Isolation Of Self Research Articles

Theory of planned behavior as a conceptual framework for the willingness to self-isolate during the COVID-19 pandemic: A regional cross-sectional study.

Due to an unavailability of a vaccine, one of the efficient methods to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is by applying self-isolation (SI). Hence there is an urgent need to investigate the factors leading to an individuals' willingness to choose to self-isolate. The current study utilized the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a conceptual model and aimed to investigate the extent to which subjective norms, personal attitudes and perceived control influences an individual's willingness to self-isolate during COVID-19 risk. A cross-sectional study was performed on 800 Saudi respondents aged≥18 years by using a validated self-administered questionnaire about factors related to willingness to self-isolate during COVID-19 pandemic risk based on the TPB. The effects of different variables on SI were analyzed by using ordinal logistic regression model. A total of 756 (94.5%) were completed and analyzed. Subjective norms and perceived control over the behavior significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the intention of willingness to self-isolate, while attitude was found to be insignificant. The odds of letting others to know about self COVID status were 2.40 times higher than not telling the neighbors or colleagues. A statistically significant difference (p≤0.001) existed between males and females regarding the willingness to self-isolate. Similarly the odds of willingness to self-isolate with a presence of disabled person in family were 2.88 times higher than the absence of a disability in the family. Few recommendations for the policymakers that are needed to curb the spread of COVID-19 infection are also proposed. The outcomes of study might be considered as an initial understanding of the factors that significantly influences an individual's willingness to SI when facing an unprecedented pandemic risk. Additionally, these factors provide a plan for policymakers to encourage citizens for self-isolation during pandemic infections.

Simulating the effect of school closure during COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario, Canada

BackgroundThe province of Ontario, Canada, has instituted indefinite school closures (SC) as well as other social distancing measures to mitigate the impact of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We sought to evaluate the effect of SC on reducing attack rate and the need for critical care during COVID-19 outbreaks, while considering scenarios with concurrent implementation of self-isolation (SI) of symptomatic cases.MethodsWe developed an age-structured agent-based simulation model and parameterized it with the demographics of Ontario stratified by age and the latest estimates of COVID-19 epidemiologic characteristics. Disease transmission was simulated within and between different age groups by considering inter- and intra-group contact patterns. The effect of SC of varying durations on the overall attack rate, magnitude and peak time of the outbreak, and requirement for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in the population was estimated. Secondly, the effect of concurrent community-based voluntary SI of symptomatic COVID-19 cases was assessed.ResultsSC reduced attack rates in the range of 7.2–12.7% when the duration of SC increased from 3 to 16 weeks, when contacts among school children were restricted by 60–80%, and in the absence of SI by mildly symptomatic persons. Depending on the scenario, the overall reduction in ICU admissions attributed to SC throughout the outbreak ranged from 3.3 to 6.7%. When SI of mildly symptomatic persons was included and practiced by 20%, the reduction of attack rate and ICU admissions exceeded 6.3% and 9.1% (on average), respectively, in the corresponding scenarios.ConclusionOur results indicate that SC may have limited impact on reducing the burden of COVID-19 without measures to interrupt the chain of transmission during both pre-symptomatic and symptomatic stages. While highlighting the importance of SI, our findings indicate the need for better understanding of the epidemiologic characteristics of emerging diseases on the effectiveness of social distancing measures.

Self-isolation or borders closing: What prevents the spread of the epidemic better?

Pandemic propagation of COVID-19 motivated us to discuss the impact of the human network clustering on epidemic spreading. Today, there are two clustering mechanisms which prevent of uncontrolled disease propagation in a connected network: an "internal" clustering, which mimics self-isolation (SI) in local naturally arranged communities, and an "external" clustering, which looks like a sharp frontiers closing (FC) between cities and countries, and which does not care about the natural connections of network agents. SI networks are "evolutionarily grown" under the condition of maximization of small cliques in the entire network, while FC networks are instantly created. Running the standard SIR model on clustered SI and FC networks, we demonstrate that the evolutionary grown clustered network prevents the spread of an epidemic better than the instantly clustered network with similar parameters. We find that SI networks have the scale-free property for the degree distribution P(k)∼k^{η}, with a small critical exponent -2<η<-1. We argue that the scale-free behavior emerges as a result of the randomness in the initial degree distributions.

Bihevioralni uvidi i pandemija COVID-19 u Indiji

The emergence of the novel COVID-19 has made pandemic preparedness a crucial issue for public health worldwide. A little is known about people behaviour in a pandemic situation. Such knowledge is however critical. Understanding the associated psychological and behavioural responses is vital for future intervention development. During the period of Lockdown Stage, from 25th March to 14th April 2020 in India, a survey was conducted among 700 people in Delhi NCR and Haryana state, to explore changes in their psychological and behavioural responses to the COVID-19 virus epidemic based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) which distinguishes two phases, namely a threat appraisal and a coping appraisal is applied . Further infected people should be isolated to minimize the spread of pandemic diseases. Therefore, the factors related to self-isolation (SI) should not be neglected, and it is important to investigate the factors leading the infected (or possibly infected) people to choose to self-isolate. For this purpose, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is used for providing conceptual framework for SI when facing a pandemic risk and a regression method is applied to investigate how attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioural control (PBC) influence SI when facing a pandemic emergency. The results of this study provide relevant information that promotes theoretical understanding of psychological and behavioural intentions of people and enables us to shape future intervention development.

Willingness to Self-Isolate When Facing a Pandemic Risk: Model, Empirical Test, and Policy Recommendations.

Infected people are isolated to minimize the spread of pandemic diseases. Therefore, the factors related to self-isolation (SI) should not be neglected, and it is important to investigate the factors leading the infected (or possibly infected) people to choose to self-isolate. In this paper, we tried to show that the theory of planned behavior provides a useful conceptual framework for SI when facing a pandemic risk, and a regression method with Chinese provincial (Guangdong Province) data was applied to investigate how attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) influence SI when facing a pandemic emergency. The results and the robustness tests confirm that ATT, SN, and PBC have a significant positive influence on SI when facing a pandemic emergency. ATT plays the most important role, followed by SN and then PBC. Based on the factors of SI, we found, through theoretical and empirical analyses, at least three important aspects that local governments need to consider to encourage citizens to self-isolate when facing a pandemic.

Quality of Life of Ostomy Patients Attending BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital Chitwan

Background: The global scenario shows an increase trend of ostomy surgery. And, quality of life of ostomy patients has become a common concern. Understandings of factors that can have an impact on QoL should be assessed which will provide a guideline for improving QoL of ostomy patients. Aim: The aim of the study are to assess quality of life of ostomy patients and to find out the association between quality of life with selected demographic variables. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess quality of life of ostomy patient. Ninety-four patients were selected by purposive sampling technique. COH-QOL-Ostomy questionnaire tool was used for data collection. Data were collected from descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The P value was estimated at 95% confidence interval with 5% permissible error. Results: The study demonstrated that mean age of respondents was 51.10 ± 16.14 years. Permanent colostomy was common. The mean score for overall QoL was 6.50 ± 1.69. The physical domain (7.14 ± 2.32) had the highest score and spiritual (5.87 ± 1.56) had lowest. The major problems related to ostomy bag were leakage (68.90%), followed by itching around the stoma (52.70%), redness (32.40%), burning sensation (16.2%) and rashes (16.2%) respectively. Age, education, residence, occupation, duration of ostomy, reason and kind of ostomy, isolation of self from social gatherings and change in clothing style had significant effects on quality of life ( P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The findings revealed that presence of ostomy influences QoL of ostomy patients. Hence, adequate stoma care services, health education and counseling are important for having a positive impact on patients living with ostomy.

Poe and the Cogito

Poe and the Cogito Jeffrey Folks (bio) With his famous theorem, Cogito, ergo sum, René Descartes initiated a modern conception of individual consciousness that signaled the divorcing of mind from a physical world that was now comprehended only by way of a method of doubt. In its dualistic conception of existence, Descartes’ theory split the individual mind from the world of nature and society, resulting in a growing sense of uncertainty and isolation. In the decades following Descartes’ death in 1650, European and American philosophers attempted to come to terms with the difficulties posed by his famous theorem and with the reliance on rational analysis that it implied. Among these philosophers, Pascal, Spinoza, Rousseau, Franklin, and Jefferson arrived at differing conclusions, but whether they experienced the Cogito as liberating or enslaving, each was profoundly affected by the challenge to conventional truths that it entailed. Edgar Allan Poe’s philosophical leanings, while hardly systematic and shifting throughout his career, reflect a context of epistemological doubt of the sort that Descartes set as the starting point of his inquiry. Poe followed Descartes in pursuing a basis of certainty in the face of this condition of doubt, and he sought that certainty in the same place: in the clarity and conviction of the human mind. Yet the problem for Poe is that this approach failed to provide the conclusive proof of existence and [End Page 57] order of the sort that Descartes claimed by way of ontological proof. The further Poe delved into the contradictions of the human mind, the more evidence he found not of a transcendent force of unity and arrangement, as suggested by the existence of human reason itself, but of selfishness, disorder, and criminality. Nonetheless, Poe, who lived two centuries after the French philosopher, spent a great deal of his efforts working out the implications of Descartes’ Cogito. In his stories of the unbridled and isolated ego, Poe presses Descartes’ point to its logical end: that is, the annihilation that follows the proposition that the non-communicative, self-sufficient ego may operate independently of the physical senses. Given the isolation of self from world implicit in Descartes’ thinking, the self is both impotent to effect change in the objective world and beyond the restraining influence of that world outside itself. As the self becomes convinced of its total separation from physical reality, the world is transformed into a mere hall of mirrors for the self-reflecting ego, as in “William Wilson,” or objective reality becomes enslaved to the monarchical ego, as in “The Gold-Bug.” Through the narrator of “The Black Cat,” through Monsieur Dupin in the detective stories, and through the insanely controlling figure of Prince Prospero in “The Masque of the Red Death,” Poe explored the implications of Descartes’ theorem, but having exposed its flaws Poe had few resources for salvaging the relationship of the ego to outside reality. A recognition of the implications of Descartes’ distinction between essence and existence is to be found everywhere in Poe’s writing, perhaps the most common feature of which is the recurring sense of the insubstantiality of the physical world. In “Descent into the Maelstrom,” “M.S. Lost in a Bottle,” “The Pit and the Pendulum,” and “The Fall of the House of Usher,” the material universe inhabited by Poe’s characters is shifting, chaotic, and treacherous, and the narrator’s knowledge of this world is consequently unreliable in ways that summon up the central philosophical dilemmas investigated by Descartes: the dream hypothesis (the inability to prove a distinction between waking and dreaming states) and the demon hypothesis (the possibility that existence is unknowingly controlled by a demonic power). A suggestion of both conundrums is evident in the passage in “William Wilson” in which the narrator, during his fifth year at Dr. Bransby’s school, enters the bedroom of his rival with the intention of carrying out a malicious prank of one sort or another. What he discovers, instead, in the visage of his sleeping rival, inspires instantaneous horror—a horror that derives from observing that his antagonist in [End Page 58] the sleeping state appears utterly different from the waking imitator who torments him. As the narrator states...

Experimental and Numerical Studies on dV/dt Robustness of 1200 V High-Voltage Integrated Circuits Using Self-Isolation Structure

Experimental results on the high-voltage level shifter and dV/dt robustness of 1200 V high voltage integrated circuits (HVICs) using a self-isolation (SI) structure are reported for the first time. Generally, because high dV/dt stress is applied to HVICs during insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switching, significant displacement current flows through a high-voltage isolation capacitance. This current acts as the base current of parasitic pnp and npn transistors, and causes a potential drop in their base region. In the worst case, this parasitic operation causes device destruction. In this study, not only the normal operation of HVICs but suppression of the parasitic transistors under high dV/dt condition are experimentally demonstrated by considering a high-side layout design and back diverter electrode.

Proceedings of the patristic, medieval, and Renaissance Conference (vol. 12/13 — 1987/1988) (review)

176 Reviews Proceedings of the patristic, medieval, and Renaissance Conference (vol. 12/13 - 1987/1988), Villanova, Augustinian Historical Institute, 1989; pp. ii, 279; R. R. P. ? This volume brings together papers from the twelfth and thirteenth annual international conferences on patristic, medieval and Renaissance Studies sponsored by the Augustinian Historical Institute of Vdlanova University. The two general sessions at the 1987 conference were devoted to themes in Augustine. Thus R. A. Markus writes on pride and the common good in the De Civitate Dei and Jaroslav Pelikan discusses Augustine's trinitarian hermeneutics in a paper which focuses on the much neglectedfirstpart of the De Trinitate. Topics in Shakespeare provide a rather different focus for the two corresponding sessions at the 1988 conference. Jill E. Levenson treats of dramatic and poetic forms in Romeo and Juliet interpreted as a 'tragical-comicallyrical history'. Jeanne Addison Roberts considers the portrayal of women in Shakespeare in terms of the ancient triple Hecate 'with her aspects of the virginal Diana, the maternal Juno or Lucina, and Proserpina, goddess of the underworld'. To these leading papers are added sixteen others on a variety of topics. While one cannot look for much unity in a collection of this sort, it is worth noting that there are two other papers with an Augustinian focus: F. Van Fletteren on themes in the De Trinitate and D. F. Donnelly on an obscure seventeenth-century tribute to Augustine. Furthermore, I. Dobbs-Weinstein's account of Maimonides on the nature of biblical language fits in well with Pelikan's paper. Feminist themes, developed in Roberts' paper on Shakespeare, emerge in some other papers in different contexts, notably in Christine ClarkEvans ' discussion of reading and writing in the Renaissance poetry of Pemette Du Gudlet and Louise Labe" and in Albrecht Classen's account of royal women in Middle High German romances. Papers on Plotinus and Ibn Gabirol, Renaissance cartography, scholastic traditions in the fourteenth century, Rhineland mysticism, Chaucer's version of the Man of Law's Tale, the fragmentary old English Life of St Christopher, and the story of Pilate in a number of Old Norse-Icelandic manuscripts, contribute to the variety of the coUection (without exhausting it). Nothing in this collection is outstanding, but there are many good papers and none that are bad so far as I can judge. Anyone with an interest across the patristic, medieval, and Renaissancefieldsis bound to find a good number of instructive papers. Philosophers are particularly well served in having Kevin Corrigan's very good paper on theories of matter in Plotinus and Ibn Gabirol, C. Ocker's guide to scholastic traditions in the fourteenth century, and the papers on Augustine and Maimonides. The four papers from the plenary sessions of the conference are all of considerable interest as might be expected. I wiU say a concluding word about the papers on Augustine by Markus and Pelikan. Reviews 111 PeUkan's treatment of Augustine's canonical rule (or rules) of interpretation in relation to the doctrine of the Trinity is both learned and accessible. But, in a short paper, Augustine's blend of confident theological affirmation on the one hand and negation on the other (to speak of God is 'to think things unspeakable') is not subjected to much critical analysis. It is not clear that a negative or apophatic theologian can speak quite so positively about the divine as Augustine does. R. A. Markus' paper deals with themes of intense interest in Augustine's social and political thought: the legitimacy of the respublica, the nature of political obligation, the significance of social and pubhc life, pride of empire as the vehicle of oppression at the expense of peace and justice, pride in the individual as the isolation of self from community and the desire for private goals at the expense of sociability and the common good. This is an excellent paper which is aU too short. Paul Crittenden Department of General Philosophy University of Sydney Tracey, James D., Holland under Habsburg rule, 1506-1566: the formation of a body politic, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1990; cloth; pp. ix, 330; 4 maps, 12 tables; R. R. P. US$45.00. This is a prologue to...

The Concept of the Self in Psychoanalytic Theory and its Philosophical Foundations

Concepts of "the self" in psychoanalytic theory have important philosophic underpinnings which may not be adequately appreciated. Both self psychology and ego psychology, with their contrasting positions on the self as a mental structure, retrace paths taken by Western philosophy beginning at least with Hume and Descartes. They reflect traditional philosophic questions, notably of a homuncular self internal to consciousness and the isolation of the subject from other selves. Psychoanalysis has not utilized Hegel's conception of the intersubjective origins of the self, in which the self emerges only in an encounter with another subject, although this approach is implicit in the work of Winnicott on the mother-infant dyad. This movement from a one- to a two-person psychology also presents conceptual problems, as illustrated by the psychoanalytic theories of Sartre and Lacan, who take up opposing positions on the status of consciousness and on intersubjectivity in the formation of the self. Sartre's phenomenology, with its emphasis on the questing nature of the subject in search of an identity, resonates with contemporary theories of narcissism in which the painful isolation of self from self-affirming and mirroring objects is central to clinical practice. Lacan's insight into the role of acquisition of language helps us to understand the formation of the subject in pursuit of a virtual selfhood, as Sartre described, but embedded within an intersubjective matrix.