambio linguistico: considerazioni sulle ‘lingue minori’ sull’esempio della scritturalità friulana

Abstract Since Friulian has been recognized as a minority language by the region Friuli-Venezia Giulia (1996) and by the Italian Republic (Law 482/1999), the elaboration process has been accelerated and intensified. Friulian has advanced into text types in which it had not been used before, such as scientific papers, administrative texts, journal articles, etc. In order to fulfill the needs of these new communicative purposes, an extensive and intensive elaboration of language is needed. This happens on the one side through a conscious codification process, especially by intense lexicographical activity, and on the other side “by doing”. In both cases, the influence of more elaborated languages – mainly of Italian, but partially also of other languages, especially English – plays a central role. Lexical items, but also morphological processes and syntactical structures are borrowed from these languages. This fact has structural consequences on Friulian, and, in the long run, could cause a typological change. After a brief outline of the recent history of the elaboration of Friulian and its legal framework, I will focus on some morphological and syntactical structures: the formation of relational (denominal) adjectives instead of prepositional phrases (which also triggers some less productive morphophonological patterns) and the borrowing of Italian adjectives and nouns derived from a present participle, provoking Friulian loan formations, although in Friulian present participles are no usual grammatical structures. In the end, I will focus on stâ+gerund periphrases, which are built on the Italian model. These are compatible with some aktionsart verb classes that the ‘genuine’ Friulian aspectual periphrases jessi che+indicative present or imperfect and jessi daûr a+infinitive cannot be used with and therefore it can be seen as a change in the semantic-syntactic system of Friulian.