Isometric Drawing Research Articles

Instructional Practices by Engineering Graphics and Design Teachers: A Focus on Teaching and Learning of Isometric Drawing

This qualitative study was conducted to investigate the instructional practices used by Engineering Graphics and Design (EGD) to teach Isometric Drawing (ID). This enquiry was necessitated by the growing concern from subject advisors and teachers about the poor performance of learners in isometric drawing. In an attempt to meet the objectives, this study adopted an interpretivist position to understand the instructional practices employed by teachers in teaching isometric drawing. This study used seven (7) EGD teachers who were conveniently selected, it is worth noting that the sample was influenced by the fact that EGD is a subject that is not common hence not many schools offer it. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and was analyzed using a thematic analysis. Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) was used as a framework that underpinned this study. Findings from this study indicated that all EGD teachers have the common understanding that ID involves converting 2d orthographic view into a 3d figure. The findings further revealed that teachers rely heavily on models, YouTube videos and AutoCAD to develop learners’ spatial ability which is a very important skill. The study recommended that there should be no teacher hired to teach EGD without being fully trained. The study further recommended that future research should be conducted on learners to get their insight on why they are performing poorly in ID.

The 2011 Season of Excavation at Gadara (Umm Qais) of the Decapolis

ABSTRACT This paper is a final report of the 2011 season of excavation at the archaeological site of Gadara (Umm Qais) in Jordan. The season was directed by Lamia El-Khouri (PhD), during the 15th of June until the 28th of July 2011. The excavation took place in Area Z, along the southern edge of the main colonnaded street (Decumanus Maximus). The main discoveries showed that this part of the city was occupied during several historical periods, from the Late Hellenistic until the Crusader–Mamluk periods. The majority of archaeological artefacts in the excavated area showed clear evidence of intensive human activities mostly in the Late Byzantine, Umayyad and Abbasid periods. This paper includes a full description of the historical levels as well as the most impressive archaeological finds that were collected during the excavation. An isometric reconstruction drawing of the original construction was produced to give a better view of the city of Gadara during the Graeco–Roman period. As it has been delineated by the stylobate and the other architectural remains, this building seems to have been part of an inner courtyard lined by an Ionic peristyle. It was perhaps a sort of square-shaped colonnaded enclosure, a courtyard, or an open-air garden used for exercise, whether it was part of a bath construction, or a palaestra on the atrium of a private house or a gymnasium.

The impact of engineering information formats on learning and execution of construction operations: A virtual reality pipe maintenance experiment

Given the increasing complexity of construction tasks, and the growing number of construction operations within confined workplaces, construction workers rely heavily on working memory. In this context, working memory is defined as the short-term and temporary storage of information related to near future events to ensure the seamless execution of construction tasks. Although a strong relationship between engineering information format and task performance has been observed in the relevant literature, there remains an obvious theoretical disagreement—in particular, about the cognitive mechanisms for explaining why different information formats affect working memory development and retrieval in distinct ways. This study presents a human–subject experiment (n = 120) to examine the impact of information format on the performance of a pipe maintenance task, and the implications of cognitive costs in both working memory development (information encoding) and retrieval (information recalling). Participants were required to review the operational instructions for a pipe maintenance task for a short period, and then perform the task from memory. Participants were divided into four groups depending on the format of information they received: 2D isometric drawing of the plate heat exchanger with bulleted-text operational instructions (2D-simple group); 2D isometric drawing of the plate heat exchanger with rich-text operational instruction (2D-complex group); an interactive 3D model of the plate heat exchanger with bulleted-text operational instructions (3D group); or an immersive Virtual Reality (VR) environment with bulleted-text operational instructions (VR group). The results indicated that 3D and VR groups outperformed 2D-simple and 2D-complex groups in both operation time and maintenance accuracy. A further cognitive load analysis (based on surveys and pupil dilation) suggested that the superior performance of these groups is driven by more efficient usage of working memory, measured by how easily the encoded information can be recalled in the operation phase. Larger pupil dilation during encoding, indicative of successful working memory formation, was associated with better subsequent performance. These findings provide more evidence about cognitive mechanisms engaged by different information formats, help to resolve the current theoretical disagreement within the construction literature, and may inspire designs of cognition-driven information systems that can improve working memory in construction workers.

New Feature of Mixed-use Design on Public Area: Case Studies from Chang Phuak Road to Moon Muang Soi 7, Chiang Mai Thailand

Mixed-use design is the design integration on urban development which provides flexibility program and manages diversity usage. By location based learning, mixed-use design feature is to converge physical design with fostering social on specific location. The aim of this article is to characterize mixed-use design on Thai urban context and summarize as the new design feature. On the area of study, researcher chooses Changpuank and Lamchang communities where both connect with Changphuak rd., Phrapokkloa rd. and Moonmuang soi 7. These areas belong to main North-south axis of the old city and have appeared diversity contemporary lifestyle on Chiang Mai public area. Besides, there have adjusted many conflicts between old communities, business-purpose activities and also local government by individual adjustments and community network. With these potentials, this research is set to reclaim the new understanding of public area design with the concept of mixed-use design. Furthermore, research finding is to analyze mixed-use design as new feature on public area in Chiang Mai. Research methodology is created by referring to spatial practice and neighborhood network concept theories. Each area usage reflects as spatial practicing which represents the relationship between government strategy and locals’ tactic. Towards situation based design, researcher has to understand on-site situations and analyzes through conditions of physical design and social relations. The study process provides with 3 sessions; (A) Case study selection is to select potential areas where appear shared space characteristic by street photograph, (B) Flexible use is on-site observation to understand organizing public area usages by interviewing and data collecting, (C) Mixed-use characteristic, this session sets to record street films to characterize mixed-use design feature on those area usages. Towards analysis session, researcher finalized architectural design feature by finalizing isometric section drawing to understand relations of physical design and social relations. These features aim to compromise conflicts and also improve functional programming on Chiang Mai public area.

Bases, Inputs and Reliability of a Basic Drawing Workbook

A developmental study was conducted on the reliability of a developed workbook in Basic Drawing. Three experts, and faculty and students of the University of Eastern Philippines rated the workbook. The entire study was completed during the School Year 2018-2019. Results of the study showed that the bases for the workbook were determined by the faculty handling drawing in three years in the UEP System who revealed that students have poor performance in drawing subject. From the bases, suggested inputs in the workbook included lettering, oblique drawing, isometric drawing, geometrical figures, polygon construction, ellipse drawing, orthographic drawing, one-point perspective, two-point perspective and section construction. The workbook was subjected to reliability test and the results showed that the workbook did not meet the requirements for a reliable material in all of its aspects considering that all of the values in accuracy, illustrations and presentations, readability, time allotment, and usefulness were below the acceptable value of 0.70. As such, the workbook still needed further improvement.

AI and the Future of the Machine Design

This article discusses advantages of artificially intelligent (AI) systems and future of machine design. Advances in AI, combined synergistically with other technologies such as cognitive computing, Internet of Things, 3D (or even 4D) printing, advanced robotics, virtual and mixed reality, and human–machine interfaces are transforming what, where, and how products are designed, manufactured, assembled, distributed, serviced, and upgraded. The research and related activities may ultimately result in the development of self-repairing, self-healing, self-adaptive, self-reconfiguring systems—and products that ‘operationally improve’ themselves. Instead of depreciating in value and capability, such products could improve over time. In time, the role of the human engineer may be that of a director rather than of a producer. Much of the technical aspect of engineering will be moved to the machine-based design system, just as one need not be able to operate a slide rule or complete an isometric drawing to be a successful engineer today.

용접실습 교과목에 필수적인 기계제도 기초 이론 학습에 대한 증강현실 콘텐츠 시스템을 활용한 교육 방법 및 효과성

Today, the development of digitized information media and info-communications are bringing many changes. Due to the development of IT thechnology, we can learn wherever, whenever, regardless of time and place. Machine drawing subject is a very important in mechanical engineering course, but it's studyed only basic theory in a short period, average 1~2weeks. So that, students think that the mechanical drawing is of minor importance. Such ideas make them difficult to impove sense of space in isometric drawing and drawing skill. Therefore, in this paper, augmented reality-based contents through the system, Mechanical Drawing of education to meet the effectiveness and satisfaction, student learning can be spontaneously it was construct self-system. And, Theoretical part of the Mechanical Drawing is proposed ensure more efficient and easier training. In this paper, we were test operation for user effectualness of proposed service at Korea Polytechnics Colleges a industrial facilities management in Daegu. Target user are 66 students, and The students were divided into experimental group and comparison group. Experimental results, experimental group was able to do systematically experience many Projection Drawing and Pictorial Drawing in short schooltime. And, The test operation results showed that have the possibility to meet education effectiveness and user satisfaction in this augmented reality-based contents system.

Stretching characteristics and its dynamic significance of the northern continental margin of South China Sea

To investigate the thinning of the whole crust, and the contribution of the upper versus lower crust to the stretching since Cenozoic, we calculated the stretching factor of the northern margin of South China Sea with data such as whole crustal thickness, depth of Cenozoic sedimentary basement and the horizontal displacement of faults. An isometric line drawing on whole crustal stretching factor is then obtained. Along the seismic Line 1530 in Baiyun sag, we also calculated the stretching factors of the upper and lower crust. The results suggest that the whole crustal thickness decreases seaward while the whole crustal stretching factor increases from shelf to slope. The Moho upwells highest beneath where the crust is thinned most. The value of the whole crustal stretching factor ranges from 1.5 to 6. Two areas were thinned intensely: the center of Yinggehai Basin, and the Baiyun sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin. The calculation of the upper and lower crustal stretching factors from DSP1530 in Baiyun sag shows that the original crust of Baiyun sag should be thinned before deformation. Its pre-Cenozoic evolution as well as tectonic position during Cenozoic might be responsible for that.

Can activity within the external abdominal oblique be measured using real-time ultrasound imaging?

Differences in the function of the anterolateral abdominal muscles have been the subject of much investigation, but primarily using electromyography. Recently changes in thickness of transversus abdominis and internal oblique measured from real-time ultrasound images have been shown to represent activity within these muscles. However it is still unclear if such a change in thickness in external oblique similarly represents activity within that muscle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between change in thickness and muscle activity in the external oblique using real-time ultrasound and surface electromyography. Simultaneous measurements of electromyography and real-time ultrasound images of external oblique were studied in up to 24 subjects during two tasks compared to the muscle at rest (1) isometric trunk rotation and (2) drawing in the lower abdomen. Changes in muscle thickness correlated significantly with electromyography during isometric trunk rotation in the majority of subjects but with a significant difference between subjects. In contrast, the relationship between change in thickness and electrical activity in the muscle when drawing in the lower abdomen was significant in less than 50% of subjects and the muscle often got thinner. Thickness changes of external oblique can be used as a valid indicator of electromyography activity during isometric trunk rotation, though the relationship is not as good as previously published data for transversus abdominis. Thickness changes of external oblique measured during lower abdominal drawing in cannot be used to detect activity within this muscle.

Cognitive processes and strategies employed by children to learn spatial representations

Children often have difficulties in learning spatial representations. This study investigated the effect of four different instructional formats on learning outcomes and strategies used when dealing with spatial tasks such as assembly procedures. It was hypothesised that instructional material that imposed least extraneous cognitive load would facilitate enhanced learning. Forty secondary students were presented with four types of instruction; orthographic drawing, isometric drawing, physical model and, isometric and physical model together. The findings provide evidence to suggest that working from physical models caused least extraneous cognitive load compared to the isometric and orthographic groups. The model group took less time, had more correctly completed models, required fewer extra looks, spent less time studying the instruction and made fewer errors. Problem decomposition, forward working and attending to information in the foreground of the graphical representation strategies were analysed.

Cognitive Load and Assembly Tasks: effect of instructional formats on learning assembly procedures

The study investigated the effect on learning of four different instructional formats used to teach assembly procedures. Cognitive load and spatial information processing theories were used to generate the instructional material. The first group received a physical model to study, the second an isometric drawing, the third an isometric drawing plus a model and the fourth an orthographic drawing. Forty secondary school students were presented with the four different instructional formats and subsequently tested on an assembly task. The findings indicated that there may be evidence to argue that the model format which only required encoding of an already constructed three dimensional representation, caused less extraneous cognitive load compared to the isometric and the orthographic formats. No significant difference was found between the model and the isometric‐plus‐model formats on all measures because 80% of the students in the isometric‐plus‐model format chose to use the model format only. The model format also did not differ significantly from other groups in total time taken to complete the assembly, in number of correctly assembled pieces and in time spent on studying the tasks. However, the model group had significantly more correctly completed models and required fewer extra looks than the other groups.

Automatic construction of CSG solids from a single isometric drawing

This paper presents an algorithm for constructing a 3D workpiece in CSG (constructive solid geometry) representation from a single 2D isometric drawing. Currently, the concerned workpieces are limited to simple rectilinear polyhedra where any two faces or edges are either parallel or perpendicular to each other, however, the shape of constructed workpiece can further be modified by the application of wireframe-based approach of variational geometry. Compared to previous relevant work, the proposed algorithm is distinguished by its capability to deal with degenerate 2D line drawings; that is, problems where two distinct edges are projected on to one line can be solved.

2-3次元間図形変換問題の作図挙動解析

This paper describes the effectiveness of box method for isometric drawing from orthographic views, used in traditional graphics instruction. For evaluation of effectiveness box frame displayed problems, suggested box method are provide. Student performance on these transformation problems delivered by CAI system is compared experimental (box frame displayed) with control groups. The following three variables were measured to determine teaching effectiveness: percent of correct answer, mean solution time for correct answer, and mean solution time for all subject. These variables indicate that the students who received the box frame displaying performed better in all measured areas. We have found that the effectiveness of box method is shown in these variables. Several factors of solution time for all subject were identified related to this improved performance. These obtained factors were time in beginning drawing, operation times, number of out-of-bounds line, and time expenditure per one operation.

Two Generalizations of the Isometric Projection in Geometric Design

The well-known pictorial drafting technique of isometric drawing is here generalized in two ways, called “isoclinal” and “axial,” or collectively, “symmetric.” Although the isoclinal projection preserves the useful property of foreshortening adjacent edges equally, and the axial projection foreshortens adjacent normals equally, the directions for these projections usually differ from that for isometric projection. Formulas are derived for the isoclinal and axial directions and their foreshortening factors and rotation matrices. Although intended for three-dimensional computer-aided design, the symmetric projections also can be performed on a drawing board with a protractor. Graphic examples involving design of nonrectangular connectors for three skew structural members and adjacent plates in space are presented.

A surface-plotting program suitable for microcomputers

Techniques for producing pictures with a microcomputer showing surfaces defined by heights on a regular rectangular grid are described. The production of contour maps and five types of isometric drawing with hidden lines removed on common types of plotting devices are considered. Examples of pictures are given.

Picture Recognition: A Human Factors Study of Four Illustration Types

Documentation and job aids for the installation and assembly of mechanical apparatus have traditionally made extensive use of figures and illustrations. Evidence suggests that using illustrations to supplement text instructions will be effective only if the illustrations they contain can be quickly and accurately understood. Surprisingly, there has been little research on what makes a good technical illustration. The present study was designed to see what effect illustration type has on performance in a task which primarily involves recognition. Twenty individuals with education or work experience in mechanical drawing and twenty individuals without such experience took part in the study. Each group consisted of equal numbers of male and female participants. Stimulus materials for the experiment were 16 geometric objects of uniformly high colorfulness assembled from two or more Playskool® Bristle Blocks in various combinations and four 35-mm slides depicting four illustration types for each of the 16 stimulus objects. The slides showed the four types of illustration of each stimulus object: a color photograph, a black and white photograph, an isometric line drawing, and a perspective line drawing. Objects were evenly divided among four complexity levels according to a pilot scaling study. Sixteen blocks of slides were presented tachistoscopically on a back projection screen. They appeared in the same orientation and subtended approximately the same visual angle as the objects. In each block, half of the slides showed one of the four illustration types, a target item, and half depicted a non-target item. Before each block, the participant studied one object for 10 seconds. After each slide, the participant was asked to judge from memory whether or not the slide depicted an object just seen. Response time to each slide as well as ‘yes’ and ‘no’ responses were recorded. Results showed that all the interesting effects occur for target items. Of greatest interest is the significant effect of illustration type on recognition time. Photographs resulted in faster recognition than line drawings and color photographs were faster than black and white photographs. We also found that increasing object complexity increased the time to recognize illustrations of that object.

Computer graphics in three dimensions for perspective reconstruction of brain ultrastructure.

A technique for computer reassembly and plotting of morphological serial sections in three dimensions is described. The computer reconstruction is obtained at a savings in cost and time compared to previous model-processing or isometric drawing methods.

Isometric drawing with the computer

The piping systems in oil and chemical plants are generally complex and form a large part of the cost of the total installation. This paper describes a system developed in Holland for the production of isometric pipe drawings and summarising of material requirements.

Calculation of Radiation Dose from a Cloud of Radioactive Gases

Formulas are developed for the calculation of the whole-body gamma-radiation dose from a cloud of radioactive gases. The complexity of the formulas is greatly reduced by the simplifying assumption that the cloud does not change in size and shape during the time that the receptor is exposed to radiation. For most cases of interest, the numerical solutions based on this assumption are nearly identical with more detailed solutions. The formulas have been programmed for computer solution so that large parametric studies are possible in an hour or two of machine time.The numerical solutions can be displayed as a contour map or an isometric drawing as a function of cloud size and shape. When lines that are functions of meteorological conditions and distance from the release point of the cloud are added to such a display, the details of the solution are graphically presented to provide a very clear visual comprehension.