Isolation Research Articles

Social isolation induces addictive behavior and increases release of dopamine in the <i>nucleus accumbens</i> in response to stimulation of the positive reinforcing zone

The study of the role of social isolation in the pathogenesis of addictive behavior disorders is an important medical and biological problem. Of particular importance are the limitations of social experience in ontogenesis. This work makes an attempt to find a connection between social isolation in ontogenesis and impulsive-compulsive behavior, as an indicator of the premorbid background for gaming and other forms of behavioral addictions. The mechanisms of addictive behavior in rats reared in isolation (IS) were investigated by analyzing the extracellular release of dopamine in response to stimulation of the positive reinforcing zone. Before the experiments, male rats were kept in individual cages from the 21st day of birth to the 90th day. To study elements of addictive behavior, a variant of the Iowa Gambling Task in a 3-arm maze and a method of developing compulsive overeating using intermittent consumption of high-calorie foods were used. To study compulsive behavior, a marble test was used against the background of withdrawal from a high-calorie diet. Surgeries were performed to implant electrodes into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens in rats exhibiting elements of addictive behavior in the 3-arm maze. These animals were then trained to respond to VTA self-stimulation. Dopamine release was recorded telemetrically in freely moving rats in response to electrical stimulation of the VTA self-stimulation zone. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry was used to determine changes in dopamine levels in the extracellular environment of the nucleus accumbens. IS entered less into the arm with a high degree of probability but with a low reward, and entered more in the arm with a low degree of probability, but with a high reward, which is associated with the appearance of impulsivity in behavior. In the model of compulsive overeating, the number of approaches to the feeder in IS increased, and against the background of withdrawal of high-calorie food, IS were more active in the marble test. In IS exhibiting elements of addictive behavior in the 3-arm maze, the content of extracellular dopamine in response to electrical stimulation of the VTA self-stimulation zones did not reveal any differences compared to the control group of rats with addictive behavior in the maze. At the same time, IS exhibiting elements of addictive behavior in the maze showed a more pronounced dopamine response to a complex stimulus: a conditioned signal used during maze learning light + VTA stimulation. Thus, rearing in the IS causes an increase in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in response to stimulation of the positive reinforcement area associated with addictive behaviors: impulsivity and compulsivity. A conclusion is drawn about the prospects of studying the extracellular release of dopamine and assesses addictive behavior disorders caused by limited social contacts in ontogenesis.

Design and investigation of a terahertz hollow-core fiber with double-layer ring core for OAM mode transmission

A terahertz hollow-core fiber having a double-layer ring core is presented and investigated to support OAM mode transmission. These two annular cores will work as two separate OAM transmission spaces that are not interfered with and can support more OAM mode transmissions. A numerical model has been developed to assess the transmission performances of EH and HE modes in the 0.3∼0.4 THz frequency band. Using only a single material to design the suggested fiber, 22 (in) + 58 (out) OAM modes can be stably transmitted at 0.36 THz. Neighboring EH and HE modes in the identical OAM family can obtain effective refractive index differences of more than 10−4. Furthermore, the designed fiber demonstrates excellent transmission properties, with the highest mode purities in the inner and outer rings being 92.22% and 93.78%, respectively. In the inner ring the effective mode field area is between 5.37 × 106 and 1.79 × 107 μm2, while in the outer ring, it is between 8.95 × 106 and 1.58 × 107 μm2. The HE1,1 mode has the smallest change in dispersion, with values of 2.76 and 0.87 ps THz−1 cm−1 in two high refractive index transmission ring cores, respectively. Additionally, the isolation (ISO) parameter is also analyzed. These mode characteristics indicate that the fiber structure has significant potential for applications in high-capacity terahertz communication systems.

Foxq1 activates CB2R with oleamide to alleviate POCD.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a major concern, particularly among older adults. This study used social isolation (ISO) and multiomics analyses in aged mice to investigate potential mechanisms underlying POCD development. Aged mice were divided into two groups: ISO and paired housing (PH). Oleamide and the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) antagonist AM630 were administered intraperitoneally, while Foxq1 adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector was injected directly into the hippocampus. Intramedullary tibial surgeries were subsequently performed to establish the POCD models. Behavioral tests comprising the Y-maze, open field test, and novel object recognition were conducted 2 days after surgery. Hippocampal and serum inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Following surgery, ISO mice demonstrated intensified cognitive impairments and escalated inflammatory markers. Integrative transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed elevated oleamide concentrations in the hippocampus and serum of PH mice, with associative investigations indicating a close relationship between the Foxq1 gene and oleamide levels. While oleamide administration and Foxq1 gene overexpression substantially ameliorated postoperative cognitive performance and systemic inflammation in mice, CB2R antagonist AM630 impeded these enhancements. The Foxq1 gene and oleamide may be crucial in alleviating POCD. While potentially acting through CB2R-mediated pathways, these factors may modulate neuroinflammation and attenuate proinflammatory cytokine levels within the hippocampus, substantially improving cognitive performance postsurgery. This study lays the groundwork for future research into therapeutic approaches targeting the Foxq1-oleamide-CB2R axis, with the ultimate goal of preventing or mitigating POCD.

Analysis of the effectiveness of different play types in the end of game possessions of close EuroLeague matches

End-of-game possessions during the final minutes of a game often have a significant impact on the final result of the match. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the structure and efficacy of possession play types in the last two minutes of the fourth quarter and overtime of EuroLeague close matches and relate them to the result of the game. The offensive play types of 90 EuroLeague games were analysed. 955 end-of-game possessions were analysed and categorized into 11 predefined play types. Sport Scout STA software was used as the observation instrument. The results indicated that the isolation (ISO) play type (23.6%) had the highest frequency, while Hand-Off (0.63%) was the least frequent play type. Cut (CUT) play type was the most effective (82.4%), producing 1.58 Points Per Possession (PPP), followed by PB (69%), and 1.33 PPP. Post Up, ISO, and Spot Up play types were the least effective, producing 0.78–0.98 PPP. Winning teams had longer-lasting possessions compared to defeated teams. Longer-lasting possessions were less effective than possessions that lasted less than 6 seconds. More cooperative play types increased the efficacy of possessions at the end of the game.

Microbiological Studies on Bacteria Associated with Several Oral Disease And Dental Caries

A total of (80) swabs were collected from mouth of patients suffering from dental and oral disease of both sexes and their ages ranged from 1-60 years which are ( referred) to consult the dental clinics and specialized centers of dental in AL-Hawija city from 2009.12.1 to 2010.4.30 ,In order to isolated and identified the causative agents that associated with oral disease and its antibiotics sensitivity against some antibiotics in addition to study the some factors that a effected and aided the occurrence and prevelance of these agents in mouth. Gram positive bacteria were ahigh number especially Streptococci – viridans which get of (4) species , form it the more important it’s the Streptococcus mutans (20) isolats and in rate 25% , then S. sanguis (14) isolates 17.5% , S.mitis ( 13 isolates ) 16.3% and S.salivarius (12 isolates)15% .For the Staphylococci were isolated Staphylococcus epidermidis (8 isolates) rate 10%,for the Lactobacillus ,two species were isolated (6 isolates ) in rate 7.5% for L. acidophilus, the other species L. casei (5 isolates) 6.2% , the most other Gram positive bacteria were rare in iso lation and at defferent(2 isolates ) rates 2.5% Actinomyces vi scosus.The ability of some bacteria to tolerate different salt conc entrations & PH level . It was found that Staph. epidermidis w as capable of toleration of the highest salt concentrations( 10%) w hile L. acidophilus was sensitive for all of the utilized concentrati ons, but it showed its high capability to grow on acidic medium (PH=4) more than other bacteria . The antibiotic sensitivity test for isolates against (9) antibiotics showed that the Cefotaxim was the best antibiotics and have higher effect on bacterial isolates ,t hen Ciprofloxacin and Amikacin .While the antibiotics Trimethopri m, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin were less effect on these isolates.

Increased stress vulnerability in the offspring of socially isolated rats: Behavioural, neurochemical and redox dysfunctions

Stressful events during pregnancy impact on the progeny neurodevelopment. However, little is known about preconceptional stress effects. The rat social isolation represents an animal model of chronic stress inducing a variety of dysfunctions. Moreover, social deprivation during adolescence interferes with key neurodevelopmental processes. Here, we investigated the development of behavioural, neurochemical and redox alterations in the male offspring of socially isolated female rats before pregnancy, reared in group (GRP) or in social isolation (ISO) from weaning until young-adulthood. To this aim, females were reared in GRP or in ISO conditions, from PND21 to PND70, when they were mated. Their male offspring was housed in GRP or ISO conditions through adolescence and until PND70, when passive avoidance-PA, novel object recognition-NOR and open field-OF tests were performed. Levels of noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), glutamate (GLU) and GABA were assessed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Moreover, cortical ROS levels were quantified, as well as NF-kB and the NADPH oxidase NOX2 expression, redox status (expressed as GSH:GSSG ratio) and SOD1 amount.A significant decrease of the latency time in the PA was observed in the offspring of ISO females. In the NOR test, while a significant increase in the exploratory activity towards the novel object was observed in the offspring of GRP females, no significant differences were found in the offspring of ISO females. No significant differences were found in the OF test among experimental groups. Theoffspring of ISO females showed increased NA and 5-HIAA levels, whereas in the offspring persistently housed in isolation condition from weaninguntil adulthood, we detected reduced 5-HT levels and ehnanced 5-HIAA amount. No significant changes in GLU concentrations were detected, while decreased GABA content was observed in the offspring of ISO females exposed to social isolation. Increased ROS levels as well as reduced NF-κB, NOX2 expression were detected in the offspring of ISO females. This was accompanied by reduced redox status and enhanced SOD1 levels.In conclusion, our results suggest that female exposure to chronic social stress before pregnancy might have a profound influence on the offspring neurodevelopment in terms of cognitive, neurochemical and redox-related alterations, identifying this specific time window for possible preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Adolescent social isolation increases binge-like alcohol drinking in male but not female high-alcohol-preferring mice.

This study examined how adolescent social isolation affects adult binge-like alcohol drinking and stress-axis function, via basal levels of circulating corticosterone (CORT), in male and female mice with a genetic predisposition toward high alcohol preference (HAP). Male and female HAP2 mice were randomly assigned to a group-housed or social isolation (ISO) group. Social isolation began at postnatal Days 40-42 and lasted for 21days prior to assessment of binge-like alcohol drinking using a 4-day drinking-in-the-dark (DID) procedure. Blood samples to assess basal CORT were taken 6days after social isolation ended and 24h before DID started, and again 60h after DID ended, during the light portion of the light cycle. Adolescent social isolation increased adult binge-like alcohol drinking in male but not female mice. All groups showed significantly lower CORT after DID compared to before DID. Pearson bivariate correlation coefficients between the first 2h of grams-per-kilogram alcohol intake on Day 4 and CORT levels indicated a significant positive correlation in ISO males only after DID and negative correlations in ISO females before and after DID. These findings demonstrate that adolescent social isolation increased binge-like alcohol drinking in male but not female adult HAP2 mice. Stress-axis adaptations in male HAP2 mice may be associated with the social-isolation-induced increase in binge-like alcohol drinking.

RELATIONS BETWEEN GEORGIA AND ROMAN CHURCH AFTER THE GREAT SCHISM

In the article mainly discuss lesser-known sources, therefore, the reader will see a more varied, interesting and unexpected information. First of all, I will discuss the Latin religious beliefs of the great teacher of the Georgian Church – George Mtatsmindeli because some researchers try to hide this. We will not talk much here about the well-known fact that George himself proclaimed the Church of Rome to be the most faithful defender of the apostolic doctrines before the Byzantine emperor. While the Greeks and Latins were arguing about the descent of the Holy Spirit, George translated into Georgian – “The Symbol of Athanasius”, where the Holy Spirit was considered to come from the Son, i.e. the Latin pneumatological formula was described – “The Holy Spirit from the Father and from the Son”. If this doctrine of the Catholic Church was a heresy for George, obviously he would have. After all we can conclude the following: During the unity and strength of the Georgian state, when the Georgian Fathers translated many theological literatures, had numerous theological centers (the Maghalashvili Gospel inscription speaks of seven such schools in one diocese), the Georgian Church had its own position on the Church of Rome, but after the political and cultural fall, Influenced first by Greek and especially Russian anti-Catholic propaganda, Georgia rejected the historic choice of its best clergy of the Church – unity with the Catholic Church. At the beginning of its relations with Georgia, Russia started struggle with the Catholic missionaries in Georgia, the Russian ambassador – Zakharev, started anti-Catholic propaganda, and after the conquest of Georgia, Russia expelled the Catholic missionaries from Georgia, because Russia’s goal was and is the ecclesiastical isolation of Georgia.

Reversal of the detrimental effects of social isolation on ischemic cerebral injury and stroke-associated pneumonia by inhibiting small intestinal γδ T-cell migration into the brain and lung

Social isolation (ISO) is associated with an increased risk and poor outcomes of ischemic stroke. However, the roles and mechanisms of ISO in stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) remain unclear. Adult male mice were single- or pair-housed with an ovariectomized female mouse and then subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Isolated mice were treated with the natriuretic peptide receptor A antagonist A71915 or anti-gamma-delta (γδ) TCR monoclonal antibody, whereas pair-housed mice were treated with recombinant human atrial natriuretic peptide (rhANP). Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (SDV) was performed 14 days before single- or pair-housed conditions. We found that ISO significantly worsened brain and lung injuries relative to pair housing, which was partially mediated by elevated interleukin (IL)-17A levels and the migration of small intestine-derived inflammatory γδ T-cells into the brain and lung. However, rhANP treatment or SDV could ameliorate ISO-exacerbated post-stroke brain and lung damage by reducing IL-17A levels and inhibiting the migration of inflammatory γδ T-cells into the brain and lung. Our results suggest that rhANP mitigated ISO-induced exacerbation of SAP and ischemic cerebral injury by inhibiting small intestine-derived γδ T-cell migration into the lung and brain, which could be mediated by the subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve.

Environmental Enrichment and Prosocial Behavior in Wistar Rats: an Exploratory Study

This research aimed to experimentally explore how rats reared in environmental enrichment (EE) and in isolation (ISO) behave in the prosocial behavior liberation task. The subjects were reared in two conditions: EE and ISO, and then submitted to the task. The results suggests that EE subjects spent more time near the restrainer, displayed faster door-opening behavior but interacted less with the released conspecific task compared with the ISO subjects. Our preliminary findings suggest that the rearing conditions may affect prosocial behavior, and that EE may increase the probability of displaying prosocial behavior. We discussed the need of more studies about the effect of rearing conditions and how it may impact motivations associated with the prosocial behavior and its consequences.

Design and Characterization of n/p-well CMOS SPAD With Low Dark Count Rate and High Photon Detection Efficiency

We have proposed a structure design of single-photon avalanche diode fabricated in the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. (TSMC) 0.18- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> high-voltage (HV) CMOS technology, which improves the limited operating excess voltage for an n-on-p design without any other customized well layer. With the introduction of a deep p-well isolation (ISO) layer, the excess bias is significantly elevated, so that the device exhibits high photon detection probability (PDP) with relatively low dark count rate. The n-on-p-type device is favorable for 3-D-stacked backside illuminated structure and can attain high PDP at longer wavelength. With the improved jitter and after-pulsing probability, our designed device can be suitable for the application of light detection and ranging (LiDAR).

A State-Observer-Based Protection Scheme for AC Microgrids with Recurrent Neural Network Assistance

The microgrids operate in tie-up (TU) mode with the main grid normally, and operate in isolation (IN) mode without the main grid during faults. In a dynamic operational regime, protecting the microgrids is highly challenging. This article proposes a new microgrid protection scheme based on a state observer (SO) aided by a recurrent neural network (RNN). Initially, the particle filter (PF) serves as a SO to estimate the measured current/voltage signals from the corresponding bus. Then, a natural log of the difference between the estimated and measured current signal is taken to estimate the per-phase particle filter deviation (PFD). If the PFD of any single phase exceeds the preset threshold limit, the proposed scheme successfully detects and classifies the faults. Finally, the RNN is implemented on the SO-estimated voltage and current signals to retrieve the non-fundamental harmonic features, which are then utilized to compute RNN-based state observation energy (SOE). The directional attributes of the RNN-based SOE are employed for the localization of faults in a microgrid. The scheme is tested using Matlab® Simulink 2022b on an International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) microgrid test bed. The results indicate the efficacy of the proposed method in the TU and IN operation regimes on radial, loop, and meshed networks. Furthermore, the scheme can detect both high-impedance (HI) and low-impedance (LI) faults with 99.6% of accuracy.

Differences in fear response strategy and stress susceptibility amongst four different commercial layer strains reared cage free.

Different commercial lines of laying hens may show varying levels of fearfulness in response to stressful events or situations. It is important to understand the differences in fear response and stress susceptibility. In this study, four commercial laying hen lines reared from hatch to 32 weeks of age in a cage free system Strains consisted of a brown egg laying line (Hyline Brown; HB) and three white egg laying lines (W36, W80, and LSL). Sixty hens from each strain were used. Each hen was assessed for fearfulness using the following tests: isolation (ISO), emergence (EMG), inversion (INV), and tonic immobility (TI). Stress was assessed based on physical asymmetry (ASYM), corticosterone (CORT) concentrations, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (HL). At 3 weeks of age, the W80 birds exhibited more vocalizations during ISO and a shorter duration to emerge than other lines except the HB birds during EMG. Conversely the W36 birds had fewer vocalizations during ISO and emerged quicker than other birds except the LSL during EMG. At 16 weeks of age, the LSL and the W36 bird demonstrated greater fear in TI than the HB. At 30 weeks of age, the observed fear response strategies of each strain changed from previous age and differences were observed between lines (p < 0.05). At both 16 and 30 weeks of age the HB birds had the highest (p < 0.05) stress indicators (CORT, HL, and ASYM). Furthermore, they had a higher CORT after acute stressor (p < 0.05). Commercial lines of laying hens show clear variation in their stress response strategy and stress susceptibility. Brown egg laying hens tend to actively avoid perceived threats whereas white egg laying hens use passive avoidance. Brown egg laying hens also have higher levels in the measures of stress susceptibility than white egg laying hens. Understanding of individual strain response to fearful stimuli and other stressors is important knowledge to appropriately determine welfare differences between strains of layers as the baseline measures are often different.

Technological approaches to the extraction and purification by ultrafiltration techniques of target protein molecules from animal tissues: a review

Effective isolation and purification of protein is a great challenge nowadays. The key aspect is protein stability and solubility, which primarily depend on protein structure and its amino acid sequence. Manipulations with pH and ionic strength are the first at tempts to increase protein stability and solubility. Different additives that are allowed or prohibited in the food industry are applied for overcoming protein aggregation. Sugars, polyhydric alcohols and amino acids are the most attractive among them. Trehalose, glycerol, arginine, glycine and proline demonstrated outstanding properties that make them perspective for application during iso lation and purification of proteins singly or in combination with each other or othercompounds. However, the algorithm of effective isolation and purification of protein could be significantly varied depending on its structure.

A W-Band SPDT Switch With 15-dBm P1dB in 55-nm Bulk CMOS

Power-handling capability of bulk CMOS-based single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch operating in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and subterahertz region is significantly limited by the reduced threshold voltage of deeply scaled transistors. A unique design technique based on impedance transformation network (ITN) is presented in this work, which improves 1-dB compression point, namely P1dB, without deteriorating other performance. To prove the presented solution is valid, a 70–100-GHz switch is designed and implemented in a 55-nm bulk CMOS technology. At 90 GHz, it achieves a measured P1dB of 15 dBm, an insertion loss (IL) of 3.5 dB, and an isolation (ISO) of 18 dB. The total area of the chip is only 0.14 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .

A High Performance 0.18 μm RF Switch for Multi-Standard

This paper proposes a stacked field-effect transistor (FET) single-pole, double-throw (SPDT) RF switch which is capable of multi-standard. Negative voltage generator (NVG), logic controller, level shifter, and RF Switch branches are integrated. A PMOS self-biased strategy is proposed to improve linearity and simplify the design of the logic controller and level shifter. In order to reduce the influence of NVG, a new charge pump (CP) is proposed, and a low pass filter (LPF) is added to stabilize bias voltages. A new layout of the switch FET is proposed to minimize the product of on-state resistance and off-state capacitance (time constant). The RF switch proposed in this paper was implemented in the 0.18 μm silicon on insulator (SOI) process. The measured results show the P1 dB of 40 dBm, and the isolation (ISO) and insert loss (IL) at 1 GHz/5 GHz of 37 dB/22 dB, and 0.36 dB/0.55 dB. The operating frequency range is DC-6 GHz. Supply current is 37uA with the supply voltage of 2.6V.

A height‐reduction antenna with simple structure for base station

In this article, a height-reduction dual-polarized antenna suitable for base station applications with a simple structure is proposed. By adopting the form of bilateral coupling feed, the height of the antenna has been significantly reduced. The working mechanism of height-reduction of the antenna is given. The experimental results show that the antenna operates at 0.698–0.96 GHz for reflection coefficient <−12 dB with isolation (ISO) of more than 30 dB. It has a stable gain of 8.4 ± 0.6 dBi and a half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of 66.8 ± 6.8° in the working band, and the height of the proposed antenna is only 0.115λ0, which is much smaller than the traditional 0.25λ0 (λ0 denotes the free wavelength corresponding to the center frequency).

Muscular tension as an indicator of acute stress in horses.

Horses’ muscular tension during acute stress remains unexplored. Our aim was to assess muscular, behavioral, cortisol, and hematocrit responses to social isolation (ISO), novel object exposure (NOV), and sham clipping (CLIP). Altered stress responses were expected. Eight mature Standardbred horses (four mares and four geldings) were exposed to acute stressors and a control period (CON) in a balanced, replicated 4×4 Latin Square experimental design with 3 min treatment periods and 10 min washout periods. Surface electromyography collected from the masseter, brachiocephalas, cervical trapezius, and longissimus dorsi was processed to derive average rectified value (ARV) and median frequency (MF) during the initial, middle, and final 30 s of treatments. ARV and MF data were log transformed then analyzed using a mixed model, repeated measures ANOVA along with plasma cortisol and hematocrit. Behavior data were analyzed using a negative binomial distribution mixed model ANOVA. CLIP resulted in greater (p < 0.05) log ARV in the masseter (1.5 + 1.5%, mean + SD) and brachiocepahlas (2.2 + 2.0%) than CON (−1.2 + 1.4%, 0.1 + 1.5%). ISO resulted in greater (p < 0.05) log ARV in the masseter (0.2 + 1.3%) and cervical trapezius (0.6 + 1.3%) than CON (−1.2 + 1.4%, −1.0 + 1.7%). ISO increased (p < 0.05) the total number of stress‐related behaviors and hematocrit. No changes in cortisol were observed. We suggest that muscular tension can be used as an indicator of acute stress in horses. Incorporating muscle activity into an array of measurements may provide a more nuanced understanding of stress responses.

First isolation of rose yellow mosaic virus in Japan

First isolation of rose yellow mosaic virus in Japan

(Invited) Synthesis, Isolation, and Derivatization of Dimetallofullerenes

Dimer of Sc, Y, or lanthanide encapsulated inside fullerene cages (known as dimetallofullerenes, or di-EMFs) presents very interesting interplay between the two metal ions as well as metal ions and fullerene cage.1-3 Recently, very strong coupling between two metal ions through single electron metal-metal bonding is proved to be vital for their outstanding magnetic properties such as high blocking temperatures for Tb2@C80-CH2Ph and Dy2@C80-CH2Ph,4-5 and long spin dephasing time for Sc2@C80-CH2Ph.6 However, these molecules are elusive, caused by their characteristic electronic properties, which can be isolated after derivatization.3 In this contribution, very recent progress in the synthesis, isolation, and derivatization of di-EMFs will be discussed. Popov, A. A.; Avdoshenko, S. M.; Pendas, A. M.; Dunsch, L., Bonding between strongly repulsive metal atoms: an oxymoron made real in a confined space of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 8031-8050.Popov, A. A.; Yang, S.; Dunsch, L., Endohedral Fullerenes. Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 5989-6113.Liu, F.; Spree, L.; Krylov, D. S.; Velkos, G.; Avdoshenko, S. M.; Popov, A. A., Single-Electron Lanthanide-Lanthanide Bonds Inside Fullerenes toward Robust Redox-Active Molecular Magnets. Acc. Chem. Res. 2019, 52, 2981-2993.Liu, F.; Velkos, G.; Krylov, D. S.; Spree, L.; Zalibera, M.; Ray, R.; Samoylova, N. A.; Chen, C.-H.; Rosenkranz, M.; Schiemenz, S.; Ziegs, F.; Nenkov, K.; Kostanyan, A.; Greber, T.; Wolter, A. U. B.; Richter, M.; Büchner, B.; Avdoshenko, S. M.; Popov, A. A., Air-stable redox-active nanomagnets with lanthanide spins radical-bridged by a metal–metal bond. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 571.Liu, F.; Krylov, D. S.; Spree, L.; Avdoshenko, S. M.; Samoylova, N. A.; Rosenkranz, M.; Kostanyan, A.; Greber, T.; Wolter, A. U. B.; Büchner, B.; Popov, A. A., Single molecule magnet with an unpaired electron trapped between two lanthanide ions inside a fullerene. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 16098.Zaripov, R.; Kandrashkin, Y.; Salikhov, K. M.; Büchner, B.; Liu, F.; Rosenkranz, M.; Popov, A. A.; Kataev, V., Unusually large hyperfine structure of the electron spin levels in an endohedral dimetallofullerene and its spin coherent properties. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 20513-20521.