Practical Issues In Development Research Articles

Permanent incompleteness: Slow electricity roll-out, infrastructure practices and strategy formation in Monrovia, Liberia

Liberia's post-war infrastructure projects are characterised by significant delays that confound the present and the future, but also occasion multiple possibilities. This paper draws on concepts from evolutionary governance theories and infrastructure planning studies to analyse how actors respond and adapt to the complexity of delayed and incomplete infrastructure. The study, using data from two neighbourhoods in Monrovia, focuses on two themes: (1) the impact of delayed and incomplete infrastructures on actors' strategies and (2) the prospects for inclusive community strategies that engage key stakeholders in a common framework. The notion of delayed infrastructure implementation/roll-out is framed as a landscape consisting of tactics and emerging strategies, of reactions and thorough analysis. Delayed roll-out, thus, unfolds as a landscape of risks and opportunities, competing strategies, collectives and commons, and the coupling of emerging collective actions to government policies and visions. This requires a reconnection with the world of policy and practical development issues, as the landscape of tactics and strategies that emerge from a particular pattern of infrastructure delays and incompleteness shapes options for policy planning and implementation. Material dependency, path dependency and path formation emerge in the process of adapting to delayed electricity infrastructure and the incompleteness thereof, with the resulting pattern constraining the future evolution of the spatial configuration of infrastructure and settlement, and the evolution of the governance configuration associated with that space. The results reflect the fact that governments cannot always be counted on to provide electricity, at least in terms of completeness.

Organic aquaculture in Russia: legal and practical issues of development

Organic aquaculture in Russia: legal and practical issues of development

Current aspects of antibacterial drug administration when treating nosocomial Pneumonia ‎

The article presents a literature review on the current aspects of antibacterial drug administration when treating nosocomial pneumonia. Current data are presented regarding the most important scientific and practical issues of development, justification, and clinical use of modern antibacterial therapy for nosocomial pneumonia‎.

Захист дітей від сексуальної експлуатації та сексуального насильства в інтернеті в умовах пандемії COVID-19: до питання домагання для сексуальних цілей

The article considers theoretical and practical issues of development and spread of cases of sexual exploitation andsexual violence against minors / minors through the use of information and telecommunication systems or technologiesthrough the prism of child harassment for sexual purposes in a pandemic COVID-19.It is emphasized that the current crisis is characterized by a change in the landscape of sexual exploitation and sexualviolence against children, as evidenced, in particular, by the more intensive use of the Internet by offenders to commitsocially dangerous assaults, which are subject to sexual integrity.Emphasis is placed on the normative differences between the provisions of the current Criminal Code and the draftof the new Criminal Code in terms of determining the severity of harassment of a child for sexual purposes. Taking intoaccount the type and amount (amount) of damage caused by this act, as well as the results of recourse to foreign experiencein determining the type of criminal offense and, as a consequence, the legislative delineation of sanctions of the relevantrules relating to such an act, for sexual purposes from a crime to a criminal offense.The article examines the system of elements that characterize the act as a criminal offense: the object, the objectiveside, the subject and the subjective side, and emphasizes the main criminally forming feature – the purpose. In the contextof the objective side, the author’s understanding of «meeting proposal» and «committing at least one action to make sucha meeting» is developed, as well as an approximate list of such actions.Keywords: Internet space, the solicitation of child for sexual purposes, criminal offense, COVID-19 pandemic, sexualexploitation of children.

Digital economy: communication using neural networks in international communication

The article considers theoretical and practical issues of development and implementation, as well as potential development of technological solutions for voice communication of people speaking foreign languages using simultaneous machine translation, as well as potential directions of these programs for international conferences, seminars, business meetings, education in foreign universities. The article deals with the concrete experience of implementing a scientific and technological project on software development and application development carried out within the framework of the innovation project of the Russian Foundation for Innovations Development. The potential of development of this type of technologies and products in Russia in conditions of digital economy creation is also analyzed.

Practical Questions of Implementation of Art. 185-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses (Disrespect of the Court) in Judicial Proceedings

The article presents a scientific and practical commentary to Art. 185-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses (disrespect of the court), formulates some conclusions and suggests some recommendations for legislative regulation of legal liability for showing disrespect of the court (judges) in Ukraine, including the following: 1. One of the mechanisms for ensuring the independence of court (judge) is a proper response to the disrespect of the court (judges). Respect of the court and judges (both as a social and a legal value) is a factor of the proper functioning of a legal state. 2. The Constitution of Ukraine (Article 129) directly states that a person is considered guilty and is held liable for disrespect or evident contempt of the court (judges). This constitutional provision corresponds in full with other normative legal acts of Ukraine, in particular, with the requirements of Art. 50 of the current Law of Ukraine “On Judicial System and the Status of Judges”, according to which any expression of disrespect of the court (judge) by the individuals who are parties to the trial (case) or are present in the courtroom, presupposes the responsibility, established by the law. Today in Ukraine, disrespect of the court (judges) is not considered a crime against justice. Administrative liability is provided for committing this offense in accordance with Art. 185-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses. 3. Taking into account the fact that the terms “court” and “judge” are not identical, and also considering the normative peculiarities of the elements of administrative offense, provided for in Art. 185-3 of the current Code of Administrative Offenses, the title of this article needs some clarification, namely: “Manifestation of disrespect of the court (judges) in the course of judicial proceedings”. Here the word “manifestation” should be used in the plural, not the singular. 4. Part 1 of Art. 185-3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses shall be amended and specified as follows: “1. Contempt of the court (judges), expressed in malicious evasion of attending the court by a witness, a victim, a plaintiff, a defendant or in disobedience of the specified people and other citizens to the order of the presiding judge or in violation of the order during the court session, as well as committing any actions which indicate a clear contempt of the court (judges) or rules established in court ... ”. 5. The recommendations of theoretical and practical nature, in particular, regarding the introduction of appropriate changes (clarifications) and additions to part 1 of Art. 185-3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses, as well as practical issues of development and implementation of the uniform “Rules of Conduct for Citizens in Court”, which should be adopted as a separate supplement to the current Law of Ukraine “On Judicial System and the Status of Judges”, and relevant developments (in this area) aim to increase the effectiveness of legal liability for disrespect of the court (judges) and to promote more effective protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens participating in the judicial process in Ukraine.

PRIORITIES OF STRATEGIC PROJECTIONS

For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version). Sorokina, A. V. Strategic planning in companies with state participation: Monograph. Moscow, Izvestia publ., 2018, 264 p. ABSTRACT The monographic study details the theoretical and practical issues of development of a strategic management system: economic essence and content, structure, principles and methods, key threats and development risks. Considerable attention is paid to the experience of implementation of the management strategy in JSC Russian Railways, largest transport holding company of the country, the forms of state participation in which have undergone serious organizational and legal changes during restructuring of the transport sector. Keywords: railway, holding, strategic management, state participation, long-term programs, development risks, methodology, horizons of planning.

ADR Safety System in Efficiency Conditioning

The paper presents theoretical approach for ensuring ADR safety. Whole spectrum of object constituting aspects is described in the light of the system methodology, with parallel identification of the system elements, relations between the elements as well as common aims and operational directions. Consequently, author's interpretation of ADR safety system is highlighted. Its implementation into relevant Polish determinants allows to analyze them in strictly practical dimensions and notice that main entities (institutions, services, entrepreneurs etc.) participating in ensuring ADR safety are connected by unique relations stated by law, trade and practical requirements. Such kind of research perspective is valuable especially from efficiency point of view. Accordingly to the Polish school of praxeology, the safety system can be analyzed by efficiency mechanisms, covering many different realms of safety-related operations (e.g. effectiveness, economy, rationality). In the paper a network methodology for identification of the crucial system efficiency determinants is used. Thus, practical development issues of ADR safety system are presented.

Parametric Analysis of Concrete Solar Collectors

Concrete solar collectors offer a type of solar collector with structural, aesthetic and economic advantages over current popular technologies. This study examines the influential parameters of concrete solar collectors. In addition to the external conditions, the performance of a concrete solar collector is influenced by the thermal properties of the concrete matrix, piping network and fluid. Geometric and fluid flow parameters also influence the performance of the concrete solar collector. A literature review of concrete solar collectors is conducted in order to define the benchmark parameters from which individual parameters are then compared. The numerical model consists of a 1D pipe flow network coupled with the heat transfer in a 3D concrete domain. This paper is concerned with the physical parameters that define the concrete solar collector, thus a constant surface temperature is used as the exposed surface boundary condition with all other surfaces being insulated. Results show that, of the parameters investigated, the pipe spacing, ps, concrete conductivity, kc, and the pipe embedment depth, demb, are among those parameters which have greatest effect on the collector's performance. The optimum balance between these parameters is presented with respect to the thermal performance and discussed with reference to practical development issues.

Challenges facing domiciliary care agencies delivering person centred care

PurposeThis paper aims to highlight the benefits of the 360 SF diagnostic audit for assessing person centeredness of a domiciliary agency and to highlight the challenges they face with some suggested actions. These are exemplars of what is raised in policy and recent reports relating to personalisation, dignity and integration of health and social care and have wider implications for all agencies as they strive to resolve issues for the client.Design/methodology/approachThe approach is a case study describing results of the audit in relation to challenges that include practice development needs, inter agency co‐ordination, collaboration and co‐operation for the achievement of relationship based person centered outcomes in quality improvement work. The pilot study involved data gathered from the clients, relatives and staff, which were analyzed resulting in findings, conclusions and suggestions for ongoing improvement from which action plans were devised and implemented.FindingsThe audit results provide examples of the primary interface relationship and co‐ordination challenges, highlighting leaning needs for staff delivering person centred care in domiciliary settings.Practical implicationsThis paper raises important practice development issues both inside and outside the agency's responsibility. Use of the tool would support cultural and interface relationship issues affecting the client experience and highlight ways to assist the achievement of collaborative ways of working needed for the integration of health and social care.Social implicationsThe 360 SF (DS) can help organisations provide evidence to CQC and the public for their performance and identify the close interface relationships and their effectiveness in delivering co‐ordinated and integrated health and social care.Originality/valueThe 360 SF DOM has highlighted with evidence the challenges of the systemic culture at the interface, in particular the nature and quality of collaboration, communication and practice development needs across the organisational divide to deliver person centred care and support.

Beyond compliance: quality improvement and practice development for person‐centred outcomes in domiciliary services

Purpose – This paper seeks to describe a method of assessing and achieving a person‐centred culture of care, developed for care homes. It considers the results of a pilot study adapted for domiciliary services and comments on the results of the evaluation.Design/methodology/approach – A case study describes the development of a framework and audit of a culture of care, from which practice development and quality improvement work flows, from an in‐depth 360 ° feedback exercise. Data were garnered from clients, relatives, staff and managers, and triangulated with observation and documentary review.Findings – The audit results provide a route map for action planning towards continuous sustained improvement. Examples of specific actions taken demonstrate the positive benefits to the clients, families, staff and management with value added business and efficiency improvements.Practical implications – This paper raises important practice development issues both inside and outside the agency's responsibility. Us...

Global food-price shocks and poor people – an overview

Hunger has been on the rise since the mid-1990s, due to a variety of factors, including a lack of policy attention and a sense of complacency generated by long-term real declines in food prices. Food prices rose sharply after 2006, and there is considerable controversy over the reasons why. Analysts have pointed to a number of factors as possible causes, including rising fuel prices, diversion of food crops into biofuels, speculation, increased meat consumption in Asia, climate change, and environmental degradation, among others. There is disagreement about both the role played by some of these factors in driving up prices, and also the weight to assign to each specific factor. Discussion of the consequences of higher food prices has been based primarily on modelling; this special issue of Development in Practice presents some new modelling results, as well as results from field research on the actual consequences for poor farmers and consumers in developing, transition, and developed countries. The price increases led to sometimes violent protests in scores of countries in 2007–08, thereby putting hunger back on the front policy burner. Food prices spiked in mid-2008 and remained well above the levels of the early 2000s, globally, throughout 2009–10. By December 2010, prices had risen again, surpassing the peaks of 2008. There is consensus concerning policy prescriptions on what to do about higher food prices; this is embodied, for example, in the UN's Comprehensive Framework for Action of 2008. However, the authors of a number of the articles in this special issue find limitations to that consensus and offer additional policy prescriptions.

Operationalising participatory research and gender analysis: new research and assessment approaches

Participatory research approaches are increasingly popular with scientists working for poverty alleviation, sustainable rural development, and social change. This introduction offers an overview of the special issue of Development in Practice on the theme of ‘operationalising participatory research and gender analysis’. The purpose of this special issue is to add value to the discussion of methodological, practical, philosophical, political, and institutional issues involved in using gender-sensitive participatory methods. Drawing on 16 articles, we place some of the main issues, empirical experiences, and debates in participatory research and participatory technology development in the context of implementation, evaluation, and institutionalisation of participatory research and evaluation approaches.

Resolving End-of-Life Ethical Concerns: Important Palliative Care Practice Development Issues for Acute Medicine in Australia

Historically palliative care research has focused on issues associated within the hospice and palliative care system. The findings presented in this manuscript reverse this assumption to argue that significant palliative care issues can only be understood if the focus is on the acute care system. Although a major proportion of deaths happen in the acute hospital setting, the acute care clinicians are the gate keepers to the palliative system. In short, understanding the ethical decision making of acute care professionals in relation to end-of-life care can illuminate many important palliative care practice development issues. The findings indicate that all professional groups in this study of an acute medical ward find end-of-life issues the most challenging of all the ethical challenges.

Humanitarian trends and dilemmas

The concept of humanitarianism is applied in two contexts: war and general disaster. Both are included in the scope of this issue of Development in Practice. The idea behind humanitarianism is that...

Development of Biomarkers Based on Diet-Dependent Metabolic Serotypes: Practical Issues in Development of Expert System-Based Classification Models in Metabolomic Studies

Dietary restriction (DR)-induced changes in the serum metabolome may be biomarkers for physiological status (e.g., relative risk of developing age-related diseases such as cancer). Megavariate analysis (unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis [HCA]; principal components analysis [PCA]) of serum metabolites reproducibly distinguish DR from ad libitum fed rats. Component-based approaches (i.e., PCA) consistently perform as well as or better than distance-based metrics (i.e., HCA). We therefore tested the following: (A) Do identified subsets of serum metabolites contain sufficient information to construct mathematical models of class membership (i.e., expert systems)? (B) Do component-based metrics out-perform distance-based metrics? Testing was conducted using KNN (k-nearest neighbors, supervised HCA) and SIMCA (soft independent modeling of class analogy, supervised PCA). Models were built with single cohorts, combined cohorts or mixed samples from previously studied cohorts as training sets. Both algorithms over-fit models based on single cohort training sets. KNN models had >85% accuracy within training/test sets, but were unstable (i.e., values of k could not be accurately set in advance). SIMCA models had 100% accuracy within all training sets, 89 % accuracy in test sets, did not appear to over-fit mixed cohort training sets, and did not require post-hoc modeling adjustments. These data indicate that (i) previously defined metabolites are robust enough to construct classification models (expert systems) with SIMCA that can predict unknowns by dietary category; (ii) component-based analyses outperformed distance-based metrics; (iii) use of over-fitting controls is essential; and (iv) subtle inter-cohort variability may be a critical issue for high data density biomarker studies that lack state markers.

The Homelessness Factfile: A compact encyclopædia from Crisis

The second edition of the Homelessness Factfile has two main themes: the characteristics of homeless people, and the policy and service responses to homelessness and to its prevention. It reviews and evaluates the current scene. The later chapters are critical examinations of some of the most vigorously debated current policy and practice development issues. This review looks at the key issues and contents.

A concept analysis of practice development

The term 'practice development' is widely but inconsistently used in British nursing, addressing a broad range of educational, research, and audit activity, but there appears to be little consensus as to what practice development actually involves. Such lack of clarity means that the increasing number of nurses whose work involves addressing practice development issues can have difficulty in focusing their efforts. To try to clarify the concept of practice development and to describe the focuses of practice development work and the approaches used, a concept analysis was conducted. Both primary and secondary data were gathered and analysed in the study. One hundred and seventy seven items of published literature were gathered and analysed. Focus group interviews were carried out involving 60 practice developers. In addition, 25 clinical nurses were interviewed about their experiences of being involved in practice development. This paper describes the identified purposes, attributes and outcomes of practice development. Practice development activities are described as addressing the effectiveness of care through the transformation of care practices and cultures. Practice development is described as a systematic, rigorous activity underpinned by facilitation processes. The outcomes of practice development can be described in terms of changes in the behaviours, values and beliefs of staff involved. Parallels between practice development and current policy imperatives are outlined.

Building Bridges in Southern Africa: Reconstruction, and Reconciliation inTimes of Change Conflict,

This issue of Development in Practice contains twelve papers from the symposium, held in Johannesburg, South Africa 20-23 June 1996. The symposium, co-hosted by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) and the South Africa Office of Oxfam, drew together individuals and organisations working in the areas of violence, conflict and peace-building. In this preface to the series of papers, the authors briefly highlight the major topics discussed and conclusions reached. Symposium participants contribute the remaining papers. This article is hosted by our co-publisher Taylor & Francis.

Humidification in the upper respiratory tract: a physiological overview.

Over the last 30 years, there has been a wealth of literature investigating the principles of humidification in the upper respiratory tract. Most of the nursing literature provides subjective information, whilst the medical profession presents concrete objective data based on sound clinical research. A great deal of information does not date; the physiological principles of humidification remain unchanged. As a clinical nurse adviser with previous experience of humidification trials (Jackson & Webb 1992), I was invited by the Trust Clinical Practice Group, which is responsible for practice development issues, to design humidification guidelines for use in the Trust. Such work is necessarily based on sound knowledge of normal physiology and hazards of artificial humidification. This article contains an outline of the concept of humidity, examination of the normal mechanism of humidification, and details of consequences of over- and under-humidification. Finally, the concept of optimal humidification is discussed, and the main mechanisms of viral and bacterial contamination of the upper airways are briefly detailed.