Issues Of Cooperation Research Articles

The National Counterterrorism Agency's Efforts to Improve Intelligence Institution Collaboration in Countering Terrorism in Indonesia

Lack of intelligence collaboration is considered to be one of the fundamental problems in tackling terrorism in Indonesia. However, amidst the negative attention, there are efforts by BNPT (National Counterterrorism Agency) to improve collaboration between intelligence agencies. By using Weiss's theory to analyze various statements from public officials and state institutions regarding the issue of intelligence agency cooperation in Indonesia, this paper finds two important conclusions. First, efforts to encourage the formation of intelligence collaboration have actually been carried out by BNPT by equalizing perceptions among various intelligence agencies in viewing the problems and issues of terrorism. This is evidenced by a series of training conducted by BNPT in the period 2020-2023 which aims to encourage synergy between intelligence agencies related to terrorism issues. Second, still in line with what Weiss revealed, BNPT's steps with this series of training are inseparable from the external pressure sourced from public opinion in encouraging the formation of cooperation. In this case, the strong public demand for the importance of intelligence collaboration in dealing with the problem of terrorism is inseparable from the intensity of terrorism attacks that occurred from 2016 to 2021. The bomb attacks that occurred during this period led to polemics over the function of intelligence, which in turn shows the importance of intelligence collaboration as an important component of counterterrorism.

BRICS Expansion: A Geopolitical Triumph of Partner Countries

The BRICS organization is making significant and consistent progress in its development. The 15th BRICS Summit was held in Johannesburg from 22 to 24 August 2023. This summit is a global event that sets the trends and guiding principles for future economic policies. Four of the five BRICS member countries are among the ten largest countries in the world in terms of GDP, territory and population. According to open sources, the total area of the BRICS countries is 39.7 million square kilometers (26.7% of the world’s land surface), and the population is estimated at3.2 billion people (41.5% of the world’s population). The economic potential of BRICS, as the leading economic organization in the world, is more than significant. These competitive advantages in the economy and financial sphere represent an enormous resource of industrial, human and technological potential that can serve as the locomotive of the global economy. Following the conclusion of the above summit, the leaders of the BRICS countries adopted the final “Johannesburg-2” declaration, which noted the advisability of using their countries’ respective national currencies in international trade and collectively resolving problems related to international debt. In addition, decisions were made to expand BRICS and admit new member states to the organization. BRICS has established itself as a prominent entity on the global stage, whose influence in world affairs is consistently strengthening. The strategic course of their unification is aimed at planning for the future and meets the interests of the leading nations of the international community, the so-called world majority. By acting cohesively on the principles of equality, partnership support and mutual consideration, the BRICS member countries are effectively addressing the most pressing issues on the global and regional agenda. The BRICS member states are strongly in favor of the establishment of a multipolar world order that is based on international law and is fair. At the same time, they are committed to adhering to the fundamental principles of the United Nations Charter. BRICS is the most important guarantor of the legal foundations of international relations and a fair world order in general. The recent expansion of the BRICS group is a significant event that enables the group to have an even greater influence in international affairs. The presented article analyzes the features of the recent expansion of BRICS and its impact on world geopolitics, taking into account the admission of new states to the organization. The distinctive features of the BRICS group activities and its role in relation to the G7 and G20 are revealed. The trends in the transition to a multipolar world are discussed. Furthermore, issues of political and economic cooperation between the different BRICS member countries are analyzed.

SOME ASPECTS OF ACTIONS TO RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL SECURITY THREATS AND CRISES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Union is taking action in various areas of security to improve its ability to respond to crises and increase its resilience to future challenges, so this article examines the evolution of crisis response actions of the European Union countries in the face of challenges and threats in a rapidly changing geopolitical environment in relation to European security. This, in turn, is reflected in the speed of decision-making by the competent associations of the European Union regarding legal regulation that corresponds to the current situation. The authors identify and analyze the main directions of action and response measures of member countries in the legal field. In this context, the authors pay special attention to the consideration of the European Union's security policy in relation to hybrid threats from neighboring states, ensuring cyber security, the use of modern information communication technologies, as well as mediation tools in the prevention of these threats. The authors analyze issues of cooperation between the European Union and the United Nations in the field of peacekeeping and military missions. The authors also touched on the specifics of lessons learned from addressing the consequences of crisis situations and the impact of the EU countries’ integrated approach to responding to crisis situations in the context of the past pandemic, as well as the impact of hybrid threats. The results of this study show that the relevant institutions of the European Union skillfully, promptly and effectively coordinate decision-making on response and management in crisis situations, and as part of improving the anti-crisis management strategy, taking measures to prevent the consequences of crisis situations in the EU area (hybrid threats, illegal migration, terrorism, organized crime, etc.)

A MODERN APPROACH TO THE REGULATION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR ILLEGAL EXTRACTION OF AQUATIC BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF THE CIS COUNTRIES

The scientific work examines some issues of legal regulation of the protection and use of aquatic biological resources. The work examines and analyzes the legislative experience of some CIS member states, including those belonging to the Caspian states. The presence of the latter is explained by the need for joint cooperation between States to combat illegal fishing of fish and other aquatic biological resources and preserve biological diversity. The article substantiates the question of the possibilities of developing the institution of legal responsibility for the illegal extraction of aquatic representatives of flora and fauna. In addition, the provisions of the articles of the criminal legislation of the CIS countries, which were influenced by the legislation of the Soviet Union, are considered. On this basis, the general distinctive features of the provisions on the application of criminal liability for non-compliance with legislation in relation to aquatic biological resources are identified. In addition, the peculiarities in the regulation of the studied legal relations by individual states are determined in terms of establishing the subject of the crime, qualifying signs of the corpus delicti, and the amount of damage to the environment. In addition, the paper raises the issue of international cooperation between countries regarding the protection and rational use of aquatic biological resources. In this regard, the most effective are the joint organizational actions of the States, which can be reflected in the Protocol on Cooperation currently under discussion in the Field of Combating Illegal Extraction (Poaching) of Biological Resources in the Caspian Sea. The authors propose recommendations on the development of this cooperation and the application of the experience of countries with a common history of criminal law development, but different approaches to the implementation of the goal of protecting aquatic biological resources.

Международное сотрудничество Кабардино-Балкарской Республики в сфере экономики в первой половине 90-х гг. XX века

In the first half of the 1990s, post-Soviet Russia experienced large-scale transformations of state, socioeconomic, and institutional legal structures, which had a substantial impact on the country’s and the world’s entire economic and legal environment. Because of the transformations that took place, there was a general attitude towards integration into the global market, liberalization of the complex of public relations, including the formation of a certain degree of “independence” of the country’s subjects in the decision-making process, granting the latter greater rights and freedoms in foreign economic activity. Under the current conditions, the Government of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic attempted establish as many contacts as possible with several countries in the field of trade and economic cooperation, using any opportunities for interaction with the leader-ship of other states, as well as with representatives of individual foreign firms and business cir-cles. This had its positive results, since in the analyzed period several joint Russian-foreign com-panies appeared on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, foreign investments were attracted to the republic for the development of certain industries, and the states began to view the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic as a promising economic partner. However, the study of the histor-ical and statistical material of the foreign economic activity of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in the first half of the 90s of the XX century made it possible to identify barriers and threats that did not allow the full use of the internal potential and capabilities of the republic, including: im-perfection of the legislative framework, customs and tax regulation, lack of a developed credit and financial system, inconsistency of actions of federal and regional authorities on certain issues of international cooperation, unfavorable political situation on the North Caucasus.

SOCIAL PROGRESS AND COOPERATION: A SHORT ANTHOLOGY OF PUBLIC THOUGHT

In the work, the authors consider the socio-political thought concerning the issues of cooperation. Special attention is paid to the concepts of intellectuals representing various ideological trends. The works of authors from various scientific schools are analyzed, with an emphasis on an in-depth presentation of cooperation in the context of prospects for social development.

Africa-China Relations and the Issue of South-South Cooperation

Africa-China or Sino-African relations continue to grow stronger. Africa sees China as a partner in development with the global South-South Cooperation. As a measure of friendship, China constructed the African Union headquarters at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, for free. There has been cooperation between China and African countries. China’s role in Africa during the independence struggles is well noted and its development assistance to the continent has been phenomenal over the years. As Africa and China relations continue, several bottlenecks continue to mar the relationship. This paper highlights the bottlenecks of Africa-China relations by tracing the historical ties between China and African states. It delves into Africa-China relations in terms of South-South Cooperation and China’s foreign policy of non-interference in internal matters of other states. It uses 2019 data to analyze China-Africa trade, investments and revenues accruing to both partners. It concludes with how China-African states can achieve mutual benefits.

The Current Issues of Economic Relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the People s Republic of China: The Realities of the Present Time

This article examines the state and prospects of relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the People's Republic of China. While studying the issues of cooperation between the two countries, the author notes that in 1992 the People's Republic of China officially established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Azerbaijan, then the Republic of Azerbaijan a year later, that is, in 1993, decided to open an embassy in Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China. The author particularly examines the economic aspects of international cooperation between the two countries and emphasizes the special role of China’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, in which the Republic of Azerbaijan has become a dialogue partner. Analysing the state of economic aspects of international cooperation between the two countries, the author identifies some cases that negatively affect the development of relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the People's Republic of China. The author mainly attributes the diversification of export products, the problem for Chinese enterprises in the energy sector of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the trade imbalance between the two countries, and so on to these problems. The author, examining statistical data, comes to the conclusion that there is a stable trade surplus of China over Azerbaijan. The author notes that constant efforts by both countries are needed to improve trade and, in general, economic relations in order to prevent obstacles that negatively affect these relations. According to the author, these problems need to be solved by both countries jointly, coordinating their actions in advance. Therefore, we believe that the basis of international relations between the two countries in the economic sphere, including politics and culture, is the friendly and proactive attitude of the Republic of Azerbaijan towards the People's Republic of China. The development and strengthening of these relations will contribute to a new wave of economic and trade growth between the two countries in the future.

Adaptive multi-task ensemble framework for smart home automation

Smart home technology has evolved rapidly with an emphasis on indoor environmental control. It aims to automate the control of the indoor environment through sensors, regulators, and other technologies in order to improve comfort, energy saving, emission reduction, safety, and intelligence. However, there is still a research gap between existing research and real-world applications. Most studies focus on modeling individual regulators, neglecting the cooperation between elements that influence the experience of the occupants. This leads to several cooperation issues like inconsistent and overlapping control. In addition, few studies have focused on the performance degradation of the entire system over the life cycle. To bridge the above missing gap, this paper proposes an adaptive multi-task framework that combines graph neural networks, multi-task learning, and incremental learning to achieve better cooperation and synergy among multiple regulators. The framework has been successfully tested on a wide range of smart home automation systems, achieving a 5–15 % improvement in performance for each individual regulator. Meanwhile, the proposed framework also demonstrates significant advantages against performance degradation over the life cycle. It provides a feasible, user-friendly, consumer-oriented framework for indoor environment automation that assists the entire system to improve the user experience.

The evolving role of development cooperation agencies in fostering social change: Japan international cooperation agency as a case study

ABSTRACT Innovation is becoming an important issue in international development cooperation. As the main driving force behind innovation had been the profit-seeking behavior of the firm, integrating innovation in the activities of international development cooperation requires a new framework. Here in this study, concept of social innovation was explored to create a framework so that role of each actor – government, private sector, civil society – are identified to facilitate collaboration to respond social challenges in developing countries, while international cooperation agency act as an intermediary. The validity of framework was tested using a project implemented in Africa and Japan by the Japan International Cooperation Agency. The case demonstrates how innovation can be approached by international cooperation agency, acting as an intermediary, stimulating innovation not only in the recipient but also in the donor country.

Analyzing Factors Influencing Technology Transfer Success in the IT Sector Using Jollys Subprocess Framework

Technology Transfer (TT) is the movement of technology, know-how and skills from one organization to the other so as to facilitate developing new technologies that would be commercializable. In information technology particularly, TT constitutes a critical impact to competitiveness and growth. In this paper, we establish factors affecting TT projects’ success based on a survey of 135 project managers of 277 TT projects. To measure different influencing factors, a 5-point Likert scale is used whereas the success of project is measured by Jolly’s subprocess model. The findings showed that the “Channels of Communication” were the largest predictor in the level of TT effectiveness, followed by the “Management Support,” and “Technology Concreteness.” However, the factors such as ‘Sense of Common Purpose’ and ‘TT Awareness’ which were considered as less important by the respondents also proved significant on the statistical level. 52.59% of TT initiatives transitioned to commercialization while the rest were either stunted at other stages or completely dead. This study stresses the need for communication, management support, and specific attention to the issues of organizational awareness and cooperation in order to achieve effective technology transfer.

The Soviet-Chinese cooperation in production of penicillin in the 1950s

The article considers, on the basis of analysis of archival documents, issue of Soviet-Chinese cooperation in field of production of penicillin in the 1950s. The main attention is paid to history of construction of penicillin plant in Shijiazhuang. It is demonstrated that it was carried out on preferential terms for China and it was under special control of the USSR government. The building of plant was bound by great difficulties conditioned by range of project, specifics of production conditions in China, special requests of customer, necessity to manufacture non-standard equipment. The implementation of this project of enormous humanitarian significance was at the same time manifestation of concurrence between the USSR and the USA for geopolitical and ideological influence in East Asia.

THE PROBLEM OF THE EVOLUTION OF COOPERATION: SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL AND INTERDISCIPLINARY GENERALIZATIONS AT THE JUNCTION OF BIOSOCIAL METAPHORS AND GAME-THEORETIC MODELS

The article is devoted to the study of the conceptual nature of the phenomenon of cooperation through the prism of socio-philosophical interdisciplinary generalizations arising at the junction of sociobiological metaphors and game-theoretic models. The relevance of this topic is dictated, on the one hand, by the fact that cooperation in the context of globalization and the constantly changing international situation is based on new forms of communication and challenges of the XIX century, on the other, by the understanding that cooperation must have some kind of ontological biosocial duality rooted in the nature of cooperation, i.e., independent status. Therefore, the search for a conceptual description of the deep foundations of cooperation in social philosophy and related fields is of interest, since interdisciplinary intersections provide an opportunity for a new look at the declared area. In this context of interdisciplinary research, i.e., the intersection of different models, the general concept of cooperation can acquire the most constructive predictive-epistemological connotations. The proposed approach reveals the additional potential of an interdisciplinary view of the problem of identifying effective and destructive forms of cooperation. The article is partly an attempt to solve the old dilemma of the biosocial nature of man in its theoretical refraction on the issue of social cooperation. The methodology of the work is based on the principles and methods of socio-philosophical analysis, principles of modeling social processes, comparative analysis, which is interdisciplinary.

International protection of intellectual property rights: cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan within WIPO

The article is devoted to the consideration of the issue of international cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The author explores the role of WIPO in the field of intellectual property protection, international agreements of which it is the administrator. The article describes in detail the process of the formation of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a full member of the international institutional mechanism of WIPO for the protection of intellectual property rights within the UN. The main events held and adopted by the Republic of Kazakhstan with the assistance of this international organization are considered. Moreover, the author also considers WIPO projects in which the Republic of Kazakhstan will participate in the near future, such as the creation of technology and innovation support centers (TISCs) in our country. The article gives an assessment and the role of WIPO in the organization of the mechanism for the protection of intellectual property rights in Kazakhstan. The international organization provided assistance to our country in matters of harmonization of legislation with international standards, digitalization of services, professional training of personnel and expansion of international cooperation.

Prospects for interaction between the shanghai cooperation organization and the collective security treaty organization

The article evaluates the prospects for interaction between the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Based on a descriptive and explanatory analysis of their common interests and tasks in the field of ensuring security and stability in the region, the authors come to the conclusion that issues of cooperation between the two associations seem to be more of a formal side of the issue, which in practical terms has already been largely resolved through active bilateral contacts and joint military exercises, which only emphasizes the importance of developing this format in the future.

Prospects for the Integration of China and the CSTO

Modern challenges, packages of European and American sanctions, and a special military operation in Ukraine have contributed to Russia’s reorientation to the East, not only in trade, economic and energy terms. The issue of military-political cooperation, in particular, between the countries of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the People’s Republic of China has acquired particular relevance. The coherence of their actions both in the direction of “CSTO + 1” and “CSTO + Shanghai Cooperation Organization” contributed to the development of interaction, a new round in the development of the CSTO, although some of its participants declare the possibility of leaving the Treaty (Armenia). But there are also countries that are ready to take a more active part in its work (Syria, North Korea). At the same time, none of the CSTO countries sent their military contingents to support the Russian army in the Northern Military District.The Central Asian region occupies a special place in the system of relations between the CSTO and China: for example, the peacekeeping operation of the CSTO countries in Kazakhstan in January 2022 attracted the close attention of the Chinese authorities, which once again demonstrated their interest in regional stability. In the context of American pressure on China, its authorities have repeatedly spoken positively about jointly countering such challenges as terrorism, separatism and extremism (“three evils”).The purpose of this work is to assess the prospects for cooperation in the field of countering the “three evils”. To achieve this goal, the authors use the comparative analysis method and SWOT assessment. The authors come to the concluson that since the CSTO countries and China face similar challenges, there is a possibility of situational involvement of China in the military operations of the CSTO. Therefore, a broader consideration of the “linkage” between the CSTO and the SCO is required.

Kwestia transformacji relacji UE-Rosja w dyskursie politycznym przywódców państw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the transformation of EU-Russia relations in the political discourse of the Visegrad Group leaders in the context of Russia’s full-scale military aggression against Ukraine. Based on the analysis of selected speeches, the author focuses on explaining the style of political leadership of the prime ministers from V4 countries and on the main elements of the presented assumptions regarding the transformation of the European Union’s foreign policy. Particular attention is paid to the issue of future format of EU-Russia relations, as well as to the issue of EU enlargement. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of the leadership style evolution of the main actors (both institutional and individual) from the European Union and the Visegrad Group countries was carried out in relation to the issue of cooperation with Russia in 2014–2022 and after the full-scale Russian invasion that took place on February 24, 2022.

Urban agglomerations as forms of cooperation of communities in the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine

The decentralization reform, which is undoubtedly one of the most successful in Ukraine, contributed to the formation and strengthening of the foundations of the functioning of the municipal government in Ukraine, which in the conditions of a full-scale war demonstrated the ability to counter extraordinary challenges, ensuring the functioning of the economy and the livelihood of the population. Local self- government bodies not only made a significant contribution to strengthening the defense capability of the state, but also provided support to communities that were occupied/de-occupied, provided temporary housing and created favorable conditions for the integration of forcibly displaced persons into the community, guaranteed the timely provision of the entire range of services at the community level, etc. The article is devoted to the search for ways to improve the institution of local self- government in the conditions of war and post-war reconstruction of Ukraine, which will speed up the reconstruction of destroyed settlements, lead to the growth of economic indicators and a significant increase in the level of providing services to the population. The author substantiates the need to revise the legislative regulation of issues of cooperation of territorial communities, in particular by creating urban agglomerations as one of the types of cooperation of territorial communities. The practice of functioning of urban agglomerations in foreign countries and the prospects of creating such agglomerations in Ukraine are analyzed. Attention is focused on the efforts of legislative regulation of the functioning of urban agglomerations, the debatability of the norms of the draft laws, which defined urban agglomerations as a separate component of the administrative-territorial system, contained norms that, having established the principle of mutual benefit, essentially legitimized the attempt of large cities to extend the sphere of their influence to adjacent territories, expand the boundaries of own powers at the expense of the powers and resources of neighboring territorial communities. It is proposed to supplement the Law «On the Cooperation of Territorial Communities»; and some other laws with separate regulations determining the legal status of agglomerations, to provide for the formation of the agglomeration council and to include in its sphere of competence consideration of issues affecting the common interests of territorial communities that are part of the agglomeration, and to provide a list of basic powers, which may vary depending on the amount of institutional capacity of the respective agglomeration.

On the issue of cooperation between Far Eastern firms and entrepreneurs with the Nobel Brothers Oil Production Partnership

On the issue of cooperation between Far Eastern firms and entrepreneurs with the Nobel Brothers Oil Production Partnership

SHAPING CHINA’S ARCTIC POLICY

The author of this article aims to identify the main directions of China’s policy in the Arctic in the 21st century. The author analyzes the change in China’s strategy and its relations with the countries of Northern Europe and Russia as important foundations of China’s activities in the Arctic region. The author notes how the policy in the region and issues of cooperation have changed, but at the same time notes the role and importance of China among non-Arctic countries. Of course, China cannot compete in the Arctic state, at least on the basis of geographical location. Nevertheless, China has huge potential to develop its participation in the Arctic region, from science to political and economic issues. The author concludes that China’s foreign policy aimed at peace and prosperity undoubtedly includes cooperation in the Arctic. Despite the policy changes of the leading Arctic and near-Arctic states, China will continue its work and has already come a long way in developing its Arctic path. In particular, one of the most important policy tools for China is the search for allies.