Water Supply Issues Research Articles

APPROVISIONNEMENT EN EAU ET SANTE DES POPULATIONS RURALES: LE CAS DATTEHOU (AGBOVILLE-COTE DIVOIRE)

Water is a vital element for human life. It is available in Attehou, although its supply constitutes a problem for the population. The objective of this present study is to highlight the influence of the issue of water supply on the health of the population of Attehou. The methodology is based on the use of documents, field observation, interviews, the use of reports from the Information and Management Systems (GIS) of the Elevi health center and a field survey of 257 households. The processing of the data collected made it possible to obtain the following results. The population of Attehou uses traditional water supply methods (traditional wells, Wochi River, backwaters and the Agneby River) and a modern supply method (Village Hydraulic pumps). In the dry season, the population is subject to enormous supply difficulties which manifest themselves in the drying up of water sources, the regularity and long breakdown times of pumps, the inadequacy of modern infrastructure, a long time of water supply and use of unimproved sources. All these difficulties make the population vulnerable to water-borne diseases (diarrhea, typhoid fever, scabies, itchy skin and malaria).

‘Taming’ a Wicked Problem: Selective Problematisation of Issues of Urban Water Supply in Mumbai

The lack of universal urban water access in the cities in the global south is a wicked problem. Using the case of Mumbai, this paper illustrates how consistently this wicked problem was chiselled and selectively problematised to turn it into a tame problem – a problem of water shortages at the city level. The chiselling included neglecting the essential aspects of urban water supply, such as supply coverage, pressure and leakages, which define the quality of urban water service received by citizens. Through chiselling and selective problematisation, the paper illustrates how the problem of providing universal urban water access in Mumbai was ignored for decades and the issues of water shortages were emphasised alone to justify and prioritise the development of dams.

Evolution Characteristics of Heilongtan Spring Discharge and Its Response Law to Precipitation in Lijiang City, China

The contradiction between water supply and spring preservation issues is becoming increasingly apparent as Lijiang City develops. An investigation into the dynamic variations in the discharge rate of Heilongtan Spring in Lijiang City and the response law between the water level of the spring and precipitation is crucial for safeguarding the landscape water of Heilongtan Spring. This study employed linear regression analysis, Mann–Kendall (MK) mutation test, wavelet analysis, and vector autoregression (VAR) to examine the fluctuating pattern of the Heilongtan Spring discharge and the response of the Heilongtan Spring water level to precipitation in Lijiang City. Furthermore, the study discussed the influence of human activities on the alteration of Heilongtan Spring. The results indicate that the mean discharge rate of Heilongtan Spring is 0.94 m3/s, with an annual variation of 0.05 m3/s. The time series analysis reveals that the variation pattern of Heilongtan Spring discharge aligns with the precipitation trend in Lijiang City. Nevertheless, there is a distinction between the timing of the Heilongtan Spring discharge station point and the precipitation mutation point in Lijiang City. The significant primary cycle of spring discharge change occurs every 18 months, with a cycle length of 12 months. The vector autoregression (VAR) model demonstrates a lagged relationship between the water level of Heilongtan Spring and the precipitation in Lijiang City. Specifically, the water level of Heilongtan Spring has a four-month lag response to precipitation variability in Lijiang City. The results can provide a beneficial reference for preserving spring water and managing regional water resources.

Political Economy of Maternal Child Malnutrition: Experiences about Water, Food, and Nutrition Policies in Pakistan.

This study examined access to water, food, and nutrition programs among marginalized communities in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, and their effects on nutrition. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used in this study. We held two focus group discussions (one with 10 males and one with 10 females) and conducted in-depth interviews with 15 key stakeholders, including 20 mothers and 10 healthcare providers. A survey of 235 households was carried out to evaluate water and food insecurity, with the data analyzed using Wilcoxon's rank-sum test, t-test, and Pearson's chi-square test. The results revealed that 90% of households experienced moderate-to-severe water insecurity, and 73% faced moderate-to-severe food insecurity. Household water and food insecurity were positively correlated with each other (correlation coefficient = 0.205; p = 0.004). Greater household water (p = 0.028) and food insecurity (p < 0.001) were both associated with higher perceived stress. Furthermore, lower socioeconomic status was strongly related to higher levels of water (p < 0.001) and food insecurity (p < 0.001). Qualitative findings highlight the impact of colonial and post-colonial policies, which have resulted in water injustice, supply issues, and corruption in water administration. Women face significant challenges in fetching water, including stigma, harassment, and gender vulnerabilities, leading to conflicts and injuries. Water scarcity and poor quality adversely affect sanitation, hygiene, and breastfeeding practices among lactating mothers. Structural adjustment policies have exacerbated inflation and reduced purchasing power. Respondents reported a widespread lack of dietary diversity and food quality. Nutrition programs face obstacles such as the exclusion of people with low social and cultural capital, underfunding, weak monitoring, health sector corruption, and the influence of formula milk companies allied with the medical community and bureaucracy. This study concludes that addressing the macro-political and economic causes of undernutrition should be prioritized to improve nutrition security in Pakistan.

Immersive Anthropological Methodology towards Sustainable Ecotourism: A Case Study of Bali, Indonesia

Purpose: This research aims to investigate and implement an anthropological methodology for achieving sustainable eco-tourism in Bali, Indonesia. Research methods: This qualitative method used involves a thorough examination and comparison of diverse scholarly works, case studies, and relevant texts. The qualitative comparative analysis provides a robust framework for interpreting the complex interplay of ideas, perspectives, and contextual factors embedded in the literature building upon and expanding the understanding of the subject matter within the broader academic discourse. Results and discussion: The research underscores the critical issues of water supply, waste management, and infrastructure development in Bali. Sustainable solutions, including cultural inclusion, eco-friendly housing, and natural supplements, are proposed to alleviate these challenges. Implications: The results signify a crucial step towards fostering environmental conservation and responsible tourism practices in this popular destination.

Distribution and risk assessment of nutrients and heavy metals from sediments in the world-class water transfer projects

South-to-North Water Diversion Project, a globally renowned engineering feat, aims to address water supply issues. The sediments within reservoirs play a pivotal role in natural ecosystems, not only as habitats for diverse biota but also as repositories of heavy metals, organic matter, and other contaminants. These sediments serve as a critical interface between sediment and water bodies. This comprehensive analysis focused on the spatial patterns of nutrients, organic matter, and heavy metals in the surface layer and profiles of reservoirs, exploring their interconnectedness. Leveraging the integrated pollution index, organic pollution index, potential ecological risk index, and geo-accumulation index, an ecological risk assessment was performed. The key findings are as follows: (i) Along the Middle Route of the South-to-North Diversion Project, the nutrient and organic matter contents in sediments tends to rise with distance from the Danjiangkou Reservoir, with the TN and TC contents increasing by 2.35- and 3.05-fold, respectively. (ii) As the sediment depth increases, the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter contents exhibit varying degrees of decline, with average decreases of 62.38%, 67.47%, 17.56%, and 41.83% for TN, TC, TP, and OM, respectively. (iii) Among the eight heavy metals, only manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the Yahekou Reservoir showed moderate pollution levels, according to the geo-accumulation index. The Mn content within the surface sediments of the six reservoirs ranges from 550 to 1837 mg/kg (average, 1019.5 ± 548.3 mg/kg), whereas the Zn content ranges from 89 to 360 mg/kg (average, 156.5 ± 101.6 mg/kg). (vi) Total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) emerged as the primary pollutants in surface sediments. Comprehensive nitrogen and phosphorus pollution assessment revealed that the surface sediment of Danjiangkou Reservoir is mildly polluted, while Baiguishan and Jiangang Reservoirs are moderately polluted, and the rest are heavily contaminated. For the Yahekou and Chaohe Reservoirs, the average pollutant content indicates moderate pollution, while the remaining reservoirs show mild pollution levels.Graphical

Groundwater quality and people’s awareness – A case study in Hoang Tay commune, Kim Bang district, Ha Nam province

Abstract In this study, groundwater quality in Hoang Tay commune, Kim Bang districts, Ha Nam province was investigated. The results show that the groundwater in this area was highly polluted by arsenic (As), iron (Fe), ammonium (NH4 +), and coliform. Total As concentrations in the groundwater ranged from 0.06 to 0.178 mg/L. Although total As concentrations remarkably decreased after sand filtration (0.013-0.109 mg/L), As in the sand-filtered groundwater was still up to 10 times higher than the As safety limit (0.01 mg/L). In addition, the high concentration of Fe and the Fe/As ratio in Hoang Tay’s groundwater play a critical function in effectively removing As from groundwater. NH4 + level in groundwater was also remarkably high (8.62–58.8 mg/L), which is roundly 28 to 196 times higher than the NH4 + safety standard in Vietnam’s technical guideline on domestic water quality (QCVN 01:2018/BYT). The structured interview showed that most of interviewed people (69%) are aware of groundwater quality issues. However, due to the issues of tap water supply in the area, the majority of the households (78.3%) were still using groundwater for their drinking purposes and other daily activities. There is a high demand for safe water in this commune.

STUDY OF LONG-TERM WATER SUPPLY IN THE AREA OF MUNICIPALITY OF TEŠANJ, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;This paper examines the issue of water supply in the municipality of Te&amp;amp;scaron;anj, which has been identified as crucial for many years due to the indispensable nature of water as a basic resource necessary for life. The available capacity of the Kra&amp;amp;scaron;evo-Jelah-Te&amp;amp;scaron;anj central water supply system is 47 l/s. By calculating the daily water demand in the area, we determine a water deficit of 51.11 l/s, which needs to be addressed. The analysis and synthesis of data during the preparation of the study leads to the proposition of an artificial aquifer recharge system as a solution to the long-term water supply problem in the mentioned area.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Analysis of Marketing Practices and Identification of Factors Influencing Groundwater Transfer in Tirupur District, India

Water transfers have recently increased as a way to meet water demands in domestic and industrial sectors. Groundwater transfer as the quickest, least expensive, and most environmentally friendly way to address the issue of large cities' water supply and reliability, given the success of the state water system. The water transfers generally focus on the purchase of water from willing sellers in agriculture to meet urban domestic and industrial water demand. Water transfers can generate three different types of impacts namely, direct, indirect and induced impacts. The present study was undertaken mainly to study why groundwater transfer has been an increasing phenomenon over years resulting in pollution hazards and reduction in irrigated area in Tirupur district. The impacts from groundwater transfer to water selling regions and effluent receiving areas are an important consideration in evaluating the impact of groundwater transfer activity. Without doubts groundwater transfer from agriculture to industrial uses would benefit individual sellers, buyers and the Nation as whole. The probability of water selling would increase by 0.1368 per cent, while the water selling intensity by 0.1538 per cent on average for the entire sample. The probability of selling water decreases by 3.62 percent, when farming is the major occupation as well as when profitability from on-farm activities is higher, which in turn made the farmer less reliance on income from water sales. Similarly, the elasticity of intensity of water sales would decrease by 4.07 percent. However, groundwater transfers would cause some economic impediment to local rural communities especially non-sellers. The adverse direct economic impact in groundwater selling or water transferring areas to total revenue in agriculture was Rs. 54.32 lakhs per every crop season. Scarcity of water resulted in shifting of irrigated agriculture to rainfed agriculture and labour intensive to labour less intensive crops.

Optimal allocation planning of regional water resources with multiple objectives using improved firefly algorithm

Abstract Population growth and economic development, coupled with water pollution and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather, have led to a growing contradiction between water supply and demand in some regions. To address this challenge, rational and optimal allocation of regional water resources has emerged as a crucial approach. This study focuses on creating a comprehensive model for optimizing regional water resource allocation, taking into account social, economic, and ecological factors. In addition, three innovative modifications are introduced to the firefly algorithm (FA), resulting in the development of the improved firefly algorithm (IFA). The effectiveness of IFA is validated through experiments involving nine benchmark functions. The results highlight the improved search efficiency and convergence achieved by IFA compared to other intelligent algorithms. Moreover, the application of IFA in solving the water resource allocation challenge in Shannxi Province, China, for 2020 and 2021 demonstrates a reduction in the overall water shortage rate to 4.69 and 1.72%, at a 75% guarantee rate. This reduction in water shortages contributes to addressing future scarcities. The proposed allocation scheme offers comprehensive benefits and provides crucial technical support for water resource management. Ultimately, this study offers valuable insights and guidance for addressing the issue of water supply–demand disparities.

Evaluating Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Water Scarcity Mitigation in Small Greek Islands under Climate Change

Rainfall variability, exacerbated by climate change, poses significant challenges to water resource management, particularly in regions prone to intense droughts and floods. The Greek islands, characterized by poor water potential, face interannual water supply issues dating back to their earliest habitation. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems emerge as a promising solution to address water scarcity in these regions. This study simulates RWH systems for two small Greek islands, Fourni and Nisyros, representing similar rainfall regimes. Multiple scenarios are explored, and system reliability is assessed in light of simulated daily rainfall time series incorporating climate change projections. Utilizing eight low/medium (RCP 4.5) and eight high (RCP 8.5) emission scenarios over a future 35-year period, the study evaluates system reliability based on model parameters (collection area: 40 to 140 m2, rainwater tank volume: 5 to 30 m3, number of household members: 2, 3), with 30% coverage of total daily water demand (180 L/d). Negligible evapotranspiration effects are assumed due to closed-type tanks. Results indicate that the RWH system demonstrates high efficiency in general. The investigation for the future period revealed that the system’s performance varies, with instances where daily demand targets are not met, even with a 30 m3 tank. This research underscores the potential of RWH systems as a cost-effective “green” solution, particularly in regions with deficient rainfall regimes. It highlights the importance of localized water management strategies, reducing reliance on mainland water transportation, and assisting desalination unit operations. In conclusion, this study contributes to the assessment of RWH systems, demonstrating their viability as a sustainable water management solution in regions facing water scarcity, contingent on local rainfall conditions and system design parameters.

Evaluate and design public policies to address water supply and quality issues in the water crisis in Monterrey and its metropolitan areas

The present article focuses on the evaluation and design of public policies aimed at addressing the issues of water availability and quality in the water crisis affecting Monterrey and its metropolitan area. As water demand has increased due to population growth and urban development, a situation of water scarcity has emerged, posing a threat to water security and the well-being of the region. The implementation of effective public policies on water is crucial to confront this crisis. Through rigorous evaluation of water availability and quality, it becomes possible to identify problem areas and sources of contamination, enabling concrete measures to be taken for mitigation and control. Additionally, appropriate design of public policies promotes water conservation, encourages sustainable water management practices, and establishes governance mechanisms to ensure their implementation. The successful implementation of these public policies entails a range of benefits and utilities. Firstly, it ensures the provision of potable water to the population, meeting their basic needs and improving their quality of life. Moreover, it promotes the conservation of water resources, preventing their overexploitation and ensuring long-term availability. Furthermore, it prevents water pollution, preserving its quality and safeguarding the health of the inhabitants. Encouraging results have been observed as a result of the implementation of effective public policies. There has been a decrease in water scarcity and an improvement in the quality of water available for human consumption and industrial use. Additionally, citizen participation and community engagement in water management have been promoted, strengthening the region's resilience to future water challenges.

Geological and hydrogeological structure of the Sheshma terrigenous complex of the Belsky uplift

Relevance. The importance of industrial and technical water supply to an oil field in the north-east of Perm region. The requirements to subsoil use and environment protection demand a sanitary restriction zone of the water supply source in the northern part of the field. The current study of a geological structure and groundwater conditions and circulation of Sheshma aquifer complex will assess its resources and elaborate on organization of water supply to the oil field. Aim. To study geological structure and groundwater conditions of Sheshma aquifer complex. Objects. Formations rocks and groundwater conditions of Sheshma terrigenous complex. Methods. Studying the archival records, conducting a hydro-geological survey of the territory, drilling groundwater exploration wells, conducting pilot-filtration works on groundwater exploration wells in the flooding and low-water period. Results. The authors have discovered Sheshma formation thickness, which ranges from 100–150 to 300 m, and lithological composition of rocks and groundwater conditions of Sheshma aquifer complex. It was established that groundwater is deposited as a system of separate isolated water-bearing interlayers and blocks within the Durinsky trough. The most water-bearing zones were identified. Two aquifers of fine-grained and coarse-grained sandstones were detected in low-permeability thickness of Sheshma formation. The aquifers are not hydraulically connected and are separated from each other by a 40 m thick layer of water-resistant mudstones. Groundwater is deposited as strata with Neumann's boundary conditions, orientated sublatitudinally, from west to east. The obtained data can be further used to solve the issues of water supply within the area under study and the rational use of these waters.

Factors impacting water quality and quantity in rapidly expanding urban areas based on the DPSIR model: experiences and challenges from Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia.

Due to the increasing pressures of global change, such as urbanization, climate change, population growth, and socioeconomic changes, cities around the world are facing significant water challenges, both in terms of supply and quality. This emphasizes the need for concerted effort to manage water supplies effectively for sustainable development. The driver, pressure, state, impact, and response (DPSIR) model was applied in this study to determine the underlying causes of Addis Ababa's water supply and quality issues. Field observations, key informant interviews, and previously published reports were used to identify these variables, impacts, and coping mechanisms. The model suggests that issues with urban water are caused by inadequate waste management, fast urbanization, climate change, sociodemographic shifts, economic challenges, changes in land use and land cover, and institutional pressures. As a result, aquatic ecosystems endure damage and there is also an increase in water-related diseases and unmet water demand. Some of the responses to these effects include using bottled water, digging boreholes, harvesting rainwater, planting trees, and soliciting funds. The study concludes by recommending an integrated approach to managing the risks of declining water quality and shortage. This study will advance the important empirical understanding of how urban water supply and quality are impacted by environmental stresses on a global scale. It will also positively impact the development of sustainable water management policies and practices.

Sanitation Knowledge and Practices of Malaysian Food SMEs: Addressing Current Issues and Readiness in Acceptance of Green Sanitation Technology

Sanitation is crucial in the food industry, involving cleaning and disinfection processes to ensure facility cleanliness. This study examined sanitation knowledge and practices among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia's frozen meat sector. It also evaluated the acceptance of eco-friendly sanitation technology, specifically an electrolysis unit producing electrolyzed water. Data was collected through an open-ended online questionnaire using Google Forms. The questionnaire comprises demographic profiles, sanitation knowledge, sanitation program design knowledge, sanitation challenges, and the acceptance of integrating a green cleaner with the current sanitation program. Results show SME manufacturers possess sanitation knowledge but face implementation challenges due to absent sanitation programs, skilled labor shortage, hot water supply issues, difficulty cleaning narrow spaces in equipment, chemical storage, and budget constraints. Due to low-temperature operations, only 73 % of frozen meat industries use hot water for sanitation. Additionally, 45 % lack wastewater treatment, leading to chemical residue discharge into municipal drainage. SMEs show interest in electrolyzed water for its dual role as a cleaning and disinfecting agent. The technology's room-temperature efficacy and environmentally friendly degradation into salt and water appeal to SMEs. Adopting electrolysis sanitation technology is expected to significantly reduce costs by utilizing only salt, water, and electricity for electrolyzed water generation.

Review of water scarcity assessments: Highlights of Mexico's water situation

AbstractThis article examines the situation of water scarcity and security in Mexico, with a focus on the drinking water supply issue in rural communities and the challenges posed by assessment methodologies. We conducted a comprehensive literature review to update the available information on the water crisis in Mexico and its impact on rural communities in the country, as well as the methodologies employed to assess water security and the methodological challenges associated with them. Among the most noteworthy findings is the persistent challenge in evaluating water scarcity and its implications for communities, due to the lack of consensus on the most precise methodology. Nevertheless, current methodological approaches suggest the integration of physical models with pertinent social, economic, and political data. The literature broadly agrees on the severity of the water scarcity crisis and the clear link between rural poverty and inadequate access to drinking water. Water scarcity is both a contributing factor to and a consequence of poverty, stemming from a complex interplay of socioeconomic pressures, inadequate institutional responses, and deficient water management. The paper concludes that water scarcity involves intricate interactions among various factors, encompassing physical water scarcity, pollution, and the impacts of climate change on the water cycle, and most critically, the complexities inherent in water management and regulatory frameworks. Therefore, the integration of well‐informed policies, effective management practices, and collaborative efforts is crucial for ensuring a prosperous and sustainable future. Effective water management can effectively mitigate the challenges of water scarcity and alleviate poverty.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water &gt; Water, Health, and Sanitation Human Water &gt; Rights to Water Science of Water &gt; Water and Environmental Change

ЗМІНИ ХІМІЧНОГО СКЛАДУ ПИТНИХ ПІДЗЕМНИХ ВОД ХЕРСОНСЬКОГО РОДОВИЩА ЗА ДАНИМИ ТРИВАЛИХ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ У ДОВОЄННІ ЧАСИ

Background. After the destruction of the Kakhovskaya HPP and the spillway dam, and devastation of the Kakhovskaya Reservoir, the issue of water supply to the south of Ukraine became very acute. This problem is the most painful for the Kherson region. In this regard, there was a need to conduct monitoring studies on the quality of groundwater, which serves as a source of water supply for the population of Kherson. The analysis of changes in the main indicators of the chemical composition of groundwater over time makes it possible to assess potential risks for the health of consumers and to obtain predictive assessments of the state of the studied hydrogeological system. Methods. When performing the work, mathematical-statistical, graph-analytical research methods were applied, comparative analysis was performed, and constructions were carried out using the specialized software tool GW_Chart. Results. A high correlation was found between the amount of water withdrawal and permanganate oxidizability and fluorine content. It was established that during the studied period of time (from 2009 to 2021) there were changes in the general chemical composition of groundwater – in the cationic composition there was a transition from a calcium-magnesium to a sodium-potassium, in the anionic composition – from chloride- hydrocarbonate to bicarbonate-chloride. A non-carcinogenic risk assessment was performed using the non-threshold method for Mn and F. It was found that the danger level for F is extremely high, and for Mn – catastrophic. Сonclusions. The authors made the conclusion that groundwaters in the Upper Sarmatian sediments, which are exploited by the majority of examined wells on the territory of Kherson, have a complex direction of changes in chemical composition, depending on the conditions of their formation, which are determined by a complex of natural and man-made factors. The key role is played by: filtration properties of confining bed layers in the roof of the aquifer; consequences of the discharge of domestic sewage to Meotis-Pont deposits; lack of centralized sewerage within the private sector; recharge with surface waters of the Dnipro River; design features of the wells; operating loads on the aquifer. In general, it can be stated that the qualitative composition of groundwater has undergone significant changes. All these factors give the territory of the deposit a clearly defined lateral and in some cases, vertical hydrochemical zonation of groundwater.

IDENTITI SOSIAL DAN TINGKAH LAKU PENGUNDI DALAM PILIHAN RAYA NEGERI (PRN) KEDAH 2023

The Kedah State Election (PRN) 2023 is one of the 6 states that will be held simultaneously on 12 August 2023. There are several controversial issues throughout the campaign in the state, including the issue of the leadership of the Kedah Menteri Besar from PAS, Datuk Seri Sanusi Mohd Noor, the REE metal mining issue, logging issues, water supply issues, development issues and State Government cooperation issues with the Federal Government. All these issues shape the social identity and political behavior of voters in the state. Therefore, it is the purpose of writing this article to analyze the social identity and political behavior of voters in the State of Kedah in 2023. Based on data analysis of PRN 2023 results in Kedah, observations in the field and analysis of secondary sources such as journal articles and conference papers, the findings of the study show that the social identity of the Malays based on religion, rights, status, culture, language and social values has been used as political capital by the PN party to ensure that they are seen as a party that champions the Malays compared to the unity government party. The communication machinery of the unity government, especially UMNO and Pakatan Harapan (PH) is very weak and not well organized, causing them to fail to respond to the perceptions presented by the National Alliance Party (PN). The Malay Proclamation launched by PN especially PAS has succeeded in touching the hearts of young voters who are indeed the king makers who decide which party can form the Government.

Analysis of Water Consumption during Fire Extinguishing at Objects of Different Functional Fire Hazard Classes

Introduction. Fire-fighting water supply systems play a primary role in ensuring effective fire extinguishing. Many researchers both in our country and abroad have considered the requirements for fire-fighting water supply and problematic issues in this area. At the same time, in order to update the requirements for fire-fighting water supply, it is necessary to study the actual water consumption on fires, taking into account the characteristics of fire objects. The aim of this research was to analyze the water consumption for outdoor firefighting depending on the characteristics of the fire object and compare the actual water consumption with the requirements of regulatory documents on fire safety. Methods and Materials. The authors used statistical data on fires in the Russian Federation for 2019–2021 from the federal state information system "Federal Database "Fires". Methods of statistical data analysis and classification of statistical data were used to determine the actual water consumption for outdoor firefighting, depending on the class of functional fire hazard of the fire object. Visualization of the obtained results was performed by the method of graphical representation of data in the form of histograms and pie charts. Results. The analysis showed that the highest average water consumption was required for objects of the functional fire hazard class F1.2 "hotels, dormitories (with the exception of apartment-type dormitories), dormitory buildings of sanatoriums and rest homes of general type, campsites" — 10.7 l/s. For apartment buildings, the highest average water consumption was required to extinguish fires that had arisen in the attic — 10 l/s and in the garret — 9.2 l/s. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the analysis can be used to clarify the requirements for water consumption for outdoor firefighting, depending on the functional fire hazard class of the object and the number of floors of buildings. In order to meet these requirements, regular monitoring of fire-fighting water supply systems is required, as well as timely maintenance and repair of external and internal fire-fighting water supply systems.

Challenges faced by the municipal water works management in improving water supply adequacy and distribution in Bontoc, Philippines

Domestic water is indispensable for daily use, yet its effective management encounters numerous challenges that impact household consumers. This study aims to identify the challenges leading to supply inadequacy and uneven distribution, while proposing interventions to enhance water supply for households. The study employed surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions to gather comprehensive data on domestic water supply issues in rural communities in Bontoc, Philippines. The findings reveal two primary issues in these rural communities: supply inadequacy and unequal distribution. Supply inadequacy is attributed to factors such as wasteful water use, water scarcity during prolonged dry seasons, limited water sources, and population growth. Uneven distribution results from factors like landslides, illegal tapping, irregular water quality, insufficient monitoring of quantity and pressure, and inadequacies in the water distribution network layout. The study suggests several crucial actions for the local government unit (LGU) of Bontoc. These include augmenting water sources, implementing regular water supply monitoring, ensuring timely repairs, replacing old pipes, optimizing distribution pipeline layouts, enhancing water pressure, and rigorously enforcing municipal water ordinances. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of household water management practices, such as responsible consumption, supply conservation, and recycling. The effective implementation of these interventions, through collaboration between the LGU and households, has the potential to ameliorate the constraints in domestic water supply and distribution. This collaborative approach is essential for improving supply management and addressing the current challenges faced by domestic water consumers.