Water Shortage Issues Research Articles

Kinetic study on cyclopentane hydrates in the presence of sodium chloride

Water is an important resource for human life. The lack of clean water in the world now becomes more serious. As a result, seawater desalination to produce fresh water is becoming indispensable. In recent years, hydrate-based desalination is a potential solution for the drinking water shortage issue. Recently, Cyclopentane (CP) is used as a hydrate former for desalination process via crystallization at low temperature and atmospheric pressure. The objective of this study is to provide the new kinetic data of CP hydrates in the presence of sodium chloride with a concentration of 3.5 wt.%. The experimental data for CP hydrates in the presence of sodium chloride are obtained in a batch reactor system with a setup temperature range of -2.5 to -0.5 oC and at atmospheric pressure. The effects of temperature, agitation speed and amount of CP on kinetics of CP hydrate formation are also performed.

A Pathway Analysis of Evapotranspiration Variation Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Summer Maize in the Haihe Plain

The Haihe Plain in China is situated in the world’s largest groundwater funnel area, with per capita water resources far below the internationally recognized “extremely water-scarce” standard. To address the issue of water shortage in summer maize-planting areas of the Haihe Plain, we conducted research on the variation of summer maize evapotranspiration using a medium-sized lysimeter. This study aims to provide technical support for water-saving irrigation in summer maize fields. Through path analysis, direct and indirect influencing factors affecting the evapotranspiration of summer maize fields were determined. The results showed that the cumulative evapotranspiration of bare ground and farmland during the entire growth period of summer maize was 173.57 mm and 382.97 mm, respectively, with evapotranspiration intensities of 1.52 mm/d and 3.36 mm/d, respectively. Evapotranspiration during the maturity stage of summer maize was the least, accounting for only 1.82% of total evapotranspiration during the entire growth period. The period from the jointing to milk-ripening stage is when evapotranspiration in maize fields is at its highest. During this period, evapotranspiration in maize fields amounted to 265.58 mm, accounting for 69.35% of total evapotranspiration. The evapotranspiration intensity was 3.59 mm/day, which is 1.34 times higher than that of bare soil. The evapotranspiration intensities during each growth stage were ranked as jointing stage > tasseling-silking stage > seedling stage > milk maturity stage > maturity stage. The daily evapotranspiration of summer maize fields showed a “unimodal” curve with low values in the morning and evening, and high values at noon. Path analysis indicated that daily radiation and maximum daily temperature had the greatest impact on the evapotranspiration of maize fields, with the direct effect of maximum daily temperature being restrictive and the indirect effect being promotive, resulting in an overall promotive effect.

IoT-based Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Water Quality Monitoring System

Abstract: Water is an essential requirement for human survival, and a scarcity of water renders us unable to sustain our lives. The issue of water pollution and shortage is a pressing worldwide concern that necessitates the adaptation of water resources and the establishment of guiding principles at both the international and individual levels. Water contamination is the primary contributor to global disease outbreaks. In the past, the process of monitoring water quality relied on the physical collection of data, lacking the implementation of a smart sensor system. This resulted in inefficiencies, particularly in the areas of real-time data retrieval, device surveillance, and less precise data gathering. The integration of a real-time water quality monitoring method is important in order to guarantee the provision of a secure drinking water supply. Therefore, the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), which facilitates the interconnection of diverse devices for the purpose of data interchange and collection, has emerged

Simultaneous Fresh Water Collection and Li+ Selective Adsorption Enabled by A Salt‐Resistant Separated Solar Evaporator

AbstractSolar‐driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) of brine may solve the fresh water shortage issue but suffers from salt‐fouling. Meanwhile, adsorption can extract valuable lithium (Li) from brine but is hampered by low adsorption capacity/rate, additional energy input and low selectivity, etc. Here, as a proof‐of‐concept, the design of a separated solar evaporator (S‐evaporator) is reported for simultaneously efficient fresh water collection and Li+ selective adsorption by SIE of brine, accomplishing their complementation using only sunlight. The S‐evaporator consists of a tilted n‐shaped H2TiO3‐modified fabric and a photothermal sheet on it. The superhydrophilic fabric transports brine to the photothermal sheet and provides affluent sites for Li+ adsorption. The photothermal sheet promotes SIE and enhances Li+ adsorption by significantly increasing the fabric's temperature. Consequently, simultaneous fresh water collection and Li+ selective adsorption are realized by the S‐evaporator. Under 1 kW m−2 illumination, the S‐evaporator shows long‐term stable evaporation rate (1.51 kg m−2 h−1) for 20 wt% brine, high Li+ adsorption capacity (20.09 mg g−1), good Li+ adsorption selectivity from real brine and good cycle stability. The S‐evaporator has great application potential for efficiently extracting fresh water and Li+ from brine as demonstrated by the large SIE setup in real outdoor conditions.

Scalable Superhydrophilic Solar Evaporators for Long-Term Stable Desalination, Fresh Water Collection and Salt Collection by Vertical Salt Deposition.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) is very promising to solve the issue of fresh water shortage, however, poor salt resistance severely hinders long-term stable SIE and fresh water collection. Here, we report design of superhydrophilic solar evaporators for long-term stable desalination, fresh water collection and salt collection by vertical salt deposition. The evaporators are prepared by sequentially deposition of silicone nanofilaments, polypyrrole and Au nanoparticles on a polyester fabric composed of microfibers. The evaporators feature excellent photothermal effect and ultrafast water transport, due to their unique micro-/nanostructure and superhydrophilicity. As a result, during SIE the salt gradually deposits vertically rather than occupies larger area on the evaporators. Consequently, long-term stable SIE with high evaporation rates of 2.4-2.1 kg m-2 h-1 for 3.5-20 wt % brine in continuous 10 h is achieved under 1 sun illumination. Meanwhile, the loosely deposited salt can be easily collected, realizing zero brine discharge. Moreover, scalable preparation of the evaporator is achieved, which exhibits efficient collection of high quality fresh water (10.08 kg m-2 in 8 h) via SIE desalination under weak natural sunlight (0.46~0.66 sun). This strategy sheds a new light on the design of high-performance solar evaporators and their real-world fresh water collection.

Asymmetric double-layer design of LiCl@CC/PAM for highly efficient water uptake from atmosphere

Water scarcity has become a global problem and caused a lot of conflicts. Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is a promising way to address water shortage issue. However, traditional adsorbent materials such as silica gels and zeolites suffer from low water productivity and high regeneration temperature. Hygroscopic salts like LiCl are regarded as a perspective substitution. Salt-modified metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and hydrogels are employed to alleviate the salt aggregation but they are limited to expensive fabrication or sluggish adsorption kinetics. Herein, we demonstrate an asymmetric double-layer design of LiCl@CC (carbon cloth)/PAM with separated function of water adsorption/desorption and water storage in different layer. This double-layer design not only enhances the mechanical properties but also shows an improved water adsorption kinetics compared to common salt-composite hydrogels. In experimental test, the LiCl@CC/PAM exhibits excellent water uptake of 1.5 g g−1 under 60 % RH in 4 h and fast water desorption under sunlight in 1.5 h. In outdoor test, LiCl@CC/PAM based device presents a daily water uptake of 5.12 g g−1 day−1. Meanwhile, all the materials used and fabrication process are feasible to scale up, which provides a possible solution to the global crisis of water scarcity.

Risk analysis and assessment of water resource carrying capacity based on weighted gray model with improved entropy weighting method in the central plains region of China

The issue of global water shortage is a serious concern. The scientific evaluation of water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) serves as the foundation for implementing measures to protect water resources. In addition, most of the studies are based on the analysis and research of regional WRCC from the aspects of water quantity and water quality. There are few studies on the four aspects of water resources endowment conditions, society, economy and ecological environment, which is difficult to scientifically and accurately reflect the analysis and evaluation of regional WRCC by the four systems. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a deeper discussion and Analysis on this topic. This study presents a WRCC index system and corresponding ranking criteria based on 20 influencing factors from four aspects: water resources endowment (WRE), economy, society, and ecological environment. In addition, by combining the improved entropy weighting method (EWM) with gray correlation analysis, the weighted gray technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) model is proposed for analyzing and assessing WRCC risk. Finally, the WRCC of the study area from 2012 to 2021 is comprehensively evaluated in the central plains region of China (CPROC) as an example. The results show that the comprehensive evaluation obtained a multi-year average value of 0.2935, and the water resources shortage in the CPROC is generally in grade III status. The comprehensive average value of Beijing is 0.345, and the comprehensive average value of Henan is 0.397. The overall degree of water resources shortage is in the state of grade V shortage, Shaanxi is in the state of grade IV shortage, and the degree of water resources in Tianjin and Shanxi is relatively good. This study provides corresponding scientific basis and methodological guidance for the sustainable utilization of water resources and healthy socio-economic performance in the CPROC.

Evaluating the potential benefits of float solar photovoltaics through the water footprint recovery period

In the context of higher demands on the development of clean energy technologies due to the issue of water shortage in China and the implementation of the 2060 carbon-neutral objective, floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems present novel opportunities for transforming the energy structure through land conservation and enhancement of power generation efficiency compared to conventional solar systems. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive analysis on the potential benefits of FPV. Utilizing reservoir databases and employing a professional FPV system design, a methodology for determining the water footprint recovery period was introduced, which enables the assessment of potential FPV benefits. The water footprint recovery period for constructing FPV on 909 reservoirs in China was found that ranges from 1.86 yr to 10.48 yr. It is found that reservoir evaporation, latitude, and climate are closely related to the water footprint recovery period of FPV. Furthermore, by implementing FPV panels with an optimal tilt angle, covering 30% of the area in each reservoir, the annual electricity generation can amount to 1429.19 TWh, leading to savings of 5.76 billion m3 of water. This achievement corresponds to 19.41% of the national electricity consumption and a 6.86% reduction in the national residential water consumption in 2020. The overall economic benefit is 5.61 myriads RMB, equivalent to 5.76% of the national GDP. These benefits are unevenly distributed and mainly concentrated in areas with more reservoirs. The anticipated enhancement of FPV system benefits is foreseen with the ongoing development and implementation of future reservoir power infrastructure and energy storage technology. These results demonstrate the significant potential of installing FPV systems on the reservoirs in China. This study proposes a method to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive benefits of constructing FPV in China and conduct a thorough analysis of the feasibility of FPV, which could provide reference for the development of regional industries and the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Fog harvesting efficiency analysis of biomimicking surfaces: A review

With a rapidly increasing population, pollution levels and industrial water and energy demand are on a constant rise in the past century. Populations residing in arid and semi-arid regions have been victims of water shortage issues since decades. Efficient water harvesting techniques are becoming highly significant today for ensuring the availability of essential resources throughout the globe. Inspired from nature where certain creatures have attractive surfaces which can collect water from the fog or mist even in no rainfall conditions, researchers have developed high-efficient novel water harvesting materials that could effectively address water scarcity issues. Through an in-depth analysis of the wettability and water droplet transportation of these creatures in nature, novel bionic surfaces that combine desirable natures and properties have been developed through innovative fabrication and coupling techniques. This could achieve 2.5 to 5.3 times more efficient water harvesting than conventional superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces. The efficiency value increased by 250% to 600% by merging different morphologies like Desert beetle, cactus and Janus, compared to their individual uniform morphology surfaces. The review also presents current challenges and scope for future development in water harvesting materials.

Comprehensive Review on Low-Cost, Solar-Powered Water Purification Technologies for Remote Areas

The research article explores the increasing need for readily available potable water in geographically remote and deprived areas. The main objective of this research is to design and perform a cost-efficient water purification system which utilizes solar power. This system is specially designed to function in locations where electricity and standard water treatment infrastructures are rare. It focuses on the research, development, and execution of cuttingedge technologies that employ solar energy for powering filtration and purification systems, which improves the accessibility of clean water in remote and under-served areas. The study involves a choice of materials based on their value for money and long-lasting properties, the addition of solar panels together with filtering systems, and assessing the capacity of the system to function well in different environmental situations. The system design is improved through the application of field tests and the integration of community feedback. The main purpose of this study is to propose a sustainable solution to the issue of water shortage in remote regions. While doing so, it will contribute to worldwide initiatives dedicated to enhancing the availability of water and advancing the health of the public.

Steam recovery from flue gas by organosilica membranes for simultaneous harvesting of water and energy

Steam recovery from the spent gases from flues could be a key step in addressing the water shortage issue while additionally benefiting energy saving. Herein, we propose a system that uses organosilica membranes consisting of a developed layered structure to recover steam and latent heat from waste. Proof-of-concept testing is conducted in a running incinerator plant. The proposed system eliminates the need for a water supply while simultaneously recovering latent heat from the waste stream. First, the long-term stability of an organosilica membrane is confirmed over the course of six months on a laboratory-scale under a simulated waste stream. Second, steam recovery is demonstrated in a running waste incinerator plant (bench-scale), which confirms the steady operation of this steam recovery system with a steam recovery rate comparable to that recorded in the laboratory-scale test. Third, process simulation reveals that this system enables water-self-reliance with energy recovery that approximates 70% of waste combustion energy.

Magnetically recoverable copper ferrite for catalytic ozonation of surfactant-containing simulated laundry wastewater

Laundry detergent wastewater is a valuable renewable resource released in vast quantities that can be reused to alleviate water shortage issues. The primary contaminant found in laundry wastewater, which is the surfactant has harmful impacts on the ecosystem, resulting in the eutrophication of lakes and rivers. This study examines the effectiveness of catalytic ozonation treatment using a magnetically recoverable copper ferrite to treat surfactant-containing laundry wastewater. A magnetically recoverable copper ferrite was successfully prepared using a modified sol-gel method for the remediation of detergent wastewater. The modified sol-gel method uses a low calcination temperature (350 °C) synthesis process to prepare spinel-structured copper ferrite. The physicochemical properties of the prepared copper ferrite were evaluated using XRD, FT-IR, XPS, FESEM, BET, and VSM analyses. Various process parameters such as initial concentration, solution pH, catalyst dosage, and ozone dosage were investigated to reveal the ozone activation capability and catalytic mechanism. The surfactant degradation performance in catalytic ozonation was compared with the non-catalytic ozonation, respectively. Results indicated that the copper ferrite exhibited excellent ozone activation ability, with 98.4% of surfactant degradation at an initial concentration of 10 ppm, a reaction time of 30 min, a catalyst dosage of 0.2 g/L, an initial pH of 7 and an ozone dosage of 3.68 mg/min. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) elimination rate at this setting was 79.5% compared to 26.7% for non-catalytic ozonation. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal percentages for ozonation and catalytic ozonation were 33.3% and 93.3%, respectively. Simple economical assessment using electrical energy per order (EE/O) showed that low electrical energy was consumed by the catalytic ozonation (60.31 kWhm−3order−1) compared to the ozonation process (381.68 kWhm−3order−1). The copper ferrite can be quickly recovered from the treated water by applying an external magnet, enabling catalyst reuse and easy collection of treated water. Several limitations restrict its application, including metal leaching and catalyst agglomeration. This is the first application of copper ferrite-catalysed ozonation for the remediation of laundry effluent-containing surfactants. These findings showed a vast application potential of catalytic ozonation using copper ferrite for surfactant-containing laundry wastewater treatment.

SYSTEMATIC DATA PROCUREMENT IN AN OWL-EMBEDDED INFORMATION AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE MONITORING OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE ILE-BALKHASH BASIN

The world is facing an escalating water shortage crisis, with dire consequences for ecosystems, human health, and socio-economic development. This article explores the multifaceted nature of the water shortage problem of Ile-Balkhash basin that falls under the jurisdiction of the Balkhash-Alakol Republic of Kazakhstan, its underlying causes, and the complex web of challenges it presents. The predicament in the Ile-Balkhash basin is a complex interplay of various factors. Climate change has led to erratic precipitation patterns, exacerbating the problem. The simultaneous rise in population places additional stress on the already limited water resources. Moreover, inefficient water management practices have perpetuated the issue, hindering the equitable distribution of water. The challenge of conducting a comprehensive basin analysis is a formidable task due to the numerous variables and indicators involved. It demands an enormous amount of time and effort. To address this issue, a web application framework integrated with the Web Ontology Language database, allowing for the execution of advanced queries to extract valuable insights from various objects and indicators, has been developed. The database underpinning this system is meticulously compiled, drawing upon data from the Hydrological monitoring of water bodies and the National Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan. These sources provide critical data that forms the bedrock of the analysis. Recognizing the importance of data storage and management in this endeavor, integrated components have been established. These components play a pivotal role in structuring the diverse data sources and maintaining their currency. The water shortage issue in the Ile-Balkhash basin serves as a stark reminder of the urgency with which such crises must be addressed. The tools and methods offer hope and underscore global water management sustainability.

Carbon nanotubes@polydopamine/nickel foam with a wavy shape applied for efficient solar-driven seawater desalination

Solar-powered water evaporation has been recognized as a potential water purification regeneration technology to alleviate the issue of global water shortage. Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) with a high rate of evaporation and high photo-thermal conversion efficiency is very desirable. Herein, a scalable, high-efficiency and surface tunable ISSG was developed by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) loaded on polydopamine (PDA) modified nickel foam (NF) with a honeycomb three-dimensional (3D) network structure. The surface of CNTs@PDA/NF (CPNF) solar evaporator was designed as the 3D wave-like for further improved water evaporation. The as-prepared solar steam generator has an evaporation rate of 1.61 kg m−2 h−1, and photo-thermal conversion efficiency of 91.0 % at 1.0 solar irradiance. Moreover, it displays efficient purification ability for heavy metal ions in seawater and lake water, and the concentration of Na+, Mg2+, K+ and Ca2+ in the desalinated condensate is in line with the World Health Organization's drinking water standards. Additionally, the dye-contaminated wastewater can also be purified and treated to be drinking water. Furthermore, it has a good salt self-melting function. In sum, this work provides some new insights for designing innovative solar evaporators with outstanding photothermal conversion capability.

New interpretation approach of well logging data for evaluation of Kern aquifer in South California

Today, various methods are offered to effectively understand the subsurface layers. Meanwhile, the effective interpretation of different data can be effective in understanding the subsurface layers. In this research, a new strategy for understanding geological structures is proposed. Interpretation of geophysical data by considering geodynamic facts is a method that can improve the process of understanding subsurface structures. Geophysical measurement, especially well-logging data, gives us direct information from the subsurface layers. But geodynamics introduces us to the potential of natural resources such as water, oil, and mineral resources. In fact, geodynamics examines the possibility of the formation and existence of natural resources and examines the suitable structures for the exploration of natural resources. In this research, the Kern region of California state selected for investigation. Kern region is very interesting in terms of the existence of natural resources, but the issue of water shortage is investigating in this region. The well-logging information in this area was interpreted considering the tectonics and geodynamics of Kern and California in general, and the depth of the aquifers determined. This interpretation method is able to use in the exploration of various natural resources. Using different information sources makes it easier to interpret and understand subsurface structures.

Interface engineering of Co3O4 nanoparticle for high-efficiency interfacial solar steam generation

Solar steam generation has been proven to be an innovative and sustainable technology to mitigate the issue of clean water shortage. But, to-date, optimizing a suitable candidate material system to improve the evaporation efficiency is an urgent need, especially the interface engineering tailored heat transfer of materials has not yet made a breakthrough. Herein, we successfully designed a Co3O4 nanoparticle that can promote the optimization of the heat transfer performance using interface engineering. The optimized Co3O4 nanoparticles creates a close contact with the cotton sheet, creating an efficient channel for heat transfer and achieving high photothermal steam generation efficiency. The interfacial solar steam generation has been found to achieve a high evaporation rate of 2.72 kg/m2·h, which is higher than that of traditional bulk phase heating. Our findings not only showcase the efficacy of interface engineering in the design of solar steam generation, but also present a cost-effective and straightforward methodology that can be applied for water purification purposes.

High solar water droplet evaporation rates from Actinocyclus sp. diatom frustules decorated with silver nanoparticles

Solar vapour generation technology has emerged as a promising approach for reducing the global problem of water shortage issues via the solar water interfacial evaporation technique utilised for water purification. However, achieving superior light absorption and a high evaporation rate in a solar evaporator remains challenging. Here, we show that high solar interfacial water evaporation rates can be achieved using a natural and sustainable biomaterial, diatom frustules, decorated with silver nanoparticles made using a one-pot synthesis method. The species of diatom selected for this study was Actinocyclus sp. that has complex nano- and micro-structured surfaces and air pores that lead to multiple light scattering. The absorptance before and after silver nanoparticle coating was measured after creating a thin frustule layer on a hydrophobically treated quartz substrate. It was found that the cleaned and uncoated frustules had zero absorptance from 400 nm to 1200 nm. However, silver nanoparticles coated frustules showed a large broadband absorptance up to 90 % from 400 nm to 1200 nm, covering most of the solar spectrum, due to localised surface plasma resonance and multiple light scattering in the air pores. The frustules were floated on the surface of a water droplet for solar water interfacial evaporation rate measurements. A high evaporation rate of 5.4 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun irradiation was found for silver nanoparticles decorated frustules and for a droplet volume of 10 mm3. This is significantly larger than that found for frustules without silver nanoparticles or bare water where the evaporation rates were 1.7 kg m−2 h−1 and 1.2 kg m−2 h−1, respectively. Moreover, increasing the number of floating frustules per drop resulted in a factor of 1.67 enhancement. Our results show that research into silver nanoparticle decorated frustules can potentially provide a novel route for fabricating a high-performance solar vapour generator.

Analysis of Water Harvesting Structures Sites Appropriateness Using GIS-Based Methodology: Diyala, Iraq, as a Case Study

Water harvesting is an effective technology that may be used to collect unused runoff, therefore meeting various water needs and mitigating droughts. The study area is experiencing severe water lacks, so the goal of this research is to find ideal locations for structures of water harvesting through the use of a geographical information system-based multi-criteria analysis model that employs fuzzy logic with the analytical hierarchy process model. According to the hydrology and geomorphic criteria of the research area, a suitability map for water harvesting was constructed, and 17 and 12 sites suitable for check dams and farm ponds, respectively, were suggested in the regions with high and very high classes. Thus, this study’s findings underline the significance of geospatial modeling in planning water facilities and addressing the water shortage issue in the study region.

Solar-Powered Solutions for the Water and Energy Shortage Problem: The Case Study of Nahr El Bared, Lebanon

Solar power is an effective way to reduce the dependency on conventional fuels and mitigate the water and energy shortage issue. The main aim of the current paper is to assess and compare the techno-economic feasibility of rooftop grid-connected photovoltaic energy systems for generating electricity and generating drinkable water in Nahr El Bared, Lebanon. To this aim, the present paper first reviews previous scientific studies associated with the water resources and energy situation to summarize the current status in Lebanon. According to this review, Lebanon's water resources are highly polluted, domestic and industrial sewage is largely untreated, and intolerable agricultural practices further exacerbate the situation. Furthermore, population and economic growth and the continuous utilization of old power plants have led to an increase in the number of hours of power outages in the country. Accordingly, the proposed project aims to evaluate the viability of using solar energy as an alternative solution to the shortage of water and energy in the country. Secondly, the techno-economic performance of the proposed system in the selected region was evaluated based on the variations in financial parameters using RETScreen Experts software. The results demonstrate that 11770–13451kWh/yr could be generated from the solar system, which can help reduce the energy shortage and generate drinkable water. Furthermore, the investment was found to be economically viable and attractive for investors. This paper concludes that solar energy can be able to solve the energy shortage of electricity, reduce the country's electricity costs, and produce freshwater for drinking and domestic use in the country.

Ultraviolet modificated hydrophobic glass on-demand hydrophobic/superhydrophilic patterned surface for fog harvesting and underwater oil resistance

Atmospheric water collection provides a new solution to overcome the issue of water shortage. Learning from the smart creatures, biomimetic materials with the ability of fog harvesting have been development based on the surface wettability. Herein, a hydrophobic glass with high transparency could be fabricated to mimic the wettability patterns on the back of Stenocara beetle, by combining with different patterned masks and ultraviolet (UV) treatment method. The water collection rate of hydrophobic/superhydrophilic patterned glass has been optimized by changing and combining the size of superhydrophilic patterns on the hydrophobic surface, as well as the percent of superhydrophilic area. Comparing with uniform superwetting surfaces, the fog harvesting efficiency of fabricated patterned surface has been improved. The surface with smaller superhydrophilic pattern size and larger percent of superhydrophilic pattern area exhibits a higher fog harvesting efficiency. In the other hand, the hydrophobic glass could be modified to be superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic without mask under UV treatment, which has the ability of acid and alkali resistance.