Italian Civil Protection Department Research Articles

National risk assessment of Italian school buildings: The MARS project experience

Strategic buildings, such as schools, play a crucial role in civil society. They are essential not only for the well-being of communities but also for their significance during the emergency and recovery phases following an earthquake. Reliable risk assessment is a powerful tool for implementing effective mitigation strategies. While considerable work has been already done in the literature to develop fragility curves and risk studies for residential buildings, there remains a noticeable gap in addressing risk assessment for school portfolios. As part of the 2019–2021 MARS (Seismic Risk MAps) project, funded by the Italian Civil Protection Department and involving the ReLUIS consortium along with the EUCENTRE foundation, a specific task was dedicated to evaluating seismic risk for the Italian school buildings. In this context, eight research units combined their expertise to develop a consensus-based vulnerability model, known as the “School-MARS model”. This model integrates fragility curves based on various approaches (i.e. empirical, mechanical-analytical, mechanical-numerical and hybrid) and is tailored to archetypes representative of the Italian school buildings. The main goal of the paper is outlining the methodology used to define the “School-MARS vulnerability model”. Moreover, the paper demonstrates the application of the latter for performing intensity-based and time-based risk analyses. Specifically, the results are presented in terms of damage distribution and usability ratings expected for the entire stock of Italian school building. Notably, these results indicate that approximately 26 % of Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings and 31 % of Unreinforced Masonry (URM) structures may become unusable due to potential earthquakes expected in the next 50 years.

Geohazard features of the Ligurian Sea

ABSTRACT We present the characterization of geohazard-related features of the Ligurian Sea with the map of its physiographic domains (1:250,000 scale) and five maps (1:100,000 scale) of the morphological and morpho-bathymetric elements. These were realized in the framework of the MaGIC (Marine Geohazard along Italian Coasts) project, promoted by the Italian Civil Protection Department. The characterization of submarine geohazards along continental margins, together with mapping of marine geological features are critical for the management of coastal risks. Multibeam bathymetric data combined with high-resolution 2D reflection seismic data, allowed to identify and map the main tectono-sedimentary features related to mass movements along the Ligurian continental margin. A dense grid of seismic profiles allowed to improve the comprehension of the margin structure as well as its recent tectonic activity providing new insights concerning mass wasting processes and active tectonics relationships to plan further, focalized investigations in areas of maximum risk.

EQ-DIRECTION Procedure towards an Improved Urban Seismic Resilience: Application to the Pilot Case Study of Sanremo Municipality

This paper discusses the critical importance of effective mitigation policies to enhance earthquake resilience in urban systems, especially in light of recent seismic events in Italy. The Italian Civil Protection Department (ICPD) has delineated specific Limit Conditions (LCs) for urban settlements, serving as benchmarks for targeted mitigation policies, and akin to Limit States for buildings in Codes. While the ICPD has already developed operational procedures for some LCs, concentrating on evaluating the structural operational efficiency of strategic functions during emergency management, only a conceptual outline exists for other LCs involving preparedness and recovery/reconstruction phases. To address this gap, this paper introduces the EQ-DIRECTION (EarthQuake Disaster-REsilient City acTIOn plan) procedure. This method aims to analyze and assess the “Limit Condition for Safeguarding the Existence of the Settlement” (referred to as SLC). The procedure entails identifying the “minimum urban system” required for effective recovery and evaluating the performance of this system in terms of structural damage and economic losses against the SLC requirement. The practical application of this methodology to a real-world case study in Sanremo municipality on the western coast of Liguria (Italy) demonstrates the feasibility and potential effectiveness of the procedure for earthquake resilience in urban planning and management.

SICURO+: A web platform to raise awareness on seismic risk in Italy

Italy is a country with high seismic risk. In the past many catastrophic earthquakes have occurred causing severe damage to buildings and infrastructures, serious economic impacts, and the loss of thousands of human lives. To mitigate the impact of seismic risk, as well as of other risks, many efforts have been made, implementing preventive structural measures and acting to raise awareness in the community. In Italy, this need was strengthened with the emanation of the new Civil Protection Code (D.Lgs January 2, 2018 n.1), with the purpose of encouraging the participation of citizens and spreading risk knowledge and the culture of civil protection, thus contributing to “increase the resilience of communities” (art. 31). As part of the agreement between the Italian Civil Protection Department (ICPD) and EUCENTRE (European Centre for training and research in Earthquake Engineering), an interactive web-tool was developed to allow citizens to display the most updated seismic risk maps. These maps were produced in 2018 by the ICPD, with the relevant support of the scientific community operating in the field of seismic risk, in particular of ReLUIS (The Laboratories University Network of seismic engineering) and EUCENTRE. The web-tool, named SICURO+ (Information System for Risk Communication, www.sicuropiu.it), was created to raise awareness in citizens on seismic risk in the place where they live, work, or go on holiday. Communication strategies and behavioural techniques were designed and tested experimentally with the support of behavioural scientists, as part of an agreement between the National School of Administration and the Prime Minister's Office.

Severe floods predictive ability: A proxy based probabilistic assessment of the Italian early warning system

AbstractIn compliance with the national legal framework, the regional offices (CFDs) of the Italian Civil Protection Department have the daily duty to issue warnings to the local population on the account of the weather and hydrology‐related impacts, predicted by forecast models and refined through their expertise and experience: this composite of objective (model) and subjective (analyst) assessments are both contributing to the actual colour‐coded warning system. Given its hybrid nature, it is of paramount importance to evaluate the predictive ability of the warning decision‐making process as a whole. To this end, this study compares the return period T of the occurred flood (estimated through an hydrological model fed with observations) to the warning level that was issued. The novelty of this approach is that, by applying this methodology extensively in space and time, the probability curves of the variable T for each warning level are computed, allowing to evaluate the consistency between the warnings and the actual (estimated) severity of the event. As results suggest, the national early warning system is proven to be overall reliable for most cases, though very fine scale events (e.g., severe, localised, short‐lived thunderstorms) are still an open challenge.

Improvement and updating of the SP-BELA method for the vulnerability assessment of masonry and RC buildings

Italy is a country with medium to high seismicity, densely populated and with an architectural heritage highly vulnerable but also very important from a cultural point of view. This fragility was manifested in the recent earthquakes that hit the peninsula. The evaluation of the structures vulnerability is therefore of fundamental importance to plan the seismic risk mitigation interventions that the Government is putting in place. Several research groups are dealing with this issue, including Eucentre (European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering), a centre of excellence of the Italian Civil Protection Department (ICPD). Already in 2008 Eucentre researchers had developed SP-BELA, a simplified analytical method for masonry and RC buildings vulnerability assessment at large-scale. Over the years, this method has been improved to represent the behaviour of the structures in an increasingly realistic manner. This has been possible mostly due to the large amount of observed damage data made available by the ICPD. These data, collected in the online platform Da.D.O. (Database of Observed Damage) owned by the ICPD and developed by Eucentre, allowed calibrating the mechanical vulnerability models on the real damages. This paper describes the new calibration of SP-BELA, which also accounts for the effect of infill panels on the building vulnerability, and provides the parameters describing fragility curves obtained from capacity curves that represent the behaviour of typical Italian building taxonomies. Finally, the human and economic losses risk maps, resulting from the application of the method, are also shown and compared with the published maps.

Design of new energy-efficient temporary facilities for emergency housing: An Italian case

The construction of temporary houses (THs) is one of the first interventions to support the displaced in emergency situations such as earthquakes or floods. In addition to safety aspects and fast construction time, it is necessary to design THs able to guarantee thermo-hygrometric comfort, responding to defined energy performance requirements, using environmentally sustainable technologies and materials. In this regard, the best strategy is to design during a non-emergency period, that favors an in-depth study of materials and systems.In the frame of an agreement between the Italian Civil Protection Department and the University of Sannio, this paper defines a methodology to design highly energy performing TH solutions. The innovative point of the work lies in the definition of a complete and exhaustive method to investigate several building-HVAC solutions considering minimum energy performance requirements.The climate heterogeneity of the Italian territory is taken into consideration and, to respond to diversified family needs, different geometries are proposed for the housing module. For them, four possible load-bearing structures (steel, wood, concrete and brick) and various innovative or traditional vertical and horizontal opaque closures are identified, with two types of glazed systems, three possible HVAC solutions and photovoltaic panels. In total 324 case are analyzed, showing the best solution for each size and climate zone.

Facing the Shadow Pandemic: Correlation and Trend Analyses of Violence Reports from Women to the Italian National Anti-Violence Number during 2021.

To help to tackle gender-based violence against women in the aftermath of COVID-19 or other potential crisis situations, as recommended by the European Institute for Gender Equality, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between calls to the National Anti-violence Number (NAN) and the socio-sanitary pandemic factors during 2021, a period in which the scenario changed due to containment measures that gradually allowed women to emerge from the condition of isolation. In addition, the present work aims to identify significant changes in the number of calls to NAN during the progression of the pandemic in 2021. Using Italian Civil Protection Department data on the socio-sanitary pandemic factors (defined by daily number of cases, swabs, deaths, hospitalizations, dismissions, intensive care unit hospitalizations, people isolated at home, and quarantine after 15 and 30 days) and NAN data. Correlation analyses, a joinpoint regression analysis, and Granger causality tests were performed. The number of calls correlated with the daily number of cases, swabs, deaths, hospitalizations, dismissions, intensive care unit hospitalizations, and quarantine after 15 and 30 days. The identified joinpoints showed significant changes in the number of daily anti-violence calls during the year. Furthermore, we found evidence of a significant causality between daily hospitalizations, daily home quarantined, daily dismissed patients, and calls to NAN. The results underline the influence of containment measures on the increased access to NAN, suggesting the need for a greater implementation of social and psychological support services in other potential crisis situations.

CARTIS: a method for the typological-structural characterization of Italian ordinary buildings in urban areas

Large-scale risk assessments relevant to natural hazards are commonly based on very poor exposure and vulnerability data, often drawn from census data. In fact, obtaining a detailed knowledge of the built heritage is a very hard task especially for those countries, like Italy, characterized by very high urban density and large variety of building typologies, where a building-by-building knowledge can sound as a utopian ambition. Nevertheless, exposure and vulnerability are two of the four factors governing, along with hazard and capacity, risk convolution, and hence their uncertainties yield to corresponding uncertainties in the resulting expected losses. The lack of suitable information on building typologies is responsible of very strong simplifications in risk analyses, like the assumption of the same building typologies, indistinctly scattered all over the Country territory, without distinctions at a local or at a regional level. With the goal of improving exposure description and reducing such uncertainties, since 2014 the Italian Civil Protection Department (ICPD) has undertaken a new research branch in the framework of ReLUIS (Network of University Laboratories in Earthquake Engineering) projects, dedicated to territorial analyses, by funding also the CARTIS project. The project has the goal to characterize the building structural typologies trough a data collection at a local and an extensive scale in Italy, with the final aim to improve the reliability of seismic risk analyses. The paper describes the method and some first statistics so far elaborated.

Impact assessment caused by bradyseism phenomena in the Campi Flegrei area

Campi Flegrei (Italy) is among the areas with the greatest volcanic explosive risk in the world due to the dangerousness of the expected hazards, the high exposed value (about 500,000 people will be evacuated during the “alarm phase”), and the vulnerability of the urban settlements under the effect of the volcanic phenomena. The last two dramatic bradyseism phases occurred in 1969–1972 and 1982–1984 when Pozzuoli town was affected by rapid ground inflation, which brought an overall higher level of about 3.5 m and caused numerous earthquakes (M ≤ 4.2), with severe damage to buildings. During 1984, the seismicity was intense, with 33 events with 0.5 < M ≤ 3 and six with 3 < M ≤ 3.8. Subsequently, the Campi Flegrei caldera was characterized by general subsidence for about 20 years until 2005, when a new inflation period started and is still ongoing (∼1 m). The areal distribution of the recent uplift is characterized by the maximum vertical displacement in the town of Pozzuoli, with a radial decrease from the caldera center outwards. The need to better understand Campi Flegrei volcanic activity is fundamental to protecting the population from hazards linked to explosive volcanic eruptions and understanding the role of seismicity as a possible precursor of a potential eruption. In this perspective, as part of the activities of the PLINIVS Study Centre (Centre of Competence of Italian Civil Protection Department for Volcanic Risk), the authors developed a procedure, implemented in a web application, that relates the monitoring of the ground deformation with the behavior of buildings to evaluate the level of progressive damage to the ordinary Phlegraean buildings due to bradyseism in near real time. This study describes the models adopted for the three impact/risk factors (hazard, exposure, and vulnerability) used to estimate building damage.

Development and rapid visual screening analysis of an Italian masonry building portfolio using post-earthquake damage observations

The damage observed during the seismic events occurred in Italy over the years have highlighted the seismic vulnerability of the existing masonry buildings. A significant percentage of the Italian masonry building heritage was built before the introduction of seismic provisions and their design was essentially based on the experience of professionals. Depending on the main characteristics of these buildings, both local and global damage mechanisms were observed during the post-earthquake inspections following the seismic events that occurred in Italy in the last 50 years, which have been cataloged by the Italian Civil Protection Department in the Da.D.O. platform (Observed Damage Database - Observed Damage Database). Using the data available in the Da.D.O. platform, this paper processes the main characteristics of the masonry buildings damaged by the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake to develop a representative masonry building portfolio. Such masonry buildings were then evaluated through nonlinear static analyses to identify the main sources of structural weakness and to develop or calibrate a simplified rapid visual screening (RVS) procedure. For this purpose, various RVS methods were applied to a number of buildings of the portfolio, obtaining different vulnerability indices to be scrutinized and compared with those obtained through FEM analytical methods. This ultimate goal is to identify the most seismically vulnerable buildings, with a view to prioritization, and to assist decision makers in implementing seismic risk reduction strategies.

Italian National Seismic Prevention Plan: cost analyses for risk reduction policies

The Italian National Seismic Prevention Plan (NSPP), born following the 2009 Abruzzi earthquake, gave light to an ambitious process aimed at the seismic upgrading of strategic and critical structures overall the Country. The coordination of the Plan is in charge of the Italian Civil Protection Department (ICPD), while Regions are appointed for its execution at a local level. To date, 1,207 structural interventions on buildings have been funded by NSPP, 510 of which so far concluded.The paper describes the state of the art of the Plan, relevant to public buildings, presenting some statistical analyses, compared with those developed in 2021, in terms of general features of the samples, safety indicators and costs sustained, to support the general strategy of seismic risk prevention and define future perspectives. Thanks to the enlargement of the statistical sample (passed from 1.034 to 1.207 items), more robust regression analyses and reliable equations are herein obtained and discussed. The updated sample relevant to buildings is formerly introduced in terms of typological characteristics, intervention types, relevant costs, and associated risk indices (before and after structural interventions). Then, a focus is set on sub-samples with concluded works, related to reinforced concrete buildings, masonry, and mixed structures. Analyses in terms of increment of the seismic safety index and marginal costs defined by unitary costs per percentage point increase of safety index, for the three different structural types are compared with those obtained by the authors in 2021. Finally, some conclusions are drawn from the formulations found and marginal costs obtained. These relationships, calibrated on the upgraded dataset, can be used to support the decision-making in deciding among different risk mitigation strategies, depending on the budget available and on the desired level of safety to be attained, according to a methodology previously developed by the authors.

IR Digital Holography for Remote Sensing of Structures

In this article, we present a comparison between the data obtained by infrared digital holography (IRDH) and conventional accelerometers in order to evaluate the structural stability of buildings. The tests have carried out on historical buildings located in Tuscany (Italy) under the continuous surveillance of the Italian Civil Protection Department (DPC) by means of accelerometers networks. From the comparison, it emerges that the holographic technique can be profitably used in the field of dynamical analysis of structures thanks to its high sensitivity and to the possibility to operate from remote. Indeed, the holographic technique is able to detect micromovements of the order of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbf {1/100}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of the used laser wavelength at <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbf {10.6 ~\mu {\mathrm{ m}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> without entering the structures.

Improving building inventory with a machine learning approach: application in southern Italy

The compiling of large-scale building inventory is a fundamental step in the evaluation of seismic risk in a region of interest. For classification of buildings in vulnerability classes, different levels of detail could be employed depending on the model adopted for the vulnerability assessment. Generally, the key structural characteristics of exposed building needed for the application of more refined vulnerability models are not easily available. Aimed to improve the information quality relevant to exposure, the interview-based form Cartis was recently implemented by ReLUIS under supervision of Italian Civil Protection Department within “Territorial Themes” DPC-ReLUIS project. Being based on an interview protocol, this form allows to rapidly detect relevant buildings data at urban level. Despite Cartis is an extremely useful tool for the compiling of regional scale inventories, nowadays the database covers only the 5% of Italian territory. This study aims to exploit the actual data available in Cartis database to build an exposure model that could be applied for preliminary inventory evaluation also in towns where the Cartis form is not compiled yet. To this end, a machine learning approach is applied. Cartis data available for several municipalities in Campania region are used together with basic information on buildings and population provided by Italian census data (ISTAT) to train a supervised learning algorithm for identification of homogenous urban sectors in terms of buildings features (i.e., Town Compartments) in municipal area. Once the algorithm is implemented, it may be employed in other municipalities to delimit relative Town Compartments and to identify most common building typologies within them.

A Complete Meteo/Hydro/Hydraulic Chain Application to Support Early Warning and Monitoring Systems: The Apollo Medicane Use Case

Because of the ongoing changing climate, extreme rainfall events’ frequency at the global scale is expected to increase, thus resulting in high social and economic impacts. A Meteo/Hydro/Hydraulic forecasting chain combining heterogeneous observational data sources is a crucial component for an Early Warning System and is a fundamental asset for Civil Protection Authorities to correctly predict these events, their effects, and put in place anticipatory actions. During the last week of October 2021 an intense Mediterranean hurricane (Apollo) affected many Mediterranean countries (Tunisia, Algeria, Malta, and Italy) with a death toll of seven people. The CIMA Meteo/Hydro/Hydraulic forecasting chain, including the WRF model, the hydrological model Continuum, the automatic system for water detection (AUTOWADE), and the hydraulic model TELEMAC-2D, was operated in real-time to predict the Apollo weather evolution as well as its hydrological and hydraulic impacts, in support of the early warning activities of the Italian Civil Protection Department. The WRF model assimilating radar data and in situ weather stations showed very good predictive capability for rainfall timing and location over eastern Sicily, thus supporting accurate river flow peak forecasting with the hydrological model Continuum. Based on WRF predictions, the daily automatic system for water detection (AUTOWADE) run using Sentinel 1 data was anticipated with respect to the scheduled timing to quickly produce a flood monitoring map. Ad hoc tasking of the COSMO-SkyMed satellite constellation was also performed to overcome the S1 data latency in eastern Sicily. The resulting automated operational mapping of floods and inland waters was integrated with the subsequent execution of the hydraulic model TELEMAC-2D to have a complete representation of the flooded area with water depth and water velocity.

Seismic Damage Scenarios Induced by Site Effects on Masonry Clustered Buildings: A Case Study in South Italy

ABSTRACT The present research aims to explore the influence of site effects on the seismic vulnerability of the historical centre of Baranello, a little town in the Molise Region of Italy. Structural and typological classification of the investigated urban area has been done according to the EMS-98 scale. The vulnerability assessment of the inspected historical buildings has been carried out through an appropriate survey form to identify the buildings most susceptible to seismic damage. Consequently, using the Post-Earthquake Damage and Safety Assessment (AeDES) form implemented by the Italian Civil Protection Department (DPC), the typological vulnerability curves of the built-up area have been derived based on the damages recorded after the 2002 Molise earthquake. Finally, a local amplification factor, which increases the severity of the seismic damage to the structures, has been taken into account based on the time-domain method. Results reveal that the local amplification effects significantly increase the expected damage, which should lead to the collapse of almost all the investigated buildings for epicentre distance of 5.0 km and magnitude of 6.0. This means that the proposed simplified approach can represent a useful tool to more appropriately foresee the seismic risk of urban centres.

Engineering demand parameters for the definition of the collapse limit state for code-conforming reinforced concrete buildings

This article discusses the main Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs) found in the literature to define collapse of newly constructed reinforced concrete buildings. Currently, the definition of building collapse is still under debate, as different building codes and authors define them with different EDPs and even different values of the same EDPs.The EDPs can be defined locally (chord rotation, Local Damage Index, etc.) or globally (Inter-Story Drift Ratio, Roof Drift Ratio, Global Damage Index, etc.). A modified Global Damage Index that considers damage in both structural and non-structural elements is proposed in this paper The study compares the outcomes of some of these EDPs when applied to two case study moment-resisting reinforced concrete frames designed and analyzed in the framework of the RINTC — Reluis Project funded by the Italian Civil Protection Department (Ricci et al., 2018). One is a 6-story buildings (in Naples) the other a 9-story building (in L’Aquila). Nonlinear static and multiple-stripe dynamic analyses were carried out on 3D models with concentrated hinges. In addition to the above mentioned EDPs this study proposes and tests a new economic EDP that assumes that collapse is reached when the repair costs become larger than the reconstruction costs. Complete validation of the proposed economic EDP requires additional testing on code-conforming and, most importantly, on non-conforming older buildings, where brittle failures become an important issue.

Predicting the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Italian Regions: The Calabria Case Study, February 2020-March 2022.

Despite the stunning speed with which highly effective and safe vaccines have been developed, the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 causes high rates of (re)infection, a major impact on health care services, and a slowdown to the socio-economic system. For COVID-19, accurate and timely forecasts are therefore essential to provide the opportunity to rapidly identify risk areas affected by the pandemic, reallocate the use of health resources, design countermeasures, and increase public awareness. This paper presents the design and implementation of an approach based on autoregressive models to reliably forecast the spread of COVID-19 in Italian regions. Starting from the database of the Italian Civil Protection Department (DPC), the experimental evaluation was performed on real-world data collected from February 2020 to March 2022, focusing on Calabria, a region of Southern Italy. This evaluation shows that the proposed approach achieves a good predictive power for out-of-sample predictions within one week (R-squared > 0.9 at 1 day, R-squared > 0.7 at 7 days), although it decreases with increasing forecasted days (R-squared > 0.5 at 14 days).

Seismic vulnerability assessment of two territorial case studies of Italian ancient churches: comparison between simplified and refined numerical models

The current study aims at assessing the seismic vulnerability of two sets of ancient masonry churches, located in two different areas of Italy, struck by earthquakes in 2016 and 2017. At first, three simplified methods for large-scale evaluations, such as A-DC model (Italian Civil Protection Department), guidelines method released by the Ministry of Cultural Assets and Activities (LV1) and the method proposed by the University of Basilicata (LV0 method), were applied and compared. Subsequently, two refined analyses were conducted by applying case-specific numerical models based on macro-element (LV2) and nonlinear modelling approach (LV3). The results comparison highlights the ease and versatility of the simplified territorial methods, limiting their use to a preliminary fast screening. Finally, the refined numerical models, even though being time-consuming, continue to represent the best analysis method for a correct interventions design.

Emotional Tone, Analytical Thinking, and Somatosensory Processes of a Sample of Italian Tweets During the First Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Study.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic individual and collective chronic experience, with tremendous consequences on mental and psychological health that can also be reflected in people’s use of words. Psycholinguistic analysis of tweets from Twitter allows obtaining information about people’s emotional expression, analytical thinking, and somatosensory processes, which are particularly important in traumatic events contexts.ObjectiveWe aimed to analyze the influence of official Italian COVID-19 daily data (new cases, deaths, and hospital discharges) and the phase of managing the pandemic on how people expressed emotions and their analytical thinking and somatosensory processes in Italian tweets written during the first phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.MethodsWe retrieved 1,697,490 Italian COVID-19–related tweets written from February 24, 2020 to June 14, 2020 and analyzed them using LIWC2015 to calculate 3 summary psycholinguistic variables: emotional tone, analytical thinking, and somatosensory processes. Official daily data about new COVID-19 cases, deaths, and hospital discharges were retrieved from the Italian Prime Minister's Office and Civil Protection Department GitHub page. We considered 3 phases of managing the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. We performed 3 general models, 1 for each summary variable as the dependent variable and with daily data and phase of managing the pandemic as independent variables.ResultsGeneral linear models to assess differences in daily scores of emotional tone, analytical thinking, and somatosensory processes were significant (F6,104=21.53, P<.001, R2= .55; F5,105=9.20, P<.001, R2= .30; F6,104=6.15, P<.001, R2=.26, respectively).ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic affects how people express emotions, analytical thinking, and somatosensory processes in tweets. Our study contributes to the investigation of pandemic psychological consequences through psycholinguistic analysis of social media textual data.