Issues Of Reclamation Research Articles

РЕКУЛЬТИВАЦИЯ НАРУШЕННЫХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ПРИ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ ОБЪЕКТОВ НЕФТЕГАЗОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

The article deals with topical issues of reclamation of disturbed lands during the construction of subsurface use facilities, lists the main trends in land restoration, reveals the main activities of the technical and biological stages of reclamation. The choice of the direction of land reclamation is carried out taking into account the nature of the disturbed areas, location in relation to the natural and climatic zone and assumes a technical and biological stage of reclamation. The paper presents specific measures for the reclamation of the land under consideration at the technical and biological stages. The biological stage of reclamation of disturbed lands is carried out by the method of creating forest crops of the main breed of economically valuable forest species, in this case, pine.

A Study of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Yellow River Sediments and Their Impact on the Reclamation of Coal-Mined Subsided Land

Coal mining in China has resulted in numerous subsided areas, exacerbating land scarcity issues. The Yellow River carries a high sediment load of nearly 1.6 billion tons annually. Cleaning up the accumulated silt is costly and takes up land. Reusing the sediment from the Yellow River to fill and reclaim the subsided areas caused by coal mining addresses both sedimentation and land reclamation issues, killing two birds with one stone. Nonetheless, technical challenges have emerged, such as machinery sinking into the soil, difficulty draining water, and poor soil quality improvement. To tackle these issues, understanding the physical and mechanical properties of Yellow River sediment is essential. Results show that the average particle size (D50) is 0.08 mm, categorized as fine-grained sandy soil with a relatively uniform particle size distribution. The permeability coefficient is 2.91 × 10−3 cm·s−1, similar to that of silty soil, indicating the feasibility for filling reclamation. However, the low permeability requires drainage improvement to accelerate construction timelines. The internal friction angle of the sediment ranges from 34.67° to 31.76°, with a cohesion from 20.79 to 23.92 kPa. To ensure safe and stable construction, machinery must not sink into the fill material. It is recommended to enhance drainage to about 13% for quicker drainage and stable construction. The sediment has a compression coefficient of 0.05 MPa−1, indicating low compressibility. Mechanical compression is not economically viable during the reclamation process. Design elevation (H) and fill elevation (h) should account for cumulative deformation settlement.

THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND RECLAMATION OF DISTURBED LANDS IN THE NORTH-WEST OF RUSSIA AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM JOINTLY

This review article raises the related issue of disturbed land reclamation and sewage sludge disposal. One of the components of disturbed land reclamation is considered - the problem of obtaining the most accessible and cheap fertile soil layer in sufficient quantity, options are listed: natural humus horizon; substrates based on peat of varying degrees of decomposition, based on wood waste from logging and woodworking, based on composts (leaf litter, agricultural waste, other). The main emphasis is placed on substrates based on municipal sewage sludge and pulp and paper mill waste, on the basis of which, during processing, organo-mineral compositions can be obtained with their further use as fertile soil layer. Gaps are noted in the modern regulatory framework, especially in relation to the use of sewage sludge as a fertile soil layer for the reclamation of disturbed land, including on forest fund lands. As an example, the situation with the use and disposal of sewage sludge in the Northwestern Federal District was considered based on data on the volume of waste production at existing wastewater treatment plants. Three categories of sewage sludge are distinguished by composition and two main methods of disposal currently used (incineration and removal to municipal service waste landfills). Separately, attention is focused on the situation with the accumulation of sewage sludge at wastewater treatment plants in settlements, including those with a pulp and paper mill as a city-forming enterprise. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the need to improve the existing regulatory framework in terms of the use of sewage sludge for the purposes of reclamation, about the priority of developing organo-mineral compositions that meet the tasks of reclamation, giving them an official status, and about the advisability of developing a strategic state document aimed at regulating the issues of reclamation of disturbed lands: the relevance of which is confirmed by the annual increasing areas, passing into the category of disturbed land.

Legal framework for recultivation of degraded areas caused by mining exploitation

During the exploitation of coal, both surface and underground exploitation systems damage larger or smaller areas of land. Experiences show that land damage is significantly greater with the surface exploitation system, where the content of the space is degraded not only in the contour of the mine and the surrounding area, but changes are made in the natural flows and conditions as well. The article presents the results of a study of the regulatory framework the issues of reclamation in some world countries also in Serbia. Practical experience of reclamation has shown that utilisation and devastation by mining activities present not only danger to affected areas but also an opportunity to correct negative developments and to plan in accordance with the expectations of the population and respected to laws.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO TIN MINING IN BANGKA BELITUNG ISLANDS

Massive tin mining in Bangka Belitung Islands significantly contributes to environmental issues, attracting media attention. For instance, several media continuously report environmental issues concerning tin mining with their respective perspectives. Therefore, this study aimed to describe and determine the news’ perspective concerning the tin mining conflict in Bangka Belitung Islands using a literature approach. This is with secondary data sources in the form of regulations and media record data. The results showed that the media attention in reporting on tin mining ranged from reclamation issues, regulations and policies, mining accidents, conflicts, impacts of tin mining, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and law enforcement. This means that the media has not yet reached the investigative stage of discussing certain issues that need in-depth studies. Although the local media have covered various environmental issues, the coverage is only descriptive and not directed towards investigative environmental journalism.

MAID-Q: Minimizing Tail Latency in Embedded Flash With SMR Disk via -Learning Model

As the mainstream solid-state storage technology, NAND flash has the advantages of tiny size, cost-effective, and high performance, which make it a promising candidate to be embedded into the shingled magnetic recording (SMR) disk to build a faster, denser, and cheaper storage system. However, such an embedded flash with SMR (EF-SMR) disk system suffers from lengthy tail-latency due to “reclamation issues” in both the NAND flash and the SMR disk. Our preliminary observations reveal that tremendous idle time intervals exist in real-world scenarios, and few prior works have focused on addressing the tail-latency issue in the EF-SMR disk. In this article, we propose a novel method termed MAID-Q to fully exploit the idle time intervals to minimize the lengthy tail-latency of the EF-SMR disk based on a lightweight reinforcement learning model (i.e., the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -learning model). In addition, fine-grained block-level space management and a parallel reclamation strategy are proposed to improve the reclamation efficiency and hide the reclamation overheads. The effectiveness of our proposed design was evaluated with realistic I/O traces, and the results show that the proposed design can remedy the tail-latency by 88.31% and improve the overall performance by 79.03%.

Featured Collection Introduction: Severe Sustained Drought Revisited: Managing the Colorado River System in Times of Water Shortage 25 Years Later — Part I

Featured Collection Introduction: Severe Sustained Drought Revisited: Managing the Colorado River System in Times of Water Shortage 25 Years Later — Part I

Рекультивация нефтезагрязненных земель Апшеронского полуострова

In the presented article, the issues of pollution of the lands of the Absheron Peninsula with oil and oil products are considered. The physical, chemical and physical chemical parameters of soils are analyzed. The issues of reclamation and restoration of technically disturbed and oil-contaminated lands of the Absheron Peninsula are considered.

On the issue of reclamation of disturbed lands on the example of a field in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

On the issue of reclamation of disturbed lands on the example of a field in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Trends and prospects for the development of the irrigation and drainage complex of the Slavsky district of the Kaliningrad region

Relevance. The development of the reclamation complex in the Kaliningrad region is one of the key tasks in achieving food security and improving the well-being of the region. In recent years, this issue has been highly relevant due to a number of geopolitical events. An important role in the agriculture of the region is played by the municipal district "Slavsky urban district" located mostly on polder lands with high potential fertility. A number of reasons led to the fact that the main part of drainage reclamation systems was deployed on this territory, which, if properly operated, are capable of leveling almost all the consequences of climatic phenomena that are difficult for agriculture. Despite the importance of this issue, the technical state and development of the amelioration complex have recently been given active attention.Purpose of work. Consider current trends and prospects for the development of the irrigation and drainage complex of the Slavsky region.Material and methods. To achieve this goal, stock materials of the Kaliningradmeliovodkhoz Administration and information from the Unified Information System in the field of procurement were analyzed.Results and conclusions. It can be concluded from the work that the technical condition of the reclamation systems is still unsatisfactory. The positive trends in land reclamation issues have increased significantly at the moment, which has increased the prospects for changing the situation for the better. Ideally, an increase in today's subsidies by 2-2.5 times is required, with the transition to the following investment ratio: 70% - for network operation, and 30% - for network reconstruction. It is also necessary to implement a number of socio-political decisions.

An innovative solution to the problem of reclamation of the dusting surface of the tailings of a closed mining enterprise in the Primorsky territory

The article discusses the innovative solution of the issues of reclamation of dusting surfaces of the tailing dump man-made surface formations (MSF) containing toxic waste from the processing of polymetallic ore raw materials of a closed mining enterprise in the Primorsky Territory of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD). It is shown that the large amounts of enrichment waste accumulated in the last century during the intensive development of tin mineral deposits led to the destruction and degradation of forest ecosystems, which create a real threat to the health of the population of the mining village. Dangerous disturbances of ecological equilibrium, pollution of the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere by a wide range of compounds of toxic heavy metals and arsenic are revealed. The enrichment wastes stored in tailings, the conservation and reclamation of which were not carried out contrary to Russian legislation, contributed to the large-scale transformation of the basic component of ecosystems-soil, as well as vegetation. In the vicinity of a closed mining enterprise, the migration of pollutants and erosion processes (water and wind) led to a crisis ecological situation. A negative factor for the soil and vegetation cover is atmospheric precipitation, dissolving a large amount of toxic substances. The relevance of research of the above issue is related to the need to preserve and restore an environmentally friendly environment within the influence of the man-made system. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to recreate the productivity of man-made surface formations (disturbed by the tailing of land) using bioremediation to ensure the environmental and social safety of toxic waste from the processing of polymetallic ores in the Primorye Territory. Based on experimental studies, an assessment was made of waste as a potential source of technogenic pollution of the ecosphere and an innovative technological solution was developed to rehabilitate the dusting surface of the tailings pond is developed. Experimentally proved the possibility of using to recreate the productivity of technologically polluted substrate tailings of the following composition: 1) biochar – 30%; 2) zeolites – 5%; 3) humic acids – 5%; 4) waste of oreenrichment of tin-containing raw materials – 60%. The novelty of the proposed composition is confirmed by the Patent of the Russian Federation (2018).

Justification of reclamation parameters for lands disturbed during the development of gold placers

The article deals with the issue of reclamation of lands disturbed during the development of gold placers. Using the results of surveys and studies of the rocks composing the surface layer, the authors compare the present state of disturbed lands and the technogenic relief designed by technical documents on the development of alluvial placers. The discrepancy between actual and design data is analyzed. The conditions of natural vegetation restoration are studied. Results of observations of the natural vegetation restoration within loose deposits are presented. Recommendations on flattening angles depending on the length of slopes and elevation differences between the bottom and crest of technogenic embankments are given. The design results for reclamation of disturbed lands based on preliminary surveys and mining project data are compared. Methods for reducing the amount of reclamation works are substantiated.

The Experience of Legal Regulation of Reclamation of the Developed Space by the Leading Countries of Coal Mining

The article presents the results of a study of the regulatory framework and the experience of regulating the issues of reclamation of the developed space of the leading coal mining countries - the United States and China. The laws of China on mineral resources and environmental protection, the US practice of creating a system for restoring disturbed space as a result of mining, are examined

Potential of Energy Willow Plantations for Biological Reclamation of Soils Polluted by 137Cs and Heavy Metals, and for Control of Nutrients Leaking into Water Systems

Abstract Willow is a low-maintenance crop that has potential for energy production and enhancing the local environment. The area of commercial plantations of willow in Europe is mostly concentrated in Sweden, with more than 20 000 ha. Willow trees are used not only for energy production, but also for reclamation of polluted soils because a plantation may grow for 20–25 years, with a three-year period of harvesting. Our research covers issues of reclamation of soils contaminated by radionuclides and heavy metals, and decreasing of eutrophication of water ecosystems with using willow plantations. The field studies of phytoremediation of soil contaminated by 137Cs by willow plants were conducted in eastern Belarus, in the area where agricultural activity was banned after Chernobyl disaster. This region is heavily polluted with 137Cs (from 185 to 555 kBq/m2) and heavy metals. The transferring factors of accumulated 137Cs and heavy metals from the soil to willow biomass were determined. The field experiments showed that willow does not accumulate actively Cd and Pb, but it accumulates Zn, Cu and Mn intensively. The potassium application decreases the accumulation of 137Cs in willow biomass and increases accumulation of Cu, Zn and Mn, but has no influence on accumulation of Cd and Pb. Our results confirmed that soils polluted with radionuclide and heavy metals could be used for willow cultivation as energy crop, if adequate management is applied. The different potential of the willow species concerning heavy metals accumulation was also established. The yield of willow biomass on polluted soils achieved 11.5–12.8 DMg ha–1 per year, depending on variety, that is competitive with the ordinary yield of willow on mineral fertile soils. Willow plantations also may be used for accumulations of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in watersheds. It enables to decrease impact for water ecosystems and to control eutrophication.

Study on assessment of slope stability and mixed disposal of overburden in voids of Singrauli Coalfield

AbstractThe mining industry can be considered the backbone of the Indian economy as well as facilitating the power that drives most of the other industries in the company. The overburden and waste rocks produced during coal mining are major concerns in regard to the amount of land that is required for their disposal, as well as the stability of dumps for these materials, which are of increasing height. Land reclamation issues are also a concern. In this work the adverse impacts caused by the dumping of overburden on land and acidic mine water on water bodies is discussed. Remote sensing tools were used along with the laboratory experimentation to assess the various impacts. This study also shows that silt released from waste dumps, can affected the angle of repose of the overburden dump slope. The angle of repose of the overburden materials varies with particle size composition. Thus, use of in‐pit crushers in large opencast mining operations can effectively reduce the area locked under the waste dumps. The acid neutralization potential of fly ash and overburden for the treatment of acid water was tested in the laboratory by using fly ash and waste rock materials on acidic coalfield water. The results are encouraging, and fly ash may prove to be a good acid neutralizer when used in conjunction of coal overburden material.

THE SCOPE AND CONSEQUENCES OF ILLEGAL AMBER EXTRACTION ON LANDS OF ZHYTOMYR RDFH

Проведено об'єктивне оцінювання масштабів і наслідків ушкоджень земель Житомирського ОУЛМГ внаслідок незаконного видобутку бурштину. Ділянки лісових насаджень, що потребують рекультивації, виявлено на території трьох державних підприємств та семи лісництв. Встановлено, що загальна площа земель Житомирського ОУЛМГ, що потребують рекультивації, становить 369, 45 га. Найбільше порушених площ (336,60 га) розміщено на території ДП Білокоровицьке ЛГ, ДП Олевське ЛГ (30,70 га) і ДП Словечанське ЛГ (2,15 га). Здійснено аналіз основних типів порушень ґрунту та лісових ценозів. За результатами аналізу лісівничо-таксаційних показників пошкоджених насаджень визначено найпоширеніші типи лісорослинних умов, типи лісу, видовий склад та вікову структуру. Встановлено, що внаслідок незаконного видобутку пошкоджено та знищено низку територій, що мають статус заказників місцевого та загальнодержавного значення.На території кварталів 20 і 21 Поясківського лісівництва, кварталу 27 Можарівського лісництва та кварталу 29 Сирницького лісництва закладено тимчасові пробні площі. Перспектива подальших досліджень полягає у встановленні особливостей та шляхів стимулювання природного поновлення рослинності на деградованих внаслідок незаконного видобутку територіях, дослідженні впливу абіотичних екологічних чинників на процеси поновлення рослинного покриву.

The Korean tidal flat of the Yellow Sea: Physical setting, ecosystem and management

The present article provides a regional overview of the Korean tidal flat extensively developed along the West Sea of Korea, encompassing oceanographic features, geology, and biology. In particular, the Korean tidal flat was fully described in the aspects of spatial scale (viz. size), geographical distribution, biodiversity, and local culture. A particular emphasis was given to explain the framework of the coastal management in Korea, in terms of a legal aspect, by highlighting reclamation versus protection issues. First, we described the Yellow Sea by sketching the boundary, ocean and tidal currents, discharges from the major rivers, sedimentology, and the cooperative surveys between Korea and China. Next, the West Sea of Korea, where the offshore boundary often neighbored rather close to coastal zone because of the associating traditional livelihoods, was described to point out certain characteristics of hydrography, coastal landscape, tidal channels, tide, and sedimentary process. Then the Korean tidal flat which is the main topic of this article was introduced by highlighting the geographical distribution, biodiversity of benthic diatoms and macrozoobenthos, artisanal fisheries, and local culture in aspect of ecosystem services in tidal flats. Meantime, the issue of reclamation was mini-reviewed by tracking the chronicle development, aerial coverage, and deteriorated environmental impacts on the coastal ecosystem. Herein, the untiring efforts towards protection of the Korean tidal flat are also included in viewpoints of legal framework and the designation of protected areas. Overall, the present collective description aims an introductory guidance for the individual papers of the special issue on the Korean tidal flat, with provisioning several key maps to be cross-utilized or referred.

New Look at the Process of Reclamation of Moulding Sands

Abstract This paper presents a new perspective on the issue of reclamation of moulding and core sands. Taking as a premise that the reclamation process must remain on the surface of grains some not separated binding materials rests, it should be chosen the proper moulding sand’s composition that will be least harmful for the reclaim quality. There are two different moulding and core sands taken into examinations. The researches prove that a small correction of their compositions (hardener type) improves the quality of the received reclaims. Carried out in this article studies have shown that such an approach to the problem of reclamation of the moulding and core sands is needed and reasonable.

Alberta’s Oil Sands: Hard Evidence, Missing Data, New Promises

Pitched battles are a regular occurrence in northern Alberta, Canada, as development of the province’s oil sands continues to expand. One ongoing battle—with another salvo launched in February 2011 with the leak of a European Commission report1—concerns how dirty oil sands are, relative to other fuels. Another concerns the influence of the oil sands industry in monitoring its own activity.2 In an effort to cut through the rhetoric of health advocates, industry representatives, environmentalists, government officials, and local residents, the Royal Society of Canada (RSC) selected and covered expenses for an expert panel to winnow out the facts. In a report issued 15 December 20103 the panel cited substantial evidence that efforts to extract oil from the Alberta deposits have degraded air, land, and water quality to varying degrees. The extent of the degradation is sometimes controversial; water quality data, in particular, are subject to differing interpretations and attributions of causality. However, the panel says that, based on publicly available evidence, there appear to be no significant human health threats to the general population either now or from development anticipated in the next decade or so. But the panel also warns that their conclusions come with a major caveat: there are major gaps in health and environmental data, risk assessments, government oversight, information transparency, industry efforts, and disaster preparedness. The health of the region could hinge on these gaps being addressed, particularly since, according to Travis Davies, a spokesman for the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, 97% of projected oil extraction and processing is still to come. After the RSC panel reviewed reams of publicly available information on factors such as health status, air and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, land disturbance, and energy and water consumption, it concluded that “[t]he claim by some critics of the oil sands industry that it is the most environmentally destructive project on earth is not supported by the evidence. However, for Canada and Alberta, the oil sands industry involves major environmental issues on many fronts which must be addressed as a high priority.”3p293

English

In the late 1980s, two coal gasification concepts were tested at a 15- acre site in the Hanna Basin of south-central Wyoming. Both tests were conducted in the Hanna No. 1 Coal Seam, which is about 30 feet thick and 365 feet below surface at this site. Approximately 4500 tons and 11,300 tons of coal were burned in the two tests, respectively. The Land Quality Division (LQD) of the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (WDEQ) issued Research and Development License No. 15 (RD15) to Stearns Catalytic Corporation (now Washington Group International, Inc.) for the tests. Per the license requirements, ground water restoration and surface reclamation were necessary after the tests. Because of the efficiency of the burns and the effectiveness of venting and flushing the burn cavities after each test, ground water restoration was completed in 1989. Once ground water restoration was deemed complete, the 30+ wells were abandoned and surface reclamation began. The reported seed mix included Wheatgrass (western, thickspike, and slender), Indian Ricegrass, Fourwing Saltbush, and Big Sagebrush. In addition, Big Sagebrush seedlings were also planted. Surface reclamation was completed in 1993, with limited repair work (primarily weed control) in subsequent years. The LQD released the reclamation bond and terminated the license in late 2005. Even though this site was tiny in comparison with most in situ noncoal mines and traditional coal mines, it provides a microcosm of reclamation issues, including: drought impacts; selection of areas for evaluation of reclaimed vegetation; and comparison of species planted with species expressed. It also provides information specific to reclamation issues at in situ mining projects, such as extent of ground water contamination, measurement of revegetation success at sites with multiple, relatively small areas of disturbance, and soil sampling for water treatment impacts. The site was one of the first evaluated for bond release under Category 5 of the LQD Coal Rules.