Italian Sites Research Articles

Energy, Exergy and Exergo-economic analyses of supercritical CO2 cycles for the exploitation of a geothermal resource in the Italian water dominant Amiata site

Alternative powerplant layouts to commonly applied flash technology is investigated for the water dominant geothermal location of Amiata Mountain, Italy. The proposed solution avoids flashing the brine stream by a borehole pump capable of maintaining pressurized conditions, thus reducing the amount of non-condensable gases released when reaching the ground level. Therefore, the need of a gas treatment section is completely avoided. The heat recovered from the hot brine at ground level is transferred to different supercritical CO2 cycle configurations, equipped with high efficiency Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHE). The optimal 45.5% calculated exergy efficiency was achieved for the recuperative cycle with intercooling and reheat, which however didn’t show the optimal electricity costs (8.092 c€/kWh) because of the more complex heat exchangers network. The lowest cost of electricity (7.4 c€/kWh) was found for the recuperative cycle configuration. These costs are in line with the current levels of geothermal binary cycles, but almost doubled compared to the current single flash +ORC solution, due to a 40-50% reduction of power output with sCO2 cycles. On the other hand, sCO2 binary cycles could guarantee an almost zero environmental impact, which is the main reason for social concerns related to the current flash powerplants.

Production and test of BI-RPC detectors for ATLAS Phase-2 upgrade

The current Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) system is undergoing a major upgrade (ATL (2017)), consisting in the installation of approximately 1000 RPC detector units in the innermost barrel layer of the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer. The goal of the project is to increase the detector coverage, currently limited to approximately 80%, and improve the trigger robustness and efficiency. The production of the gas volumes takes place in Italy, in Germany and China, while the readout panels in Cosenza (Italy) and Hefei (China). The Italian collaboration is taking care of the construction and test of the chambers located in the large sectors of the ATLAS barrel (BIL). Here we present the state of the art of the production, certification and logistics related to all the components produced at the Italian sites, as well as the assembly line and characterization of the BIL chambers at CERN with cosmic rays. The certification results of the components produced are analyzed and discussed.

Chronometric data and stratigraphic evidence support discontinuity between Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens in the Italian Peninsula

The process by which Palaeolithic Europe was transformed from a Neanderthal-dominated region to one occupied exclusively by Homo sapiens has proven challenging to diagnose. A blurred chronology has made it difficult to determine when Neanderthals disappeared and whether modern humans overlapped with them. Italy is a crucial region because here we can identify not only Late Mousterian industries, assumed to be associated with Neanderthals, but also early Upper Palaeolithic industries linked with the appearance of early H. sapiens, such as the Uluzzian and the Aurignacian. Here, we present a chronometric dataset of 105 new determinations (74 radiocarbon and 31 luminescence ages) from four key southern Italian sites: Cavallo, Castelcivita, Cala, and Oscurusciuto. We built Bayesian-based chronometric models incorporating these results alongside the relative stratigraphic sequences at each site. The results suggest; 1) that the disappearance of Neanderthals probably pre-dated the appearance of early modern humans in the region and; 2) that there was a partial overlap in the chronology of the Uluzzian and Protoaurignacian, suggesting that these industries may have been produced by different human groups in Europe.

Coronary Arteries Lesions in Kawasaki Disease: Risk Factors in an Italian Cohort.

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis of medium arteries, particularly involving coronary arteries. Coronary artery lesions (CALs) is the most serious complication in the acute stage, potentially leading to ischemic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction and sudden death. Environmental factors and genetic background contribute to individual susceptibility to develop CALs. The aim of this study was to define the risk factors for CALs in an Italian cohort. Methods: Data of KD patients from 10 Italian sites were registered into a REDCap database where demographic and clinical data, laboratory findings and coronary status were recorded. KD was diagnosed according to AHA definition. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to identify independent risk factors for CALs. Results: A total of 517 patients were enrolled, mainly Caucasians (83.6%). Presentation was complete in 321 patients (62.8%) and IVIG responsiveness in 360 (70%). CALs developed in 136/517 (26.31%). Gender, age, ethnicity, clinical presentation, fever duration, non-coronary cardiac events, Hb, albumin and CRP were significantly different between patients with and without CALs, while seasonality was not. Male gender, age < 18 months, Asian ethnicity, incomplete presentation and fever > 10 days were independent risk factors for CALs. Conclusions: Age younger than 18 months, incomplete KD and longer fever duration are risk factors for CALs. Asian ethnicity also represents a risk factor in our Italian Cohort.

Pure and mixed Scots pine forests showed divergent responses to climate variation and increased intrinsic water use efficiency across a European-wide climate gradient

AbstractThe present study examined Pinus sylvestris L. growth responses to climatic variations and its relationship with intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) across a water availability gradient and also in pure P. sylvestris and P. sylvestris-Quercus species mixed forests. Study sites were selected in the Mediterranean, temperate, and temperate continental climates in Spain, Italy, and Poland, respectively. A combined tree-ring dendrochronological and stable carbon isotope analysis was used to assess the relationship between tree growth and climate variation. Results showed that P. sylvestris growth is critically affected by summer water availability, regardless of study site and species mixing. Warming temperatures during the early growing season benefit tree growth in Mediterranean and temperate continental climates, while no significant effect was observed in the temperate climatic conditions. At the Mediterranean site, trees in mixed stands showed enhanced growth during wet years when moisture is not limiting. At the temperate continental site, trees in the mixed stand grew at a lower rate than those in pure stands, which suggests that intense interspecific competition for water could overwhelm the benefits of species mixing. Also, we found a divergent growth-iWUE relationship of non-significant and significantly positive and significantly negative correlations at the Polish, Italian, and Spanish sites, respectively. Overall, the negative growth-iWUE relationship at the drier Mediterranean site signifies the risk of tree growth decline, particularly in drier climate conditions. Despite that, elevated iWUE levels would benefit tree radial growth when water is not limited and the admixing tree species have compatible light and water use strategies.

Modeling and supporting adaptive Complex Data-Intensive Web Systems via XML and the O-O paradigm: The OO-XAHM model

The data model is a critical component of an Adaptive Web System (AWS). The major goals of such a data model are describing the application domain of the AWS and capturing data about the user in order to support the “adaptation effect”. There have been many proposals for data models, principally based on knowledge representation, machine learning, logic and reasoning, and, recently, ontologies. These models are focused on the implementation of the core layer of AWS, that is realizing the adaptation of contents and presentations of the system, but sometimes they are poor with respect to the application domain design. In this paper, we present an extension of the state-of-the-art XML Adaptive Hypermedia Model (XAHM), Object-Oriented XAHM (OO-XAHM) that supports the application domain modeling using an object-oriented approach. We also provide the formal definition of the model, its description via Unified Modeling Language (UML), and its implementation using XML Schema. Finally, we provide a complete case study that focuses the attention on the well-known Italian archaeological site Pompeii.

Definition of a PVT coupled water source heat pump system through optimization of individual components

Exploiting renewable resources considering their discontinuity compared to building needs, necessitates energy system designs that simultaneously maximize generation and storage performance in different seasons. This article presents the optimization of RESHeat European project, concerning a high-performance system which combines water-source heat pump, cooled photovoltaic panels and thermal storage. The research regards the Italian demo site, near Rome, to define a solution for Mediterranean regions which alongside the requirement for heating have notable need for summer cooling. The targets are system's efficiency, with a minimum sCOP of 5, and a minimum 70 % coverage from renewable sources focusing ambient temperature management.A dynamic model of plant and building was used for parametric analysis, which covered separately heating and cooling modes, involving significant parameters: operating temperatures of the heat pump, number of strings comprising the photovoltaic array, volume of the buffer tank connecting PVTs and WSHP and setpoint temperature of a cooler added for tank temperature control in cooling. 184 alternative configurations were evaluated by Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method based on energy, economic and logistic criteria, and weighted by five indices. The optimal system includes 15 PVT panels strings for 25 kWp, a 3 m³ storage tank and cooling setpoint temperature of 25 °C.

A three-years survey of microbial contaminants in industrial hemp inflorescences from two Italian cultivation sites

BackgroundThe use of industrial Cannabis sativa L. for recreational, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and medicinal purposes has gained momentum due to its rich content of valuable phytochemicals, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). However, there are concerns regarding the risk of microbial contamination in plants grown outside controlled environments. Microbes associated with hemp can be either epiphytes or endophytes and may pose a risk of infectious illness for humans.MethodsSeven Italian hemp genotypes, including Bernabeo, Carmagnola, Carmaleonte, Codimono, CS, Eletta Campana, and Fibranova, were cultivated in two distinct geographic locations, Catania and Rovigo, for three consecutive years from 2019 to 2021. Total aerobic microbes (TAMC), total combined yeasts/moulds (TYMC), the presence of bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria, and the absence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were evaluated and compared. The main phytocannabinoid content was measured and correlated with microbial contamination.ResultsMost samples analyzed in this study did not meet the European Pharmacopoeia microbiological limits. The detection of potential pathogens, such as E. coli and Salmonella spp., in the samples indicates that the use of inflorescences may represent a possible source of infection. Microbial contamination varied among harvesting seasons and production sites, with agroclimatic conditions influencing microbial load and composition. The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria was less associated with seasonal climate variability and more likely affected by sporadic contamination from external sources. CBD concentration exhibited a negative correlation with bile-tolerant Gram-negative bacteria and total yeasts/moulds levels. Samples with lower CBD content were more contaminated than those with higher CBD levels, suggesting a potential protective effect of this phytochemical on the plant.ConclusionsThe threshing residues (inflorescences, floral bracts, and leaves) of industrial hemp varieties represent a valuable product and a source of beneficial phytochemicals that warrants further exploration. While post-harvest sterilization methods may reduce microbiological risks, they may also degrade heat- and light-sensitive bioactive phytochemicals. The most promising strategy involves implementing best agronomic practices to maintain healthy and uncontaminated cultures. Rigorous monitoring and quality certification protocols are essential to mitigate the microbiological risk associated with the consumption of hemp-derived products.

Contrast-enhanced excimer laser stepwise approach during PCI for resistant coronary lesions.

The treatment of resistant coronary lesions (RCL) is a great challenge for interventional cardiologists. The excimer laser coronary atherectomy (ELCA) is a plaque modification tool based on a main mechanism of photomechanical effect leading to mechanical disruption of the plaque. Contrast dye injection during laser delivery has demonstrated to enhance its power. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the contrast-enhanced ELCA by a stepwise approach in the treatment of RCLs. We retrospectively examined consecutive patients undergoing contrast-enhanced ELCA-assisted PCI between 2018 and 2021 at two Italian sites. RCLs were defined as novo or in-stent undilatable/uncrossable with conventional balloons (SC/NC balloon). The primary endpoint was ELCA technical success defined as the laser catheter crossing the entire length of the target lesion established by angiographic evidence of the catheter tip in the artery distal to the stenosis. We enrolled 114 patients who underwent contrast-enhanced ELCA-assisted PCI: 58% of the patients had acute coronary syndrome while the left anterior descending artery was the target vessel in 42.1% of cases. The target lesion was most commonly in-stent (56.2%). The 0.9 mm ELCA catheter tip was employed in 89.5% of cases. The most used frequency/fluency profile was 70/70 (39.5%). The use of contrast-enhanced ELCA was associated with high technical, procedural, and clinical success rates (97.4%, 93.7%, and 90.1%, respectively). The contrast-enhanced ELCA seems to be a safe and effective treatment option for the management of both de novo and in-stent-resistant coronary lesions.

The influence of hillslope topography on beech water use: a comparative study in two different climates

Abstract. Understanding the interrelation between topography and vegetation across different environments is important to assess how hydrological and climatic conditions affect tree physiological activity. This becomes especially important given the expected reduction in water availability and the increase in water demand driven by climate change. These extremes could enhance the thermal and hydrologic gradients along slopes. Here, we aimed to test if and how different climatic and hydrological conditions affect the physiological response of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) to environmental variables along two different topographic sequences. For this purpose, we set up a comparative study on a gentle hillslope in the Weierbach catchment in Luxembourg (oceanic climate) and on a steep hillslope in the Lecciona catchment in Italy (Mediterranean climate). We combined sap velocity measurements with isotopic measurements of soil, precipitation, stream water, groundwater, and xylem over 2019 and 2020 for the Luxembourgish site and over 2021 for the Italian site. We found that, in the Weierbach catchment, trees' responses to environmental variables (i.e. vapour pressure deficit and relative extractable water in the soil) were similar among hillslope positions and between the two monitored years, resulting from homogeneous growing conditions along the topographic sequence. We also did not find any statistical difference in the isotopic composition of xylem water between positions, suggesting that beech trees relied on similar water sources across the landscape. In the Lecciona catchment, we observed lower sap velocities and shorter growing season in trees growing in the upper portions of the hillslope, likely related to water redistribution and different soil moisture along the hillslope catena. Xylem isotopic composition was significantly lighter at the footslope location throughout the growing season than in the upslope locations, suggesting location-specific water use. These results emphasize how differing hydrometeorological processes occurring at the hillslope scale can lead to contrasting tree responses.

Antisemitismo on line in Italia. Elementi di una sfida educativa

The backdrop of a fragmented and disfigured public sphere in the context of social networks and platforms constitutes the ideal breeding ground for different forms of anti-Semitism. Anti-Jewish prejudice thus becomes one of the poles of the disinformation, post-truth and conspiracy circuit that has undergone an impressive surge of online content in the past decade. Within this context, the article examines the online anti-Semitism of some Italian sites by highlighting the traditional frameworks of offline anti-Semitism and the difficulty of combating it due to the network’s own characteristics. The democratic restrictions on the use of anti-Semitic formulas, language and rhetoric fail on the net where anti-Semitism acquires currency and normalization.

Energetic, Exergetic, and Techno-Economic Analysis of A Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Utilization Process via Integrated Torrefaction–CLC–Methanation

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) or utilization (BECCU) allows net zero or negative carbon emissions and can be a breakthrough technology for climate change mitigation. This work consists of an energetic, exergetic, and economic analysis of an integrated process based on chemical looping combustion of solar-torrefied agro-industrial residues, followed by methanation of the concentrated CO2 stream with green H2. Four agro-industrial residues and four Italian site locations are considered. Depending on the considered biomass, the integrated plant processes about 18–93 kg h−1 of raw biomass and produces 55–70 t y−1 of synthetic methane. Global exergetic efficiencies ranged within 45–60% and 67–77% when neglecting and considering, respectively, the valorization of torgas. Sugar beet pulp and grape marc required a non-negligible input exergy flow for the torrefaction, due to the high moisture content of the raw biomasses. However, for these biomasses, the water released during drying/torrefaction and CO2 methanation could be recycled to the electrolyzer to eliminate external water consumption, thus allowing for a more sustainable use of water resources. For olive stones and hemp hurd, this water recycling brings, instead, a reduction of approximately 65% in water needs. A round-trip electric efficiency of 28% was estimated assuming an electric conversion efficiency of 40%. According to the economic analysis, the total plant costs ranged within 3–5 M€ depending on the biomass and site location considered. The levelized cost of methane (LCOM) ranged within 4.3–8.9 € kgCH4−1 but, if implementing strategies to avoid the use of a large temporary H2 storage vessel, can be decreased to 2.6–5.3 € kgCH4−1. Lower values are obtained when considering hemp hurd and grape marc as raw biomasses, and when locating the PV field in the south of Italy. Even in the best scenario, values of LCOM are out of the market if compared to current natural gas prices, but they might become competitive with the introduction of a carbon tax or through government incentives for the purchase of the PV field and/or electrolyzer.

Determinant factors for first-line treatment choice and effectiveness in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: an analysis of the EUREOS EoE CONNECT registry

This study compared short-term effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors (PPI), swallowed topical corticosteroids (STC), and dietary therapies in reversing clinical and histological features in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitits (EoE). Determinants for treatment choice and PPI therapy effectiveness were also assessed. A cross-sectional study analysis of patients under 18 years old recruited onto the multicenter EoE CONNECT registry was performed. Clinico-histological response was defined as symptomatic improvement plus a peak eosinophil count below 15 per high-power field after treatment. Effectiveness of first-line options used in monotherapy was compared. Overall, 393 patients (64% adolescents) receiving PPI, STC, or dietary monotherapy to induce EoE remission were identified. PPI was the preferred option (71.5%), despite STC providing the highest clinico-histological response rates (66%) compared to PPI (44%) and diet (42%). Logistic regression identified fibrotic features and recruitment at Italian sites independently associated to first-line STC treatment; age under 12 associated to dietary therapy over other options. Analysis of 262 patients in whom PPI effectiveness was evaluated after median (IQR) 96 (70–145) days showed that this effectiveness was significantly associated with management at pediatric facilities and use of high PPI doses. Among PPI responders, decrease in rings and structures in endoscopy from baseline was documented, with EREFS fibrotic subscore for rings also decreasing among responders (0.27 ± 0.63 vs. 0.05 ± 0.22, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Initial therapy choice for EoE depends on endoscopic phenotype, patient’s age, and patients’ origin. High PPI doses and treatment in pediatric facilities significantly determined effectiveness, and reversed fibrotic endoscopic features among responders.What is Known:• Proton pump inhibitors are widely used to induce and maintain remission in EoE in real practice, despite other first-line alternative therapies possibly providing higher effectiveness.What is New:• Proton pump inhibitors represent up to two-thirds of first-line monotherapies used to induce EoE remission in pediatric and adolescent patients with EoE. The choice of STC as first-line treatment for EoE was significantly associated with fibrotic features at baseline endoscopy and recruitment in Italian centers; age less than 12 years was associated with dietary therapy.• PPI effectiveness was found to be determined by use of high doses, attendance at pediatric facilities, presenting inflammatory instead of fibrotic or mixed phenotypes, and younger age. Among responders, PPI therapy reversed both inflammatory and fibrotic features of EoE after short-term treatment.

Lithic projectile technology in the western Late Epigravettian: The case study of north-eastern Italy

Projectile implements are one of the most frequent transformed lithic blanks within the Upper Paleolithic assemblages. Since the first taxonomic studies, their morphological variability has been used as primary fossil director to define specific regional trends and diachronic phases. However, an exhaustive analysis of manufacturing methods and techniques applied to shape this gear category is extremely rare. In fact, during the Late Epigravettian, except for a certain typological variability, the lack of detailed studies resulted in an apparent homogeneity in armatures production. In this paper, a technological and traceological approach applied to reconstruct the whole chaîne opératoire of armatures manufacture in three Northern Italian sites dated between 17,000 and 12,000 cal BP demonstrates important variations in how projectile implements are fashioned, concerning shape, production methods and retouch techniques. Moreover, a large-scale comparison suggests how renewals in projectile implements production in North-Eastern Italy may result from long-distance connections between human groups over the western Late Epigravettian territory.

È un complimento?, Ist das ein Kompliment für dich?. Implicit Compliments in Italian and German Social Networks

Compliment is one of the most widely studied speech acts, as the extensive literature devoted to this topic shows. However, researches mainly focus on formulaic complimenting, probably because explicit compliments are far more frequent than the implicit ones. The present contribution aims to investigate implicit compliments, i.e., those where hearers «need to infer the corresponding implicature for their interpretation» (MAÍZ-ARÉVALO, 2012, p. 983; cf. also BOYLE, 2000), in a corpus of digital exchanges in Italian and German social networking sites, Instagram and WhatsApp. Firstly, the study examines and compares, from both a qualitative and quantitative point of view, the linguistic patterns used to express implicit compliments in the two languages; then, through a detailed analysis of the reactions of compliments’ addressees it explores how these speech acts are perceived by Italian and German social network users and what response types are mainly used by the complimented person in order to react to the implicit positive evaluation.

Incidental and anticipated arrhythmic diagnoses in patients with an implantable cardiac monitor.

In this study, we investigated a cohort of unselected patients with various indications for an implantable cardiac monitor (ICM). Our main objectives were to determine the incidence of arrhythmic diagnoses, both anticipated and incidental in relation to the ICM indication, and to assess their clinical relevance. We examined remote monitoring transmissions from patients with an ICM at four Italian sites to identify occurrences of cardiac arrhythmias. Concurrently, we collected data on medical actions taken in response to arrhythmic findings. The study included 119 patients, with a median follow-up period of 371 days. ICM indications were syncope/presyncope (46.2%), atrial fibrillation management (31.1%), and cryptogenic stroke (22.7%). In the atrial fibrillation management group, atrial fibrillation was the most common finding, with an incidence of 36% [95% confidence interval (CI) 22-55%] at 18 months. Rates of atrial fibrillation were not significantly different between patients with cryptogenic stroke and syncope/presyncope [17% (95% CI 7-40%) vs. 8% (95% CI 3-19%), P = 0.229].For patients with cryptogenic stroke, the incidence of asystole and bradyarrhythmias at 18 months was 23% (95% CI 11-45%) and 42% (95% CI 24-65%), respectively, similar to estimates obtained for patients implanted for syncope/presyncope ( P = 0.277 vs. P = 0.836).Overall, 30 patients (25.2%) required medical intervention following ICM-detected arrhythmias, predominantly involving atrial fibrillation ablation (10.9%) and medication therapy changes (10.1%). In a real-life population with heterogeneous insertion indications, approximately 25% of patients received ICM-guided medical interventions within a short timeframe, including treatments for incidental findings. Common incidental arrhythmic diagnoses were bradyarrhythmias in patients with cryptogenic stroke and atrial fibrillation in patients with unexplained syncope.

A therapist-administered self-report version of the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI): a psychometric study

ObjectiveTo develop a self-report version of the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI II) and to test its reliability and validity.Study designPsychometric study.SettingSpinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation centres in Australia and Italy.ParticipantsEighty people with SCI were recruited from a sample of convenience.MethodsTwo self-report versions of the WISCI II were developed. Both versions were administered in English at the Australian site, and in Italian at the Italian site through an online platform. The format of the first self-report version (SR-V1) was similar to the original face-to-face WISCI II. The second self-report version (SR-V2) had more questions, but each question required participants to focus on one aspect of walking at a time. Participants completed SR-V1 and SR-V2 with assistance from research physiotherapists on two separate occasions, three to seven days apart. The original WISCI II was then administered through a face-to-face assessment by an independent physiotherapist. The intra-rater reliability and validity of SR-V1 and SR-V2 were determined with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and percent close agreements.ResultsThe data from the Australian and Italian sites were pooled. The validity and reliability of the two self-report versions were very similar, with SR-V2 performing slightly better than SR-V1. The ICC (95% confidence interval) of SR-V2 was 0.87 (0.81–0.92). The ICC reflecting the agreement between the self-report and the face-to-face WISCI was 0.89 (0.84–0.93).ConclusionBoth versions of the self-report WISCI II provide a reasonable substitute for a face-to-face assessment although therapists preferred SR-V2.

Comparative Analysis of Ground-Based Solar Irradiance Measurements and Copernicus Satellite Observations

Solar irradiance data provided by the Copernicus program are crucial for several scientific, environmental, and energy management applications, but their validation by means of ground-based measurements may be necessary, especially if daily and hourly data resolutions are required. The validation process not only ensures that reliable information is available for solar energy resource planning, power plant performance assessment, and grid integration, but also contributes to the improvement of the Copernicus system itself. Ground-based stations offer site-specific data, allowing for comprehensive assessments of the system’s performance. This work presents a comparative statistical analysis of solar irradiance data provided by the Copernicus system and ground-based measurements on a seasonal basis at three specific Italian reference sites, showing a maximum average relative error of less than 7% for hourly horizontal global irradiance in the irradiance range defined by the IEC 61724-2.

Criteria for Identifying Knapping Skill Level Through the Analysis of Lithic Cores: An Example from Val Lastari, Late Palaeolithic, Italy

ABSTRACT The application of knapping skill analysis has increased over the years, starting from the 1980s and, by now, being employed all over the world on different material cultures and chronological periods. We studied the cores reduced at Val Lastari, a Recent Epigravettian lithic workshop in north-eastern Italy, for recognizing the most influential technological variables to define stoneknapping behaviors. In our case, knapping accidents and cores appearance had more weight than criteria such as core preparation and raw material features thanks to the strategies of exploitation chosen by hunter-gatherers of Val Lastari, and to the ecological context they interacted with. This is the first time that a study of its kind has been proposed for an Italian site, becoming a unique possibility to enrich our knowledge about Epigravettian social learning and organization with new and stimulating information.

Salt in Late Iron Age Italy. A multidisciplinary approach to the exploration of Italy’s coastal exploitation sites: Piscina Torta (Ostia, Rome) case study

During the Copper Age and onwards, unique archaeological sites emerged throughout Europe. These sites exhibit distinct features such as the absence of typical household pottery, the presence of kilns, and extensive layers composed solely of fragments of reddish-brown jars. Scholars generally interpret these sites as specialized locations for salt production through the technique of boiling saltwater, known as briquetage. In Italy, many of these sites are found along the Tyrrhenian coast and span from the Middle Bronze Age to the Roman era, with a particular concentration during the early Iron Age. However, the archaeological evidence in Italy differs from that of other European sites, suggesting that these Italian sites were not solely dedicated to salt production but also involved other economic activities. To delve deeper into the understanding of these sites and their socio-economic context, the University of Groningen initiated the Salt & Power: Early States, Rome and Resource Control project in 2021. The project aims to comprehensively analyze these sites and shed light on the production of salt within their broader societal and economic framework.In this contribution, we present preliminary findings derived from intensive surveys, coring campaigns, and geophysical investigations conducted at one such site, Piscina Torta. This site is believed to be connected to the city of Rome and dates back to the 7th and 6th centuries BCE. Furthermore, we propose a multidisciplinary workflow for studying specialized sites, incorporating various research methodologies and disciplines.