Sovereignty Of Islands Research Articles

Japan's Pacificism as National Identity and a 'Normal' Security Option

Japan faces its most serious and complex defence environment since the end of World War II. The country holds two significant security concerns: first, and critically, China’s burgeoning military, increasingly aggressive diplomacy, and destabilising actions around the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea; second, North Korea’s continued unpredictable rhetoric and actions in its nuclear arming program and ballistic missile testing. Japan’s 2022 National Security Strategy proposes two unprecedented policy ideas to counter these threats: first, to significantly increase Japan’s defence budget; second, to acquire counterstrike long-range missile capabilities in response to an attack. Nonetheless, despite these security issues and policy developments, this article argues that formal amendment of the peace clause in art 9 of the Japanese Constitution remains unlikely. To understand the improbability of constitutional amendment, this article first explores Japan’s constitutional pacifism under the post-World War II Yoshida Doctrine and the US–Japan cornerstone security alliance, as well as the context of North Korea’s nuclear and ballistic missile threat and the emotive issue of abductions of Japanese citizens. The article then turns to Japan’s historic imperial relationship with China as an avenue to understand contemporary relations, including the key issues of trade and its link to security, and the Senkaku Islands sovereignty dispute. It concludes that formal constitutional amendment of the peace clause remains unlikely in the short to medium term.

“this is not culture” / “yes, it is”: Conceptualising Kiribati as an Interstitial Island in the Chinese Pacific

Conceptualising Kiribati as an interstitial island in the Chinese Pacific provides an opportunity to elaborate on the way it sits at the intersections of culture, geography and history as a sovereign entity with a role of assemblage. As the debate that ensued a Chinese diplomatic visit in 2020 illustrates, such intersections can be absorbed into frameworks that are largely beyond the control of islanders, and be given different meanings. The critical analysis of these debates points to the meanings that get lost in such a process of absorption and homogenisation and applies a decolonial methodology to avoid that. Furthermore, this analysis elaborates on the concept of island sovereignty in a deeper and more articulate way than that afforded by the media format in which those debates are shaped. The way the welcome ceremony has been enacted suggests that the I-Kiribati political project is far from being a passive acceptance of Chinese presence and influence in the Pacific Ocean.

Sipadan and Ligitan Island Sovereignty Disputes: Foreign Policy Analysis of Indonesia and Malaysia In Resolving International Conflicts


 Initially, the state had full and exclusive jurisdiction over its territory. The main definition of international relations is the shared needs of one country with another, because a country cannot meet its own needs. There are international relations that have a positive impact, but it is not uncommon for disputes and conflicts to arise. The Sipadan and Ligitan Island cases are an international dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia related to the issue of state sovereignty and international relations. This study aims to analyze the foreign policies of Indonesia and Malaysia in the settlement of disputes over the sovereignty of Sipadan and Ligitan Islands. The method used is normative juridical research by collecting data from primary and secondary sources. The results of the study show that Indonesia and Malaysia have made various efforts to resolve the dispute, but this conflict is still ongoing and affects bilateral relations between the two countries. Therefore, further cooperation is needed between the two countries to find a mutually acceptable solution to this dispute.

Editorial

At the May 2023 meeting of G7 nations in Hiroshima, Japan invited eight additional participants. These included the Cook Islands, who represented the Pacific Islands Forum. Whilst it is positive to have Pacific Islands representation at the meeting, the failure of the West to recognize the importance of the wider Pacific Ocean has become a real issue. This extends to western maps and globes which have repeatedly omitted and ‘lost’ Pacific islands creating a series of cartographic absences that have led to misunderstandings and misrepresentations of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific. Island sovereignty, intercultural dialogue and traditional practices and beliefs are crucial components of Pacific cultures and these are key themes which are addressed in the four articles and reports in this issue.

Defining the Lines in Blue: An Exhaustive Exploration of Maritime Jurisdiction, Zone Distances, Island Sovereignty, and Continental Shelf Influence on Coastal State Boundaries

Defining the Lines in Blue: An Exhaustive Exploration of Maritime Jurisdiction, Zone Distances, Island Sovereignty, and Continental Shelf Influence on Coastal State Boundaries

Offshore wind power - the new trend for economic development and security of island sovereignty

Climate change is a serious global challenge. Vietnam is one of the developing countries, heavily affected by the impact of climate change. At COP26, Vietnam made strong commitments with 150 countries around the world to commit to bringing net emissions to "zero" by the middle of the century. Together more than 100 countries have joined the Leaders' Glassow Declaration on Forests and Land Use; together with 48 countries participating in the Global Declaration on the transition of coal power to clean energy; together with 150 countries participating in the Alliance for Action 2 for Safe Adaptation, etc. Resolution No. 55-NQ/TW of the Politburo on orientations of Vietnam's national energy development strategy to 2030, with a vision to In 2045, the development of the energy industry in general and the electricity industry, in particular, was assessed as follows: “Investment in the construction of electricity supply infrastructure has a strong development, which is an important condition for ensuring supply security. electrical response. Bringing electricity from the national grid to almost every part of the country, including remote, border, and island areas. Vietnam is a nascent offshore wind market, with abundant wind resources and growth fundamentals, becoming the leading offshore wind market in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the development of supportive policies and breakthrough mechanisms to develop power source projects and a roadmap to build a power grid for power transmission offshore wind is identified as a strategic renewable energy source. In the long term, associated with the implementation of Vietnam's maritime strategy is a top priority. This paper presents the current situation of the offshore wind power industry and the application opportunities of fixed turbine foundation technology in the future in Vietnam.

Application of the Principle of Unity in the Legal Settlement of Sovereignty Disputes over Islands and Other Maritime Features

Abstract The legal principle of ‘unity’ has been frequently invoked by States to claim sovereignty of islands and other insular features. It has been used by the adjudicators in diverse ways and with differing results. With a view to clarifying the legal paradigm of the principle of ‘unity’, this article undertakes an analysis of the relevant jurisprudence in this field. This leads to the identification of three typologies of ‘unity’ claims—‘dependency’, ‘natural unity’ and ‘collective approach’. Each of these is examined in further detail, with some key findings and observations. Importantly, the principle of unity can never be the root of title to contested territories where existing titles can be established. Instead, the unity principle operates in specific ways, with a series of conditions: absence of established title, presumed existence of identical title and broad agreement between the parties. The article concludes by observing the need for continued research on this topic.

CRITICAL ASSESSMENTS ON THE IDEOLOGY OF PROTECTING VIETNAM'S SOVEREIGNTY OVER SEA AND ISLANDS IN THE 13TH NATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF VIETNAM

As a maritime country, maritime security is of special importance to Vietnam, having a great impact on marine economic development, ensuring national defense and security, and protecting the peaceful environment of the country. However, at present, the situation of territorial sovereignty disputes and non-traditional security issues such as terrorism, piracy, smuggling, disputes over fishing grounds and exploitation of marine resources is increasingly complex and difficult to predict. These challenges require the Vietnamese Communist Party to have a comprehensive strategy to protect Vietnam's sovereignty over the sea and islands. The article points out the important role of protecting sea and island sovereignty for the sustainable development of Vietnam and analyses ideologies related to protecting Vietnam's sovereignty over sea and islands in the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam.

중국 해경법의 국제법적 쟁점에 관한 소고

People's Republic of China(hereinafter, China) had promulgated China’s Coast Guard Law(hereinafter, CCGL) on Jan. 22. 2021 and entered into force on Feb. 1. CCGL has prepared legal grounds for CCG launched in 2013 by integrating the dispersed maritime agencies, but it stipulates some provisions inconsistent with international law of the sea, raising concerns in neighboring countries. For example, unclear application scope, excessive use of force, and coercive measures against foreign warship and non-commercial government vessel. China conflicts with neighboring countries such as Vietnam, the Philippines and Japan over island sovereignty and maritime jurisdiction in the South and East China Seas. In particular, the U.S. does not admit China's maritime jurisdiction over so-called the Nine-Dashed Line and artificial islands in the South China Sea, and the U.S.-China conflict is increasing by implementing freedom of navigation operation(FONOP) through U.S. navy warships. If China actively enforces law in their unilateral jurisdictional waters in accordance with CCGL, it is highly likely to occur serious diplomatic and military conflicts between China and neighboring countries including the U.S. in the South and East China Seas. Since maritime delimitation has not yet completed between South Korea and China and also China asserts its jurisdictional waters including Ieodo, the enactment of CCGL is not irrelevant to our maritime jurisdiction. This paper examines main contents, international legal issues in CCGL, and anticipated problems after law enforcement, and then argued the necessity to prepare countermeasures for future conflict situations with China.

국제법상 권원 법리에 대한 국제판례가 독도 주권 문제에 주는 함의

To defend the territorial sovereignty in terms of bridging the gap between Dokdo in case it is referred to the international court when the advance preparation is require d. It means legal preparation through understanding and analysis of international cases for territorial disputes. Republic of Korea is advocating original title and effecti ve exercise of sovereignty on Dokdo, while Japan is insisting on preoccupying terra nullius in 1905 along with original title. If Dokdo has been referred to international court, each side will submit proofs on original acquisition of sovereignty, long-term effective sovereignty exercise evidence, preoccupying terra nullius. If you look at the common ground of the international cases on sovereignty judgment, most of them were recognized under the effective sovereignty exercise if the treaty and uti possidetis juris were not applied. There are cases in which historical titles are recognised, but the numbers are exceptionally small. Recent island dispute cases involving effective sovereignty have reviewed various evidence that is the true nature of the peaceful and continuing exercise of state authority over disputed islands and ruled in favor of those who present dominant evidence. As a result of reviewing international cases related disputes over the sovereignty of islands isolated without human residence have the following commonalities: ① The fact that remote islands are rarely defined in treaty documents. ② The fact that there is little room for the uti possidetis juris to be applied, ③ and that evidence such as literature and records is scarce, and even if there is, it is difficult to give evidence due to lack of objectivity. Consequently, the relative assessment of effective sovereignty can lead to the recognition of the recommendation. The ICJ applies treaty, uti posidetis Juris, and effective control in order when resolve territorial disputes. Analysis of San Francisco Peace Treaty with regard to Dokdo will be the first place, effective sovereignty exercise will be more likely to be determined in accordance with the island if decisions are not in accordance with the interpretation of treaty. Further consideration will also be needed given that both Korea and Japan claim historical titles.

Unravelling economic dependence and independence in relation to island sovereignty: The case of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland)

Unravelling economic dependence and independence in relation to island sovereignty: The case of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland)

Triangular negotiations of island sovereignty: Indigenous and customary authorities - metropolitan states - local metropolitan authorities

Triangular negotiations of island sovereignty: Indigenous and customary authorities - metropolitan states - local metropolitan authorities

A road to island sovereignty and empowerment? Fiji’s aims within the Belt and Road Initiative

Though peripheral to China’s policies of global engagement, the small island developing states (SIDS) of the Pacific are becoming an annex to Beijing’s project for a 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Traditionally part of the West’s exclusive sphere of influence, the Pacific Islands have become a contested space, seeking to benefit from the rivalries between the major powers. Among the foremost of these small island states is Fiji, whose Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama has enhanced Fiji’s engagement with China. His government has sought to raise Fiji’s profile on the international stage, seeking to be a regional power among the small states of the Pacific, and to carry the latter’s voice and interests to global fora. Though on significantly different scales, both China and Fiji have embraced a form of ‘go global’ ambition. This paper examines the concrete and theoretical aspects of China’s involvement in Fiji within the BRI and what Beijing and Suva each hope to achieve from this partnership. It will consider potential long-term trends, and whether this initiative may be empowering for Fiji and will discuss whether a SIDS can repurpose to its own advantage a much more powerful state’s initiative, despite the latter’s relative lack of interest in remote small island countries.

Dimming the Seas around Borneo: Contesting Island Sovereignty and Lighthouse Administration amidst the End of Empire, 1946–1948

AbstractThis article examines issues of island sovereignty and lighthouse administration in maritime Southeast Asia in the context of post-war decolonisation. It does so by demonstrating how lax and complacent colonial governance in British North Borneo led to the construction of a lighthouse on contested island territory. By the late 1940s these islands became the focal point of a regional dispute between the Philippines, North Borneo's colonial government, and the United Kingdom. While lighthouses were, in the colonial mind-set, deemed essential for illuminating the coasts and projecting order onto the seas, the Philippine government sought to renege on colonial-era obligations and wrest a new sense of post-colonial legitimacy.The legacy of the Turtle Island transfer was therefore significant in recalibrating imperial lighting in the Sulu Sea, as well as giving rise to a Philippine post-colonial authority that was characterised by an acknowledgement of indigenous Suluk maritime heritage. Similarly, it reflected an extension of previous instances of transnational disputes in the region, where the island shoal had been simultaneously claimed and administered by the United States, the United Kingdom and the historical Sulu Sultanate. While the lighthouse remained destroyed, and the seas dimmed, by mid-1948 the Turtle Islands had attained a new post-colonial and transnational status. Utilising a range of archival sources, memoirs and published material, this article sheds light on an under-examined period of Southeast Asian history.

Research on Calculation Algorithms of Sea Target Velocity and Course for Sea Radar

Sea Radar is an important technical measure for protecting national maritime resources and island sovereignty. The calculation of sea target velocity and course is important to monitor and track sea targets for sea radar, for calculation precision is directly related to the tracking effect of sea target. This paper systematically studies the problem on calculation of sea target velocity and course for sea radar, explicates the relevant technical principles, proposes effective algorithms for calculating sea target velocity and course based on multi-frame accumulative information, and gives a corresponding solution suitable for the scenario of sea target maneuvering. Finally, based on comparison analysis of real radar data and Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, we verify the precision of our algorithms.

Joint Development issues after the South China Sea arbitration: Dilemma, opportunity and China’s choice

Since the late 1970s, the Chinese government has put forward a principle named ‘Set aside dispute and pursue joint development’. However, a joint development precedent does not exist that would assure the successful application of this principle between China and other countries with claims in South China Sea region. The possibility of joint development in the South China Sea faces the following major difficulties and challenges: a lack of political will, weak practical needs, island sovereignty disputes, ambiguities in various disputed maritime areas, and the interference of external forces. The award of the South China Sea arbitration case may exert a negative impact on joint development in this area. Though China and the Philippines are less likely to jointly develop the oil and gas resources in the South China Sea, with the improvement in Sino-Philippine relations and the further development of the relationship between China and ASEAN, as well as its member states, there is a strong possibility that the two countries will achieve cooperation and joint development in the fishery domain. Moreover, China is most likely to initiate the joint development with Indonesia, in the Natuna Islands sea area, the South China Sea.

An emerging “Islandian” sovereignty of non-self-governing islands

Comparative analyses have found that non-self-governing islands tend to have much better development indicators than sovereign islands. Perhaps unsurprisingly, since 1983 no non-self-governing island has acquired political independence. This paper argues that rather than merely maintaining the status quo with their colonial metropoles, non-self-governing islands are actively creating a new form of sovereignty. This creation of an “Islandian” sovereignty takes place against the backdrop of debates on the relevance of classic Westphalian sovereignty and emerging practices of Indigenous sovereignty. This paper reviews global research on the sovereignty of islands and from this review, develops an analytical framework of five mechanisms that drive the emerging Islandian sovereignty. This framework is tested and illustrated with a case study of the negotiations about sovereignty between New Caledonia and its colonial metropole, France.

China’s rights and interests in the South China Sea: challenges and policy responses

ABSTRACTAlfred Thayer Mahan, the founder of sea power theory, noted that control of ocean was a great influence on the rise and fall of states. In this sense, China’s maintenance of its maritime rights and interests will determine its economic prosperity, international standings, as well as influencing its national security and political international standing. While a maritime power with jurisdiction over a maritime area of more than 3 million km2, China’s maritime rights and interests have, however, faced long-term and complicated challenges. In recent years, especially, the disputes between China and other neighbouring countries over sovereignty of islands and maritime demarcation in the South China Sea have become increasingly intense. The article first outlines in terms of emerging challenges to China’s rights and interests in the South China Sea. The latter sections of the paper reflect on key issues for Chinese sovereignty and maritime rights, and analyses China’s policy response in the South China Sea.

Incivility on Diaoyu Island sovereignty in Tianya Club

Online discussion boards are an increasingly popular mode of public engagement with political and social issues. This case study examines data drawn from online debates on a discussion board regarding a historical dispute between China and Japan since 1895.1 This research explores how incivility, a concept developed by western scholars and applied to western communication patterns, can be applied to a Chinese cultural context while also considering the characteristics of emotional responses to the specific issue in the forum. Prior research has demonstrated that, due to the absence of a gatekeeper on such forums who would filter or edit content for public consumption, discussion of prominent issues can get heated without a gatekeeper. A textual analysis of incivility found that fear and disgust were not typical emotional responses to incivility among the members of the forum. On the contrary, ‘support’ was the most identified emotional response in this particular case. In conclusion, cultural context, characteristics of an issue, and characteristics of a particular topic are all important factors that affect ‘incivility’ and ‘emotional response’ in online comments on Diaoyu Island Sovereignty on Tianya Club.

북극 석유·천연가스 자원 기술개발 현황 및 전망

The rising global demand for energy resources may lead to greater interest in the Arctic region. Since it has various resources, such as oil and gas, and large potential as a strategic location in exploration and production (E&P), there is likely to occur island sovereignty issues between the five arctic costal states and other countries. While global warming has led to the opening of the Northeast Passage and the Northwest Passage, several obstacles may impede the development of this area such as the low temperature environment, infrastructure problems in a limited area, flow assurance, environmental regulations, etc. To overcome these problems, various techniques have been applied in the exploration, development, production, transportation, and environment fields and it seems to be made technical development in extreme environment. In this study, the E&P status of representative states and development technologies in the Arctic region have been summarized with regard to carrying out E&P related to drilling, development, production, and operation in oil and gas fields. Furthermore, environmental factors have been taken into account to enhance progress with regard to E&P and ensure sustainable development in the Arctic. On that basis, it will be possible to secure oil and gas field development, production technology and R&D infrastructure in the Arctic.